A&P: CH 12

A & C

Identify the area(s) of gray matter on the figure below: A & D B D A & C

ventral horn of gray matter

Identify the spinal cord structure indicated by E:

fasciculus cuneatus tract (ascending)

Identify the spinal cord tract indicated by B:

lateral spinothalamic tract (ascending)

Identify the spinal cord tract indicated by C:

What is true regarding the blood brain barrier?

In some brain areas surrounding the third and fourth ventricles, the barrier is entirely absent and the capillary endothelium is quite permeable, allowing blood-borne molecules easy access to the neural tissue. One such region is the vomiting center of the brain stem, which monitors the blood for poisonous substances. Injury to the brain, whatever the cause, may result in a localized breakdown of the blood brain barrier. The hypothalamus, which regulates water balance, body temperature, and many other metabolic activities lacks a blood brain barrier. This lack of a blood brain barrier is essential to allow the hypothalamus to sample the chemical composition of the blood.

upper motor neurons

Match the area of the spinal cord where damage would lead to BOTH flaccid and spastic paralysis:

Lumbar enlargement (between T1 and L1)

Match the area of the spinal cord where damage would lead to paraplegia:

cervical/ enlargement region

Match the area of the spinal cord where damage would lead to quadriplegia:

disorders of the basal nuclei (ganglia)

Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease

Which of the following conditions results from viral destruction of ventral horn motor neurons?

Poliomyelitis

C) prefrontal cortex The prefrontal cortex is located in the anterior region of the frontal lobe.

Region A includes which of the following? A) primary somatosensory cortex B) primary motor cortex C) prefrontal cortex D) Broca's area

Choose the true statement regarding second-order neurons.

Second-order neuron cell bodies reside in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord.

Match the disease with its associated lesion in the CNS: Alzheimer's disease

Shortage of ACh and structural changes in the brain

Match the cerebral structure with the appropriate function: Cerebral cortex

The "executive suite" of the nervous system where our conscious mind is found

Which of the following is false with regard to the blood brain barrier?

The blood brain barrier is strengthened in newborn infants to add extra protection to the developing brain.

Diencephalon (grey matter): Thalamus

- act as relay station for info coming into cortex function: mediate sensation, motor activities, cortical arousal, and learning/ memory

Basal nuclei (ganglia)

- closely associated with sub-thalamic nuclei (diencephalon) and substantia nigra (midbrain) function: influence muscle movements, role in cognition & emotion, regulate intensity of slow/ stereotypes movements

brain stem

- controls autonomic behaviors necessary for survival - contains fiber tracts connecting higher and lower neural centers - nuclei are associated with 10/12 pairs of cranial nerves consists of pons, midbrain, and medulla oblongata

motor areas of cerebral cortex

- frontal lobe - control voluntary movement

sensory areas of cerebral cortex

- parietal, insula, temporal, occipital lobes - conscious awareness of sensation

Cerebral White matter

- responsible for communication between cerebral areas and between cortex and lower CNS - consists of myelinated fibers bundled into large tracts

cerebral peduncles

2 ventral bulges of the midbrain that contain pyramidal motor tracts

The average weight of the adult brain is __________.

3-3.5 lbs

ectoderm

3-week-old fetal brain develpment

Choose the true statement regarding pyramidal cells. A) They allow us to control our skeletal muscles B) They are found within the cerebral sulci C) They integrate sensory input to produce an understanding of an object being felt D) They provide for control of our involuntary muscels

A) They allow us to control our skeletal muscles

All of the following features can be seen in the brain tissue of patients suffering from Alzheimer's disease except __________. A) increased levels of acetylcholine in the basal forebrain B) tau C) shrinkage of all brain tissue D) toxic beta-amyloid peptide

A) increased levels of acetylcholine in the basal forebrain

During meningitis, which of the following is the most likely to be a direct source of pathogens that may spread to the brain? A) pia mater B) arachnoid mater C) dura mater D) arachnoid villi

A) pia mater The pia mater is meningeal layer closest to the brain.

Which of the following hypothalamic control centers would you predict is the LEAST important for survival? A) suprachiasmatic nucleus B) automatic control center C) temperature control center D) thirst center

A) suprachiasmatic nucleus This area of the hypothalamus is important in determining the circadian rhythm that sets our sleep-wake cycles.

Which of the following is untrue concerning Alzheimer's disease?

An alternate pronunciation of Alzheimer's disease is "old-timers" or "all-timers" disease.

Diencephalon (grey matter): Hypothalamus

BATMAN - vital to homeostasis - controls autonomic nervous system (BP/ rate of heart beat) - initiates physical responses to emotions (part of limbic system: perceives pleasure, fear, rage, biological rhythms, & drives) functions: regulates body temp, regulates hunger, regulates water balance & thirst, regulates wake-cycles, and controls endocrine system functions

Which of the following is not a feature of the cerebral cortex? A) it accounts for roughly 40% of total brain mass B) it's arranged in 6 layers C) it is composed of white matter D) its convolutions effectively triple its surface area

C) it is composed of white matter This is FALSE, cerebral cortex is composed of GRAY MATTER

Which of the following is not a site where a tumor is likely to cause hydrocephalus? A) fourth ventricle B) cerebral aqueduct C) pia mater D) subarachnoid space

C) pia mater The pia matter is one of the connective tissue meninges of the brain.

D

Cancer of ependymal cells (an ependymoma) is most likely to occur in the fourth ventricle. Which area of the brain would you expect to be affected by an ependymyoma?

Match the cerebral structure with the appropriate function: Commissural fibers

Connect corresponding gray areas of the two hemispheres, enabling them to function as a coordinated whole (includes the corpus callosum)

Match the area with the appropriate function: Midbrain

Controls visual reflexes that coordinate head and eye movements when we follow a moving object

After Joe has a stroke, his doctor asks Joe to touch his right pointer finger to his chin—but Joe is unable to move his right hand. However, when the doctor stimulates Joe's pointer finger with a painful stimulus, Joe's muscles quickly move his hand away from the stimulus. The doctor concludes that ______. A) the stroke caused damage to Joe's frontal eye field which interfered with his effort to touch his chin B) the stroke caused damage to Joe's right primary motor cortex C) the stroke caused damage to Joe's right premotor cortex D) based on the doctor's observations, none of the listed answers is the correct conclusion

D) based on the doctor's observations, none of the listed answers is the correct conclusion Review the central nervous system's control of voluntary skeletal muscle contractions and compare it to reflex arc activation.

Which of the following is the LEAST likely to be structurally affected if spina bifida develops in a fetus? A) cauda equina B) roots of sacral spinal nerves C) sacrum D) laminae of thoracic vertebrae

D) laminae of thoracic vertebrae The vertebral lamina is broad plate of bone extending dorsally and medially from the pedicles. The thoracic region of the spine is found between the shoulders and the base of the rib cage.

A patient reports that she has become completely deaf—she can't hear anything. Thorough tests on her ears indicate that her ears have not been damaged. Additional tests reveal that her deafness has been caused by damage to her ______. A) primary somatosensory cortex B) auditory association area C) somatosensory association area D) none of the listed responses are correct

D) none of the listed responses are correct Review the different sensory cortices of the parietal and temporal lobes of the brain.

Match the disease with its associated lesion in the CNS: Parkinson's disease

Degeneration of dopamine-producing cells in the basal nuclei

A

During the course of animal evolution, cephalization has occurred. That is, there has been an elaboration of the rostral ("toward the snout"), or anterior, portion of the CNS, along with an increase in the number of neurons in the head. Which area of the brain represents where cephalization has occurred? B D C A

Match the cerebral structure with the appropriate function: Projection fibers

Enter the cerebral hemispheres from lower brain or cord centers; those that leave the cortex to travel to lower areas

Match the term with its definition: White matter

Groups of axons in the CNS

You are working in the ER when a young man in his twenties comes in. He has a normal build and seems confused and disoriented. When you ask whether anyone is with him, he does not seem to know, but nobody else speaks up, so he seems to be there alone. He cannot say why he is there. He says he is not in any pain and his neck is not stiff. There is no alcohol on his breath, and he denies having taken anything. There are a lot of patients in the ER. As you do triage, do you think this patient is a high-priority case? Why or why not?

The young man's disorientation may indicate a brain problem, but he is not dying. So he should be seen soon, but anyone with a life-threatening situation will take precedence. Good work. As a triage nurse, you would class a patient whose main complaint is nausea and disorientation as class 2 because the confusion may indicate some kind of brain injury. He would be seen after the people who are obviously at risk of dying have been dealt with.

What is TRUE concerning Alzheimer's disease?

Up to half of deaths for those over 85 is contributed to by Alzheimer's disease. Between 5 and 15% of people over 65 develop this condition. Alzheimer's patients represent nearly half of the people living in nursing homes.

D) primary visual cortex The primary visual cortex receives sensory input from the eye via the optic nerves, thalamus, and optic radiations.

What is the designation of the area at D? A) visual association area B) primary olfactory cortex C) multimodel association area D) primary visual cortex

Which of the following is the central layer of the meninges?

arachnoid mater

__________ is responsible for communication between cerebral areas and between the cerebral cortex and lower CNS centers.

cerebral white matter

prosencephalon

cerebrum (forebrain), which develops into telencephalon (cerebral hemispheres) & diencephalon (all of thalami)

cerebral aqueduct

channel running through midbrain that connects 3rd & 4th ventricles

pons

composed of contraction tracts: - longitudinal fibers connect higher brain centers and spinal cord - transversal/ dorsal fibers relay impulses between motor cortex & cerebellum Origin of cranial nerves V (trigeminal) & VII (facial)

Match the cerebral structure with the appropriate function: Association fibers

connect different parts of the same hemisphere

visceral association area

conscious perception of visceral sensations (upset stomach or full bladder)

Each hemisphere is concerned with the (_________) side of the body.

contralateral (opposite)

Right hemisphere

controls the left side of the body; creative, intuition, visual-spacial, and emotion

Left hemisphere

controls the right side of the body; analytical, language, math, and logic

lateralization

division of labor between hemispheres

conscious behavior involves...

entire cortex in one way or another

In order for a chemicals like a pharmaceutical agent to penetrate the blood brain barrier, it can be made to be __________.

fat soluble

At age 79, Mrs. X is diagnosed with a disorder that severely impairs her logical judgment. Medical imaging techniques show that this has been most likely caused by brain damage in a ______.

frontal lobe The frontal lobe has areas that control voluntary motor functions, mood, smell, and social judgment.

visual association area

function: interprets visual stimuli (color, form, movement)

primary (somatic) premotor cortex

function: plan movements (learned patterned activities & control skeletal muscle movement)

Auditory association area

function: stores memories of sounds & permits perception of sound stimulus

somatosensory association area

function: understanding objects & integrates sensory input from primary somatosensory cortex

substantia nigra

functionally linked to basal nuclei (routing dopamine to basal nuclei) Parkinson's disease is degeneration of this area - tremors b/c basal nuclei is over-active

Match the term with its definition: Sulcus

furrows

Acting as an excitotoxin, the main culprit in the damage caused by a cerebral vascular accident (CVA) is __________.

glutamate

rhombencephalon

hindbrain/ rest of brain stem & cerebellum, which further develops into metencephalon (pons + cerebellum) & myelencephalon ( medulla oblongata)

Match the term with its definition: Ventricle

hollow space filled with CSF inside the CNS tissue

commissural fibers

horizontal fibers that connect gray matter of 2 hemispheres

association fibers

horizontal running fibers that connect different parts of same hemisphere

What is the largest danger associated with a blood clot that's lodged in a cerebral artery?

lack of oxygen

Blockages of the interventricular foramen might lead to increased cerebrospinal fluid in which ventricle(s)?

lateral ventricles

__________ is a division of labor in which each cerebral hemisphere has unique abilities not completely shared by its partner.

lateralization

Broca's area

location: LEFT directly anterior to inferior premotor cortex function: directs muscle involved in speech production

Gustatory cortex

location: insula deep to temporal lobe function: TASTE

Vestibular (equilibrium) cortex

location: insula/ parietal lobe function: BALANCE

primary visual cortex

location: occipital lobe function: VISION (retinas)

primary somatosensory cortex

location: parietal lobe function: TOUCH

frontal eye field

location: superior to Broca's area function: controls voluntary movement of the eye

Primary Olfactory cortex

location: temporal lobe function: SMELL

Primary Auditory Cortex

location: temporal lobe function: SOUND

Which landmark separates the cerebral hemispheres?

longitudinal fissure

mesencephalon

midbrain (remains undivided)

Match the following area of the cerebrum with its function: Pre-central gyrus of the frontal lobe

motor functions

ectoderm thickens & forms...

neural plate, wh-ch begins to fold inward called a neural groove, then to neural folds (@ end of 3rd week, folds fuse together); neural tube @ 4th week = spinal column

All of the structures of the CNS originate from the __________.

neural tube

Match the term with its definition: Gray matter

neuron cell bodies

periaqueductal gray matter

nuclei that play a role in pain suppression and "fight-or-flight" response - control cranial nerves III (oculomotor) & IV (trochlear)

lateralization (specialization) of cortical function can occur in...

only one hemisphere

For our motor commands to travel toward our muscles, the signals must travel on __________.

projection fibers

cerebral dominance

refers to hemisphere that is dominant for language - 90% of population have left-sided dominance resulting in right-handedness

red nucelus

relay nuclei for some descending limb flexion motor pathways

Match the term with its definition: Gyrus

ridges

Match the following area of the cerebrum with its function: Postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe

sensory functions

white matter midbrain

superior colliculi: visual reflex centers inferior colliculi: auditoryreflex centers

Aqueductal stenosis is a condition where the cerebral aqueduct is blocked. Aqueductal stenosis would prevent flow of cerebrospinal fluid between __________.

the third ventricle and fourth ventricle

Why would imaging studies such as computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) be recommended for a patient experiencing sudden aphasia?

to rule out other causes of brain injury that need to be addressed

projection fibers

vertical fibers that connect hemispheres with lower brain or spinal cord

What is located in the lateral horn of the spinal cord gray matter?

visceral motor soma

Match the following area of the cerebrum with its function: Occipital lobe

visual sensation