Biomedical Ethics Ch. 1-3
whereas the moral norms discussed in chapter 1 chiefly govern right action, character ethics or virtue ethics concentrates on the ______ who performs actions
agent
particular moralities are all of the following except one
content thin
in order to counter the burnout in the practice of medicine, BC7 recommends instilling _________ alongside compassion
detachment
the person of __________ is disposed to understand and perceive what circumstances demand in the way of human responsiveness
discernment
BC7 explains that professionals are distinguished by all but which of the following characteristics
employs many people
Aristotle suggests moral character and moral achievement are functions of a strong family upbringing and training in doing the right thing in a variety of different situations
false
BC7 consider the common morality ahistorical and a priori
false
BC7 explain that violations of professional standards of conduct are rightly understood as violations of the rules of professional associations
false
BC7 explains that a moral virtue is a disposition to act in accordance with moral principles and ideals
false
BC7 explains that persons of true integrity can and should always negotiate and compromise his or her values in an intrainstitutional confrontation
false
BC7 explains that supererogatory actions are located on an altogether different scale than obligations
false
BC7 explains that the conscience is a special moral faculty and self-justifying moral authority
false
BC7 explains that the domain of obligatory actions is continuous with the domain of norms of supererogation by exceeding those obligations
false
Charles Bosk points out that there are 3 different types of error or mistake: technical, judgmental, and mathematical
false
Feelings and a certain type of motivation are morally important in a virtue theory in a way that can be also accurately presented by an obligation-based theory
false
John Rawls, citing the "Aristotelian principle" explains that the virtues are moral excellence and that lack of them will undermine our ability to act compassionately and according to relevant principles
false
all public policies are laws
false
by definition moral ideals are required of all persons
false
from ancient medicine to the present, physicians have subjected their codes of ethics to the scrutiny of patients and the public
false
if an act is morally right then a law allowing that act is morally right
false
if an act is right and the actor is blameless then the actor is virtuous
false
if cultures or social groups approve a trait and regard it as moral, their approval is sufficient to qualify the trait as a moral virtue
false
in the case if dilemmas, BC7 argue we are obligated to perform both morally required actions in the situations involved
false
in the common morality the rule of respecting the dignity of others takes precedence over all others
false
in the history of medical ethics, respect for autonomy and justice have played a central role, while non-maleficence and beneficence were neglected and have risen to prominence only recently
false
moral analysis, although a good method for evaluating existing policy, is not good at the formation of public policy
false
norms of a particular morality is morally justified even if they violate norms in the common morality
false
our feelings and concerns for others lead us to actions that can be reduced to following the rules
false
persons who accept a particular morality acquire an authoritative moral voice for all persons
false
problems of professional ethics usually arise from conflicts over appropriate professional standards or conflicts between the duty to be objective researches and partial advocates
false
seeing how to follow a rule in a situation involves a form of conscientiousness that is independent of seeing that the rule applies
false
seeing how to follow a rule in a situation involves a form of integrity that is independent of seeing that the rule applies
false
the AMA has from the 19th century to the present more and more emphasized the virtues as important to medical practice
false
the ethics of care originated primarily in the judeo-christian tradition
false
the virtue of integrity represents two aspects of a person's character: coherent integration of aspects of the self and the willingness to go above and beyond what is required in any particular situation
false
theoretical ethics employs general concepts and norms to address particular problems
false
there is a clear boundary between obligatory and supererogatory actions
false
two types of non-normative ethics are distinguishable: descriptive ethics and practical ethics
false
a pharmacist refusal to fill a prescription for an emergency contraceptive is an example of a conscientious objection
true
a rights-based or obligation-based account may neglect appropriate forms of empathy
true
all general moral norms are justifiably overridden in some circumstances
true
all moral rules are, in principle, subject to specification
true
all persons with moral capacities can cultivate the character traits of most importance to morality
true
caring itself has a cognitive dimension
true
defenses of the ethics of care often find principles irrelevant in the moral life
true
discernment involves the ability to make fitting judgments and reach decisions without being unduly influenced by extraneous considerations, fears, personal attachments, and the like
true
distrust has been engendered by mechanisms of managed care
true
ethics means different ways of understanding and examining the moral life
true
even with a conscientious objection, health care workers have an ethical duty to disclose options for obtaining legal, morally controversial services, as well as in many cases a duty to provide a referral for those services
true
good health care often involves insight into the needs or patients and considerate attentiveness to their circumstances, which derive from the emotional responsiveness than from reason
true
in professional life the traits that warrant encouragement and admiration often derive from role responsibilities
true
landmark legal decisions can both represent and alter communal norms
true
nurses and physicians must understand the feelings and experiences of patients to respond appropriately to them
true
nurses, physicians, and pharmacists must understand the feelings and experience of patients to respond appropriately to them and their illnesses and injuries
true
persons can feel violated by having to abandon their personal commitments to pursue moral objectives
true
professional moralities are one form of particular morality
true
professionals may mistakenly suppose that they are satisfying all relevant moral requirements by strictly following rules of their professional code of ethics
true
the common morality contains moral character traits
true
the obligations that professions attempt to enforce are determined by an accepted role and comprise the ethics of the profession
true
there are core tenets in every acceptable particular morality that are not relative to cultures, groups, or individuals
true
unlike the virtues of integrity, which is focused on the self, compassion is directed at others
true
virtues such as loyalty, courage, generosity, kindness, respectfulness, and benevolence at times lead persons to act inappropriately and unacceptably
true
what often matters most in the moral life is not adherence to moral rules, but having a reliable character, a good moral sense, and an appropriate emotional responsiveness
true
when relationships are voluntary and among intimates it is appropriate for the law to forbid lawsuits for harms that occur
true
without exhibiting partiality, we would impair or sever our most important relationships
true
__________ is a confident belief in and reliance on the moral character and competence of another person
trustworthiness
to be __________ is to merit confidence in one's character and conduct
trustworthy
the common morality is characterized by all but one of the following characteristics
concrete
BC7 explains that the violations of ___________ are accompanied by feelings of remorse, guilt, shame, disunity, or disharmony
conscience
an individual acts _______ if he or she is motivated to do what is right because it is right, has tried with due diligence to determine what is right, and intends to do what is right, and exerts appropriate effort to do so
conscientiously
BC7 explains that a conscience is a form of self-reflection
true
BC7 uses an analogy of education to argue for aspiring to act beyond the moral minimum
true
Carol Gilligan maintains that men tend to embrace an ethic of rights and justice whereas women tend to affirm an ethic of care
true
BC7 considers ______ as a fundamental virtue in relationships, practices, and actions in health care
care
the set of universal norms shared by all persons committed to morality is called the
common morality
in its most general sense, moral ______ means soundness, reliability, wholeness, and integration of moral character
integrity
____ involves analysis of the language, concepts, and methods of reasoning in normative ethics
metaethics
descriptive ethics and metaethics are ____ because their objective is to establish what factually or conceptually is the case not what ethically ought to be the case or what is ethically valuble
nonnormative
name the three characteristics of a public policy as per BC7
set of normative, enforceable guidelines, accepted by an official public body, to govern a particular area of conduct.
Aristotle explained that we acquire virtues much as we do the ability to cook
true
Aristotle suggests that moral character and moral achievement are functions of self-cultivation and aspiration.
true
