A&P Ch. 3 - Cells and Tissues
Lysosomes
"Breakdown" bodies - digest wastes, unusable materials, foreign invaders, etc. - common in phagocytes (bacteria-destroyers)
Cilia
"Eyelashes" of cell - move materials around surface of cell
Microvilli
"Hairs" on cell membrane that help absorb materials
Organelles
"Little organs" in cytosol - handle cell metabolism, do specific jobs
Glycocalyx
"Sugar coating" of cells - determines blood type, receptors, cell interactions - cancer cells have ALTERED glycoproteins
Golgi Apparatus
"Traffic director" of cell - packages/sends proteins from rough ER in secretory vesicles
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
"Tunnel" system in cytoplasm, transports materials 1. Rough ER - ribosomes attached, makes proteins that form cell membranes, sent in transport vesicles - common in cells using enzymes (ex. pancreas) 2. Smooth ER - lipid metabolism (synthesis/breakdown fats), detox - common in cells of liver, hormonal organs
Cell Theory
1. Cell = basic structural/functional unit of life 2. Organism activity = collective activity of cells 3. Principle of complementarity = activity of cells based on shape/structure 4. Continuity of life = CELLULAR basis
Epithelium Shapes
1. Squamous: flattened epithelial cells (like fish scales) 2. Cuboidal: cube-shaped 3. Columnar: column-shaped
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
A single layer of cuboidal cells on basement membrane, used for secretion/absorption, moving materials (cilia) - glands/ducts (ex. pancreas, ovaries)
Simple Squamous Epithelium
A thin, single layer of flat cells on the basement membrane, used for diffusion/secretion/absorption (ex. air sacs in lungs)
Chromosomes
Assembled genetic material, forms in nucleus during cell div.
Cells
Building blocks of life - smallest living things (ex. amoebas) to humans, plants, animals, etc. - nucleus, cytoplasm, plasma membranes
Gland
Cell(s) that produce and secrete a product (secretion) - get "building" material from blood
Goblet Cells
Cells producing lubricating mucus (single columnar epithelium)
Generalized Cells
Cells used to demonstrate structure that have no specific function
Inclusions
Chemical materials that may/may not be present (depends on type of cell) - ex. stored nutrients, lipid droplets (fat cells), glycogen, etc.
Hyaline Cartilage
Chondrocytes + collagen + rubbery matrix Found in larynx (voice box), breastbone/ribs, joints
Extracellular Matrix
Connective tissues = connective cells+extracellular matrix NONLIVING, ground substance (water/protein/sugar) AND fibers (collagen/reticular, elastic) - ALLOWS CONNECTIVE TISSUE TO WITHSTAND PRESSURES
Connective Tissue
Connects body organs/parts, MOST ABUNDANT tissue - protect, support, bind other tissues
Chromatin
DNA that has not yet been assembled, scattered in nucleus
Exocrine Glands
DUCT GLANDS - release secretions through epithelial tissue - internal (liver, pancreas), external (sweat, oils)
Endocrine Glands
DUCTLESS GLANDS - not connected to surface ducts, hormone secretions --> blood (ex. thyroid, adrenal, etc.)
Free Radicals
Damaging, reactive chemicals (byproducts) - peroxisomes turn it into hydrogen peroxide, catalase it turns into water
Ligaments
Dense connective tissue (stretchier that tendons), attaches bones at joints
Tendons
Dense connective tissue, attaches skeletal muscles to bones
Peroxisomes
Detox materials using oxidase enzymes [O(sub2)], disarm free radicals
Nuclear Envelope/Membrane
Double-sided membrane that contains contents of nucleus, middle filled with nucleoplasm
Elastic Cartilage
ELASTIC structures - ex. external ear
COVERING Cells
Epithelial (skin, hexagonal shape, packed together, resist tears)
Simple Epithelium
Epithelium with ONE layer of cells
Stratified Epithelium
Epithelium with TWO+ layers of cells stacked up
STORING Cells
Fat cell (spherical, stores fat droplet = energy)
Dense Connective/Fibrous Tissue
Fibroblasts (fiber-making cells) + collagen matrix --> form own fiber "network" (ex. tendons, ligaments), lower levels of skin (dermis)
CONNECTING Cells
Fibroblasts (secretes fibers), erythrocyte (red blood cell, carries O)
Gap Junctions
For communication/passing materials - cells joined by tubes (connexons)
Fibrocartilage
Found in cushiony disks between vertebrae in spinal column
Centrioles
Go in pairs, live near nucleus, rod-shaped (generate microtubules) - important for cell division
Tissues
Groups of cells with a similar function - epithelial (covering), connective (support), muscle (movement), nervous (control)
Organs
Groups of tissues that join to carry out specific tasks (lungs, heart, liver...)
Nuclear Pores
Holes in nuclear membrane that allow certain substances in/out
Microtubules
Largest in cytoskeleton - made of tubulin subunits, determine shape/organelle location
Serosae (Serous Membranes)
Linings of ventral body cavities and organs in them
Flagella
Long "tails" that propel cell (sperm in humans)
Mitochondria
MIGHTY MIGHTOCHONDRIA = powerhouse of cell - cristae ("shelf") membrane helps break down food into energy (ATP) - organs w/metabolic functions have more mitochondria in their cells (liver, muscle...)
DISEASE-FIGHTING Cells
Macrophage (has pseudopods/false feet, crawls through tissue to infection, destroy microorganism)
Intermediate Filaments
Medium in cytoskeleton - made of fibrous subunits, form desmosomes ("guy wires") to move materials around cell
Plasma Membrane
Membrane that maintains cell's boundaries - 2 lipids tail to tail (hydrophilic heads outwards) - PHOSPHOLIPID BILAYER, can reattach quickly when broken - contains cholesterol, proteins (enzymes) that allow for transport (pores, "carriers")
Stratified Squamous Epithelium
Multiple layers of flat cells (apical side), basement cells cuboidal/columnar - used to line friction-prone areas (nose, mouth, external skin...)
INFORMATION/CONTROLLING Cells
Neuron/nerve cells (receive/send messages through extensions)
REPRODUCTION Cells
Oocyte/egg (copies of organelles, eventually divides into daughter cells --> embryo) Sperm (flagella to help "swim," fertilizes egg)
Bone/Osseous Tissue
Osteocytes (bone cells) in lacunae (cavities) surrounded by hard matrix (calcium salts, collagen fibers) - protects/supports organs (skull, limbs)
Transport Vesicles
Packages that carry proteins from rough ER to other parts of cell
Secretion
Product of glands, usually protein+water
Cytoskeleton
Protein structures within the cell ("bones") that move things around the cell - microfilaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules
Ribosomes
Protein+Ribosomal RNA, synthesize proteins - float in cytoplasm or attach to rough ER
Statified Cuboidal/Columnar Epithelium
Rare in humans - line ducts of large glands
Nucleoli
Ribosome "factories" (usually sent into cytoplasm)
Mucosae (Mucous Membranes)
Single Columnar Epithelium lining OPEN body cavities (external to body)
Psudostratified Columnar Epithelium
Single layer of columnar cells on basement membrane, but cells/nuclei are at different heights = gives appearance of being stratified - can be ciliated (reparatory tract, propel mucous)
Single Columnar Epithelium
Single layer of columnar epithelium on basement membrane, used for secretion/absorption and moving materials (cilia) - line digestive tract
MOVING Cells
Skeletal muscle (contractile filaments = move bones), smooth muscle (contractile filaments = change organ size)
Microfilaments
Smallest of cytoskeleton - made of actin/myosin subunits, give cell its shape
Loose Connective Tissues
Softer tissue with more cells and fewer fibers
Cartilage
Softer, flexible - chondrocytes (cartilage tissue) - hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage
Transitional Epithelium
Stratified squamous epithelium lining a few organs in urinary system - meant to STRETCH (ex. cuboidal cells become squamous when bladder full)
Basement Membrane
The "foundation" of epithelium (on the bottom)
Cytoplasm
The "soup" of the cell (btwn. membrane/nucleus) - everything in it, acts as "factory" - cytosol, organelles, inclusions
Nucleus
The HQ of the cell, contains genetic info - usually conforms to cell shape - cont. nuclear envelope, nucleoli, chromatin
Cytosol
The liquid component of cytoplasm (watery base), many solutes dissolved in it - "broth"
Apical Surface
The side of epithelium that is exposed freely to interior/exterior of body/cavity
Vascularized Tissue
Tissue (connective) having a ready supply of blood
Avascular Tissue
Tissue (epithelial, tendons/cartilage) having no blood supply of its own, get oxygen/nutrients through diffusion (underlying veins) - may heal more slowly
Epithelium
Tissue that covers/lines the body/organs, houses glands - protection, absorption, filtration, secretion - cells link together into a sheet (except glandular epithelium) bound by tight junctions, have one apical surface - regenerate well
Secretory Vesicles
Transport packages that "bud" off Golgi App - carry materials (proteins) to cell membrane and is sent out of cell OR "nests" in membrane
Hydrophobic
WATER-HATING, on interior of membrane
Hydrophilic
WATER-LOVING, on outside/inside of membrane (b/c much of plasma is water)
Desmosomes
When cells are bound like "puzzle pieces" - also act as "guy wires" to pass materials along
Tight Junctions
When cells are bound together into leakproof "sheets"