A&P Ch. 3 - Cells and Tissues

Lysosomes

"Breakdown" bodies - digest wastes, unusable materials, foreign invaders, etc. - common in phagocytes (bacteria-destroyers)

Cilia

"Eyelashes" of cell - move materials around surface of cell

Microvilli

"Hairs" on cell membrane that help absorb materials

Organelles

"Little organs" in cytosol - handle cell metabolism, do specific jobs

Glycocalyx

"Sugar coating" of cells - determines blood type, receptors, cell interactions - cancer cells have ALTERED glycoproteins

Golgi Apparatus

"Traffic director" of cell - packages/sends proteins from rough ER in secretory vesicles

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

"Tunnel" system in cytoplasm, transports materials 1. Rough ER - ribosomes attached, makes proteins that form cell membranes, sent in transport vesicles - common in cells using enzymes (ex. pancreas) 2. Smooth ER - lipid metabolism (synthesis/breakdown fats), detox - common in cells of liver, hormonal organs

Cell Theory

1. Cell = basic structural/functional unit of life 2. Organism activity = collective activity of cells 3. Principle of complementarity = activity of cells based on shape/structure 4. Continuity of life = CELLULAR basis

Epithelium Shapes

1. Squamous: flattened epithelial cells (like fish scales) 2. Cuboidal: cube-shaped 3. Columnar: column-shaped

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

A single layer of cuboidal cells on basement membrane, used for secretion/absorption, moving materials (cilia) - glands/ducts (ex. pancreas, ovaries)

Simple Squamous Epithelium

A thin, single layer of flat cells on the basement membrane, used for diffusion/secretion/absorption (ex. air sacs in lungs)

Chromosomes

Assembled genetic material, forms in nucleus during cell div.

Cells

Building blocks of life - smallest living things (ex. amoebas) to humans, plants, animals, etc. - nucleus, cytoplasm, plasma membranes

Gland

Cell(s) that produce and secrete a product (secretion) - get "building" material from blood

Goblet Cells

Cells producing lubricating mucus (single columnar epithelium)

Generalized Cells

Cells used to demonstrate structure that have no specific function

Inclusions

Chemical materials that may/may not be present (depends on type of cell) - ex. stored nutrients, lipid droplets (fat cells), glycogen, etc.

Hyaline Cartilage

Chondrocytes + collagen + rubbery matrix Found in larynx (voice box), breastbone/ribs, joints

Extracellular Matrix

Connective tissues = connective cells+extracellular matrix NONLIVING, ground substance (water/protein/sugar) AND fibers (collagen/reticular, elastic) - ALLOWS CONNECTIVE TISSUE TO WITHSTAND PRESSURES

Connective Tissue

Connects body organs/parts, MOST ABUNDANT tissue - protect, support, bind other tissues

Chromatin

DNA that has not yet been assembled, scattered in nucleus

Exocrine Glands

DUCT GLANDS - release secretions through epithelial tissue - internal (liver, pancreas), external (sweat, oils)

Endocrine Glands

DUCTLESS GLANDS - not connected to surface ducts, hormone secretions --> blood (ex. thyroid, adrenal, etc.)

Free Radicals

Damaging, reactive chemicals (byproducts) - peroxisomes turn it into hydrogen peroxide, catalase it turns into water

Ligaments

Dense connective tissue (stretchier that tendons), attaches bones at joints

Tendons

Dense connective tissue, attaches skeletal muscles to bones

Peroxisomes

Detox materials using oxidase enzymes [O(sub2)], disarm free radicals

Nuclear Envelope/Membrane

Double-sided membrane that contains contents of nucleus, middle filled with nucleoplasm

Elastic Cartilage

ELASTIC structures - ex. external ear

COVERING Cells

Epithelial (skin, hexagonal shape, packed together, resist tears)

Simple Epithelium

Epithelium with ONE layer of cells

Stratified Epithelium

Epithelium with TWO+ layers of cells stacked up

STORING Cells

Fat cell (spherical, stores fat droplet = energy)

Dense Connective/Fibrous Tissue

Fibroblasts (fiber-making cells) + collagen matrix --> form own fiber "network" (ex. tendons, ligaments), lower levels of skin (dermis)

CONNECTING Cells

Fibroblasts (secretes fibers), erythrocyte (red blood cell, carries O)

Gap Junctions

For communication/passing materials - cells joined by tubes (connexons)

Fibrocartilage

Found in cushiony disks between vertebrae in spinal column

Centrioles

Go in pairs, live near nucleus, rod-shaped (generate microtubules) - important for cell division

Tissues

Groups of cells with a similar function - epithelial (covering), connective (support), muscle (movement), nervous (control)

Organs

Groups of tissues that join to carry out specific tasks (lungs, heart, liver...)

Nuclear Pores

Holes in nuclear membrane that allow certain substances in/out

Microtubules

Largest in cytoskeleton - made of tubulin subunits, determine shape/organelle location

Serosae (Serous Membranes)

Linings of ventral body cavities and organs in them

Flagella

Long "tails" that propel cell (sperm in humans)

Mitochondria

MIGHTY MIGHTOCHONDRIA = powerhouse of cell - cristae ("shelf") membrane helps break down food into energy (ATP) - organs w/metabolic functions have more mitochondria in their cells (liver, muscle...)

DISEASE-FIGHTING Cells

Macrophage (has pseudopods/false feet, crawls through tissue to infection, destroy microorganism)

Intermediate Filaments

Medium in cytoskeleton - made of fibrous subunits, form desmosomes ("guy wires") to move materials around cell

Plasma Membrane

Membrane that maintains cell's boundaries - 2 lipids tail to tail (hydrophilic heads outwards) - PHOSPHOLIPID BILAYER, can reattach quickly when broken - contains cholesterol, proteins (enzymes) that allow for transport (pores, "carriers")

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

Multiple layers of flat cells (apical side), basement cells cuboidal/columnar - used to line friction-prone areas (nose, mouth, external skin...)

INFORMATION/CONTROLLING Cells

Neuron/nerve cells (receive/send messages through extensions)

REPRODUCTION Cells

Oocyte/egg (copies of organelles, eventually divides into daughter cells --> embryo) Sperm (flagella to help "swim," fertilizes egg)

Bone/Osseous Tissue

Osteocytes (bone cells) in lacunae (cavities) surrounded by hard matrix (calcium salts, collagen fibers) - protects/supports organs (skull, limbs)

Transport Vesicles

Packages that carry proteins from rough ER to other parts of cell

Secretion

Product of glands, usually protein+water

Cytoskeleton

Protein structures within the cell ("bones") that move things around the cell - microfilaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules

Ribosomes

Protein+Ribosomal RNA, synthesize proteins - float in cytoplasm or attach to rough ER

Statified Cuboidal/Columnar Epithelium

Rare in humans - line ducts of large glands

Nucleoli

Ribosome "factories" (usually sent into cytoplasm)

Mucosae (Mucous Membranes)

Single Columnar Epithelium lining OPEN body cavities (external to body)

Psudostratified Columnar Epithelium

Single layer of columnar cells on basement membrane, but cells/nuclei are at different heights = gives appearance of being stratified - can be ciliated (reparatory tract, propel mucous)

Single Columnar Epithelium

Single layer of columnar epithelium on basement membrane, used for secretion/absorption and moving materials (cilia) - line digestive tract

MOVING Cells

Skeletal muscle (contractile filaments = move bones), smooth muscle (contractile filaments = change organ size)

Microfilaments

Smallest of cytoskeleton - made of actin/myosin subunits, give cell its shape

Loose Connective Tissues

Softer tissue with more cells and fewer fibers

Cartilage

Softer, flexible - chondrocytes (cartilage tissue) - hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage

Transitional Epithelium

Stratified squamous epithelium lining a few organs in urinary system - meant to STRETCH (ex. cuboidal cells become squamous when bladder full)

Basement Membrane

The "foundation" of epithelium (on the bottom)

Cytoplasm

The "soup" of the cell (btwn. membrane/nucleus) - everything in it, acts as "factory" - cytosol, organelles, inclusions

Nucleus

The HQ of the cell, contains genetic info - usually conforms to cell shape - cont. nuclear envelope, nucleoli, chromatin

Cytosol

The liquid component of cytoplasm (watery base), many solutes dissolved in it - "broth"

Apical Surface

The side of epithelium that is exposed freely to interior/exterior of body/cavity

Vascularized Tissue

Tissue (connective) having a ready supply of blood

Avascular Tissue

Tissue (epithelial, tendons/cartilage) having no blood supply of its own, get oxygen/nutrients through diffusion (underlying veins) - may heal more slowly

Epithelium

Tissue that covers/lines the body/organs, houses glands - protection, absorption, filtration, secretion - cells link together into a sheet (except glandular epithelium) bound by tight junctions, have one apical surface - regenerate well

Secretory Vesicles

Transport packages that "bud" off Golgi App - carry materials (proteins) to cell membrane and is sent out of cell OR "nests" in membrane

Hydrophobic

WATER-HATING, on interior of membrane

Hydrophilic

WATER-LOVING, on outside/inside of membrane (b/c much of plasma is water)

Desmosomes

When cells are bound like "puzzle pieces" - also act as "guy wires" to pass materials along

Tight Junctions

When cells are bound together into leakproof "sheets"