A&P CH 19

A patient developed an obstruction in his renal arteries that restricted blood flow to his kidneys. What change would occur to the formed elements?

Hematocrit would increase.

Which part of hemoglobin binds oxygen?

Heme

Which of the following is a substance released from basophils to prevent blood from clotting?

Heparin

Which of the following is the LEAST abundant type of plasma protein?

Hormones

Which plasma protein would you expect to be elevated if you were suffering from strep throat?

Immunoglobulins

Where are most plasma proteins produced?

Liver

Which type of white blood cell includes the B and T cells, which are responsible for humoral and cell-mediated immunity?

Lymphocyte

Which type of white blood cell circulates in the blood for about 24 hours before entering the tissues and differentiating into a macrophage?

Monocyte

Which blood cell is responsible for carrying out immune surveillance?

Natural killer cells

What type of white blood cell would you find in the greatest numbers in an infected cut?

Neutrophil

Which group of white blood cells are classified as granulocytes?

Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils

If agglutinogen B meets with agglutinin anti-A, what is the result?

No agglutination occurs.

In which pregnancy are an Rh-positive mom and an Rh-positive child at risk of developing erythroblastosis fetalis?

No pregnancy

In an emergency situation when you have no time to wait for cross-matched blood you could give a patient type ________ until the cross-match is available.

O negative

Which of the following is/are not (a) formed element(s)?

Plasma

Proportionately, what is the largest component of the plasma, other than water?

Proteins

Where are red blood cells produced in an adult?

Red bone marrow

________ are immature erythrocytes that are present in the circulation.

Reticulocytes

Red blood cells have a limited lifespan and then are phagocytized by macrophages in the liver, spleen and red bone marrow. What happens to the iron in the heme group of RBCs?

The iron will be either stored in the liver or transported back to the red bone marrow to be incorporated into new hemoglobin.

How is it that liver disorders can alter the composition and the functional properties of blood?

The liver is the primary source of plasma proteins.

What is hematocrit?

The percentage of formed elements in whole blood.

Which of the following is NOT a function of platelets?

They release chemicals to destroy bacteria.

What would be the effect on your body if for some reason your liver was damaged and stopped producing albumins?

Tissue swelling

Which blood type can safely be transfused into a person with type O blood?

Type O

What type of blood is considered to be the "universal donor"?

Type O negative

What are the "patrol agents" in the blood that defend the body against toxins and pathogens?

White blood cells and antibodies

Whole blood for testing in a clinical laboratory is usually collected from

a superficial vein.

The intrinsic pathway of coagulation is activated by the

activation of Factor XII by platelet factors.

The clumping of red blood cells, when the specific antibody against the antigen on the cells is added, is called

agglutination

Antigens of the surface of red blood cells are also called ________ and antibodies in the blood plasma are also called ________.

agglutinogens; agglutinins

Which plasma protein transports fatty acids and some hormones?

albumin

The most abundant proteins in blood plasma are

albumins

Jane has been taking the antibiotic chloramphenicol for a few weeks as treatment for a serious bacterial infection. There is a possibility that a future side effect of long-term antibiotic therapy could cause her to develop problems in blood cell counts. The result is

aplastic anemia.

Which of these descriptions best matches the term T lymphocytes?

are involved in cell mediated immunity

Antihistamines would work best against which type of WBC?

basophil

During RBC recycling, each heme unit is stripped of its iron and converted to __________.

biliverdin

A sign of thrombocytopenia would be

bleeding

What are the major components of the cardiovascular system?

blood, heart, and blood vessels

How much blood does an adult male normally have?

5-6 liters

What portion of a person's body weight does the blood represent?

7%

What is jaundice?

A yellowing of the skin and eyes

If a person has type A blood, Rh surface antigens on the blood cells, and anti-B antibodies in the plasma, what is that person's blood type?

A-positive

Which type of plasma protein serves as a carrier for hormones T3 and T4?

Albumins

Why is there a difference in the hematocrit between males and females?

Androgens stimulate red blood cell production and estrogens do not.

________ is a condition in which the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood is reduced.

Anemia

Which type of protein is responsible for transporting triglycerides in the blood?

Apolipoproteins

Lymphoid stem cells develop into ________________.

B cells and T cells

Which of the following statements is false concerning T cells and B cells?

B cells differentiate into T cells and produce antibodies against foreign antigens.

What of the following types of blood would cause a cross-reaction when given to a person with type A-positive blood?

B-positive

A runny nose is one of the symptoms of allergy or a cold. Which cell is responsible for causing the runny nose?

Basophils

Which of the following is NOT a good reason why venipuncture is a common technique for obtaining a blood sample?

Blood does not clot as easily coming from veins as it does from arteries.

Which of the following statements about blood is false?

Blood is slightly acidic, with a pH of 6.5.

What is the primary site of erythropoiesis in an adult?

Bone marrow

Mrs. Higgins needs to have major surgery. Two weeks before the surgery, her doctor prescribes EPO. Which of the following statements best explains his reason for doing this?

By prescribing EPO, the doctor can stimulate Mrs. Higgins's body to produce an overabundance of RBCs, which can be harvested and saved for her surgery.

Which of the following is NOT a surface antigen that is used in determining blood type?

C

________ involves a cascade of reactions leading to the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin.

Coagulation

Which of the following is a function of the blood?

Defend against pathogens Transportation of gases, nutrients, hormones, and wastes Regulation of pH and ion composition of interstitial fluids

Which of the following are not components of plasma?

Elastic fibers

In addition to water and proteins, what else make up plasma?

Electrolytes, nutrients, and organic wastes

Which of the following types of white blood cells are involved in fighting off parasitic infections, such as flukes and roundworms?

Eosinophils

Which component makes up the largest proportion of the formed elements?

Erythrocytes

What is the specific term for the production of red blood cells?

Erythropoiesis

Which of the plasma proteins functions in blood clotting?

Fibrinogen

What kind of tissue is blood?

Fluid connective tissue

Which category of plasma proteins includes antibodies?

Globulins

What type of molecules are the antigens found on our blood cells?

Glycoproteins and glycolipids

Which of the following is NOT a benefit of the unusual shape of the red blood cell?

Greater hemoglobin carrying capacity

Red blood cells carry __________ to the lungs and __________ to the tissues.

carbon dioxide; oxygen

Agglutinogens are contained on the __________, whereas the agglutinins are found in the __________.

cell membrane of the RBC; plasma

The common pathway in coagulation ends with __________.

conversion of soluble fibrinogen to insoluble fibrin

Signs of iron-deficiency anemia include __________.

decrease in hematocrit, hemoglobin content, and O2-carrying capacity

Which of these descriptions best matches the term B lymphocytes?

develop into plasma cells and produce antibodies in response to antigens

A moving blood clot is called a(n)

embolus

White blood cells that are increased in allergic individuals are the

eosinophils

Reticulocytes are nucleated immature cells that develop into mature __________.

erythrocytes

Megakaryocytes are specialized cells of the bone marrow that are responsible for __________.

formation of platelets

The waste product bilirubin is produced from

heme molecules lacking iron.

Some rat poisons contain a toxin that blocks the liver's ability to utilize vitamin K. Animals that consume this poison would die of

hemorrhage

You have spent 24 hours traveling from the U.S to New Zealand, on quite a few airplanes with many stops. Because of the stress, changes in time zones, and short blocks of time between planes, you find yourself tired with a headache when you arrive. You are severely dehydrated. A hematocrit value of your blood would be ________ than normal because ________.

higher; you have less blood plasma volume

Jessica has just moved from Orlando, Florida, to Denver, Colorado. What condition is she now experiencing that is stimulating the production of erythropoietin and, consequently, more red blood cells?

hypoxia caused by an increase in her elevation above sea level

Each molecule of heme contains a single ion of what element?

iron

Eileen is a strict vegan and therefore eats no animal products. She develops an anemia that her doctor thinks is caused by a nutritional deficiency. Which of the following is the likeliest candidate?

iron-deficiency anemia

Erythropoietin appears in the plasma when peripheral tissues, especially the kidneys, are exposed to __________.

low oxygen concentrations

The blood cells involved in specific immunity are the

lymphocytes

Platelets are formed from large cells called __________.

megakaryocytes

Circulating mature RBCs lack __________.

mitochondria ribosomes nuclei

A patient has an infected puncture wound to her foot. Which type of white blood cell would you expect to be elevated in a differential white cell count?

neutrophils

The most numerous WBCs in a differential count of a healthy individual are

neutrophils

Protein synthesis in a mature RBC occurs primarily __________.

nowhere; mature red blood cells cannot synthesize proteins

Surgical removal of the stomach could cause

pernicious anemia

What is serum?

plasma without clotting factors

An abnormally low platelet count is called __________.

thrombocytopenia

One of the major substances that stimulates platelet formation is ________.

thrombopoietin

An important function of platelets is to __________.

transport clotting factors

The function of platelets is to assist in the

process called hemostasis.

The formed elements of the blood consist of __________.

red and white blood cells and platelets

All the circulating red blood cells in an adult originate in the

red bone marrow.

The extrinsic pathway of coagulation is initiated by the

release of tissue factor (Factor III) by damaged endothelium.

Blood that has clotting proteins removed is termed

serum

A bruise appears as a greenish spot in the skin because

the heme group in the hemoglobin has broken down into biliverdin.