Brain and Behavior Final

Select all regions that are a part of the limbic system.

amygdala hippocampus cingulate gyrus

An individual with Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia has adrenal glands that oversecrete

androgens

The integration zone of a bipolar neuron contains which of the following:

axon hillock

The signal received by a neuron is transmitted to other cells through its

axon terminals

Peptide hormones typically affect cellular processes by

binding to membrane-bound receptors on the cell surface

Exocytosis is directly dependent on an influx of which ion?

calcium

You are investigating the effects of a new drug your lab has created. You have an intact synapse (including pre- and post-synaptic neurons) in a dish. You add the drug to the dish so that it covers the cells and observe what happens. Following electrical stimulation of the pre-synaptic neuron, you record an action potential in the pre-synaptic neuron but observe no release of neurotransmitter into the synapse. Your drug most likely affects which of the following ions?

calcium (Ca++)

In most split-brain patients, words presented to the left visual field

cannot be repeated verbally

Hyperpolarizing stimuli

decrease the likelihood the neuron will fire an action potential

You stimulate a presynaptic neuron to create an action potential. Then, you record what happens to membrane potential in a postsynaptic neuron. You see "A" response. Select all accurate descriptions of this response.

depolarization, so: the neurotransmitter released from the presynaptic neuron had an excitatory effect you recorded an EPSP in the postsynaptic neuron there was most likely an influx of sodium into the postsynaptic neuron you recorded a graded response in the postsynaptic neuron

Testosterone is most directly necessary for

development of vas deferens, epididymis, and seminal vesicles

What would you hypothesize happens when someone has XY chromosomes and a deficiency in 5-alpha reductase?

development of wolffish system and partial development of penis and scrotum in utero followed by full development of penis at puberty

The primary difference between an EPSP and an IPSP is the

direction of membrane polarization

spinal cord contains

dorsal root and ventral root

The traditional understanding of steroid hormones is that they exert their effects by

entering cells and altering gene expression

Select all criterion for classifying a substance as a neurotransmitter.

existence of the substance in the presynaptic terminal release of the substance when nerve impulses reach the terminal ending existence of specific receptors for the substance on the postsynaptic membrane

True or false: The corpus callous is visible from a lateral view of the brain

false; it is visible from medial view

Which brain regions were removed during H.M.'s surgery? Select all that apply.

hippocampus and medial temporal lobe

Of the following options, what part of the brain is responsible for formation of declarative memories?

hippocampus and the surrounding cortex

Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials are characterized by _______ of the postsynaptic membrane.

hyperpolarization

Oxytocin is produced in the

hypothalamus

Releasing hormones are synthesized in the

hypothalamus

Nonverbal visual stimuli, such as faces or shapes, are recognized more accurately if they are presented to the

left visual field

hippocampus

memory

Which brain area contains the inferior and superior colliculi?

midbrain

Which ion concentration relationship is true when a neuron is at rest?

more potassium (K+) inside the cell

ventral root

motor output

Someone with complete Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome develops testes that secrete hormones. What internal structures develop in this person?

neither develop

Select statements that correctly describe the sympathetic division of the nervous system.

nerves travel a short distance before terminating on ganglia

Which neurotransmitter is released from sympathetic nerves?

norepinephrine

Multiple Sclerosis is a disorder in which there is autoimmune-activity to myelin in the central nervous system. This means increased immune reactivity to

oligodendrocytes

Following his motorcycle accident, what type of memory was K.C. able to form?

only semantic memories

The peak of the action potential is caused by the

opening of the sodium (Na+) channels

Male mice with knockouts of the _______ gene display "social amnesia," failing to recognize previously encountered females.

oxytocin

periaqueductal gray

pain

grade potentials are ___ and action potentials are ___

passive; actively propagated

Select all that represent major classes of hormones.

peptide steroid

Which molecule is NOT secreted by the pituitary?

progesterone

Select the statements that are true of glial cells.

secrete chemical signals that affect synaptic transmission may be involved in the pathology of Alzheimer's disease can control local blood flow

K.C remembered how to play chess, but did not remember that his grandfather taught him. What type of memory was still present?

semantic memory

dorsal root

sensory input

Select all monoamine neurotransmitters.

serotonin epinephrine dopamine

Select all examples of functions of the parasympathetic nervous system.

slows heart rate stimulates digestion

Neuronal and hormonal communication both involve

specialized receptor molecules

Split-brain individuals are those who have undergone surgery to

the corpus callous as a treatment for epilepsy

What helps to determine conduction velocity?

the diameter of the axon

What determines a neuron's maximal rate of firing?

the duration of the refractory phase

Which of the following is NOT true of neuroendocrine cells?

they release neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft

why study sex differences?

to create more effective therapeutics to answer basic science questions because, as of 2014, the National Institute of Health requires scientists to

Ganglia are to nerves as nuclei are to

tracts

What would be the most likely result of damage to the medulla?

tremors

Pituitary hormones that induce cells to release their hormones are collectively known as

tropic hormones

Action potentials generally are NOT actively propagated along dendrites because dendrites lack

voltage-gated sodium (Na+) channels

Action potentials generally are NOT propagated along dendrites because dendrites lack

voltage-gated sodium channels

A large frontal lesion in, or damage to, the left hemisphere produces which effect?

Broca's aphasia

You apply a new drug to a different batch of neurons and record membrane potential changes in the presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons. You record an action potential in the presynaptic neuron and a change from -70mV to -90mV in the postsynaptic neuron. Your drug most likely allowed which ion into the postsynaptic neuron?

Chloride (Cl-)

Select the TRUE statement(s) about K.C.

K.C.'s bilateral hippocampal damage probably accounts for his anterograde declarative amnesia

substantia nigra

Parkinson's disease

You are working with a patient who has Turner syndrome. What do you know about their chromosomal sex?

They have one X chromosome

You are meeting a new patient today. You walk in, introduce yourself, and ask how he's doing. He responds "You know the smoodle pinkered and that I want to get him round." This is a classic sign of

Wernicke's aphasia

When activated extracellularly, G protein-coupled receptors (GPCrs) initiate

a G protein signaling mechanism inside the cell

Equilibrium potential for a potassium (K+) is around

-65 mV

The resting potential of a neuron is around

-65 mV

Which molecule is NOT a steroid hormone?

ACTH

The slow burn that results from eating something mildly spicy (capsaicin) is due to:

C fibers and activation of TPRV1 receptors

When Botox (botulinum toxin) is injected, it paralyzes muscles locally. Based on this information only, what neurotransmitter system does Botox alter?

Cholinergic

Patient N.A. suffered from complete retrograde amnesia

False

Peptide hormones bind intracellular receptors

False

You stimulate a presynaptic neuron to create an action potential. Then, you record what happens to membrane potential in a postsynaptic neuron. You see "B" response. What neurotransmitter was most likely released from the presynaptic neuron?

GABA; hyper polarization on graph

Which statement BEST reflects the evolutionary advantage of sensory adaptation?

It prevents the nervous system from being overwhelmed by stimuli that offer very little information about the world.

Treating people who have _____________ with L-Dopa can induce schizophrenia-like symptoms, showing evidence for the Dopamine Hypothesis of schizophrenia.

Parkinson's disease

What do you hypothesize would happen to gonadal differentiation if a zygote was XY but the SRY gene was not functional?

This female would not have ovaries but would have a uterus

What do you hypothesize would happen to gonadal differentiation if a zygote had XXY chromosomes?

This male would have smaller testes and a lower sperm production

The receptive field is the body region in which stimulus will alter a sensory neuron's firing rate.

True

How do typical/first-generation and atypical/second-generation antipsychotics differ?

Typical have high affinity for D2 dopamine receptors, atypical have high affinity for serotonin and other receptors.

drug tolerance

a decrease in response to a drug

On Barbra's birthday, she blew out the candles on the right side of the cake. When asked about the rest of the candles she exclaimed, "they are too pretty to blow out!" Later though, when eating cake, she wasn't using her left arm and even referred to it as a "hunk of meat." These symptoms might indicate that Barbra has

a possible stroke in the posterior portion of the RIGHT parietal lobe

Saltatory conduction refers to:

a process in myelinated axons where the action potential jumps from one node of Ranvier to the next

Select all examples of non-declarative memory. (select all that apply)

ability to ride a bike

The brain recognizes action potentials from different sensory modalities as separate and distinct because

action potentials from different sensory modalities are carried on different nerve tracts

Which of the following accurately describes neurons? (Select all that apply.)

all neurons have four functional zones

The likelihood that the spouse of a person with schizophrenia will develop the disease is similar to the likelihood that _____ will do so.

an individual in the general population

Which of the following is NOT true when a neuron is at rest?

anions are attracted into the cell due to electrostatic pressure

Jacqueline is six years old, and learns lots of new things in her kindergarten class. The past three weeks, her teachers have helped her use scissors every day to grow her abilities with them and work towards cutting more complex shapes. This type of learning would be most hindered by damage to which brain region?

basal ganglia

Which structures are required for the classical conditioned eye-blink resposne?

cerebellum motor cranial nerves

neuromodulators

chemicals that are co-released with neurotransmitters at the synapse. They alter the amount of neurotransmitter released.

The specialized vascular tissue that produces the cerebrospinal fluid is called what?

choroid plexus

You are working in a research lab that studies mechanisms of PTSD using a rodent model. To do this, you use the following protocol: Place rats in a cage. Play a sound and measure fear response. Place rats in a cage. Play a sound and apply a light, but aversive electrical shock to the rat's paw. Measure fear response. Repeat 10 times. Place rat in a cage. Play a sound and measure fear response. What type of memory is involved in this task?

classical conditioning

Which statement regarding depression is TRUE?

cognitive behavioral therapy and SSRI treatment together are more effective than either one alone

central nervous system

consists of the brain and spinal cord

occipital lobe

cortical blindness

N.A. damaged several brain structures connected to the hippocampus, what areas would this affect in N.A.?

declarative memory formation

down regulation

decrease in number of receptors

For individuals with PTSD, there is a(n) ____ in the presence of cortisol, while there is a(n) ____ sensitivity to cortisol

decrease; increased

Hormone-producing glands are called _______ glands.

endocrine

What effect do benzodiazepines have on GABA synapses?

enhancement of GABA-mediated inhibition

A psychobiological model of PTSD draws a connection among the symptoms and neural mechanisms of ____, behavioral sensitization, and ____

fear conditioning, extinction

The NMDA receptor is a type of receptor for the neurotransmitter

glutamate

What comes first: testosterone production or gonadal differentiation?

gonadal differentiation

up regulation

increase in number of receptors, thereby altering tissue sensitivity to the chemical

Which of the following would result in depolarization of the neuron?

influx of Na+

Martin has been taking lithium for bipolar disorder for most of his adult life. He finds he takes his medication for a while but then stops. The most likely reason he does this is

it robs him of the exhilaration of the manic phase

Which of the following would be the most likely result of damage to the brain region labeled "A"?

loss of motor function

Which of the following would be the most likely result of damage to the brain region labeled "B"?

loss of somatosensory function

In terms of its position on your body, your nose is

medial and anterior

The ___ is not needed to encode sensory information into short-term memory or to retrieve that information from it, but is required to move information from short-term into long-term memory

medial temporal lobe

Which structure is located between the hypothalamus and the pituitary?

median eminence

H.M. maintained ___ memory as he was able to perform better each time he did the mirror-tracing task.

nondeclarative

A hormone that is found only in males is

none of the above (luteinizing hormone, androstenedione, testosterone)

Which class of drugs is NOT used to treat depression?

phencyclidines

Which statement(s) regarding ions is true when a neuron is at rest?

positively charged cations are attracted to the intracellular fluid

vasopressin is secreted by the

posterior pituitary

Select all structures that are present in a synapse.

postsynaptic membrane synaptic cleft presynaptic membrane

autoreceptors

presynaptic neurotransmitter receptors that provide feedback on how much neurotransmitter has been released, ultimately decreasing future neurotransmitter release

You are walking home from class after a long day. You get home and realize you weren't paying attention at all to where you were going but you made it home. What type of memory is this?

procedural

The sodium-potassium pump:

pumps 3 Na+ ions out for every 2 K+ ions into the cell

Damage to the ____ would affect projections using the neurotransmitter serotonin

raphe nucleus

Robert sustained an injury to the brain after a car crash. During an examination, the doctor asked Robert to recall memories of his wedding. The only thing that he could recall was the date of his wedding which was April 2, 2018. Robert could not remember any events that happened at his wedding or even how he felt during the wedding. Robert preserved what type of memory?

semantic

affinity

the chemical attraction between a ligand and a specific receptor type, or how strongly a ligand binds to a receptor. strong bond = high affinity

therapeutic index

the difference between the lethal dose (LD50) and the effective dose (ED50). The larger the therapeutic index, the safer the drug

efficacy

the intrinsic activity of a ligand, or how strong a response is elicited. Agonists have high efficacy, and antagonists have low efficacy

After N.A.'s accident, he could only gain new nondeclarative memories. Which example of a new memory would he NOT be able to retain?

the name of the hospital he went to after his accident

During the relative refractory phase,

the neuron is briefly hyperpolarized

As a result of his experiments with roosters, Berthold concluded that

the tested release a chemical into the blood

how can psychoactive drugs alter synaptic transmission?

they can alter the clearance of neurotransmitters from the cleft; also alter receptor function or intracellular processes

What is the difference between retrograde and anterograde amnesia?

timing of memory loss; retrograde is loss of memories before the accident whereas anterograde is inability to form new memories