A&P- Ch 7: Skeletal System

Based on the way they develop, most bones in the body are ---- bones.

endochondral

A band of cartilage that allows for the growth in length of an endochondral bone is called the -------- plate.

epiphyseal

Growth hormone stimulates cell division at the ______.

epiphyseal plate

The junction between the diaphysis and epiphysis is called the ______.

epiphyseal plate

What is the name of the structure located between the primary and secondary ossification centers?

epiphyseal plate

The femur is an example of a long bone. It has two expanded portions at each end: the proximal and distal -------.

epiphysis

What is the end of a long bone called?

epiphysis

The ------- bone is located in front of the sphenoid bone and consists of two masses connected horizontally by thin plates.

ethmoid

The cribriform plate is a part of the ----- bone.

ethmoid

The superior and middle nasal conchae are special features of what bone?

ethmoid

Which cranial bone is made of two masses connected horizontally by thin plates?

ethmoid bone

Name the opening in the temporal bone that leads to the inner ear.

external acoustic meatus

What is bound posteriorly by the lumbar vertebrae, laterally by the flared parts of the iliac bones, and anteriorly by the abdominal wall?

false pelvis

Which gender typically has the wider pubic angle?

female

The anatomical name for the thigh bone is the ------.

femur

The longest bone of the body, which extends from the hip to the knee, is the -----.

femur

The proximal end of the tibia articulates with the ______.

femur

The bone located on the lateral side of the leg between the knee and the ankle is the ----------.

fibula

Incomplete intramembranous ossification in an infant skull results in the presence of soft spots called ------.

fontanels

What is the large opening at the base of the skull through which the brainstem connects to the spinal cord?

foramen magnum

The radius is located in the ______.

forearm

How many vertebrae fuse to form the coccyx?

four

If you want to indicate that a structure is shaped like a pit, you could use the root word ______.

fov-

Osteoporosis is characterized by ______.

fragile bones that fracture easily

The ------- bone is a cranial bone that forms the anterior portion of the skull called the forehead.

frontal

The anterior portion of the skull, which includes the forehead, is formed by the ______ bone.

frontal

What bone of the skull contains the supraorbital foramen and a paranasal sinus?

frontal bone

Excess growth hormone in childhood causes ______.

gigantism

The root word ------- is used to indicate a joint socket.

glen-

The head of the humerus articulates with the ----------- cavity of the scapula.

glenoid

At what site on the scapula does the humerus articulate?

glenoid cavity

Gigantism is caused by excess human ------ hormone in childhood.

growth

Which hormone stimulates growth at the epiphyseal plate?

growth hormone

The ---- of the humerus articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula.

head

The ----- of the humerus articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula.

head

The upper (proximal) end of the humerus contains a smooth, rounded structure for articulation called the --------.

head

The process of blood cell formation is called ----------.

hematopoiesis

What term is used to indicate the process of blood cell formation?

hematopoiesis

The ilium, ischium, and pubis fuse to form the _______ bone.

hip, or coxal

What helps control the opposing processes of resorption and deposition of the bone matrix?

hormones

Which is a factor that directly influences bone development, growth, and repair?

hormones

What is a function of the skeletal system?

house blood-producing cells

The name of the bone located between the scapula and the elbow is the ----------.

humerus

What is the long bone in the upper arm that extends from the scapula to the elbow?

humerus

What are some upper limb bones?

humerus, ulna, phalanges

Endochondral bones are formed from models made of ----- cartilage.

hyaline

Endochondral bones develop from masses of what tissue?

hyaline cartilage

Where one bone articulates with another, a layer of tissue called ______ protects the underlying bone. This layer is also called ______.

hyaline cartilage; articular cartilage

The extracellular matrix of bone tissue includes collagen as well as abundant inorganic salts which are found in the form of a mineral called ______.

hydroxyapatite

The muscles that help move the tongue are attached to the --------bone. This bone does not articulate with any other bone.

hyoid

What bone is located in the neck and serves as an attachment point for muscles that help move the tongue?

hyoid

Which of the three parts that make up the hip bone is largest?

ilium

Which portion of the hip bone forms the prominence of the hip?

ilium

Bones of the skull are joined by ______ joints, except for the ______.

immovable; mandible

Where is the medullary cavity of a long bone found?

in the diaphysis

Where are the phalanges found?

in the fingers

Where is the patella located?

in the knee

Name the scroll-like bone that extends into the nasal cavity from the lateral wall.

inferior nasal concha

What bone is located on the lateral wall of the nasal cavity?

inferior nasal conchae

The narrow groove between the greater and the lesser tubercles of the humerus is known as the ------ -----.

intertubercular sulcus

What is the term for the groove on the superior anterior humerus that is between two bumps and allows the tendon of the biceps brachii to pass?

intertubercular sulcus

Within the vertebral column, what type of structure cushions and softens the forces generated by jumping?

intervertebral discs

Flat bones, such as bones of the skull, that develop from sheetlike layers of connective tissue, are called ______.

intramembranous bones

Some bones develop within sheetlike layers of connective tissue, and they are called ______ bones. Other bones develop from a model of hyaline cartilage and are called ______ bones.

intramembranous; endochondral

The posteriorly and downward facing projection of the hip bone that provides muscle attachment and bears weight when sitting is the ______.

ischial tuberosity

Of the three bones forming each hip bone, the lowest part is called the -----.

ischium

The lowest portion of the hip bone, which also supports the body weight when sitting, is called the ______.

ischium

Which portion of the hip bone is L-shaped and supports the weight of the body during the sitting?

ischium

What is the meaning of the root word glen-?

joint socket

What is the meaning of the root word condyl-?

knob

Name the small chambers that house bone cells.

lacunae

The body of a mature bone cell (an osteocyte) occupies a small chamber called a(n) ----------.

lacunae

The basic cylinder-shaped unit of a compact bone consists of a central canal and several layers of extracellular matrix called ----------which are clustered around the central canal.

lamellae

The bony matrix of compact bone is organized into concentric layers of extracellular matrix called ______ that encircle central canals.

lamellae

The concentric layers of bone tissue around a central canal are called ----------.

lamellae

The fibula is located on the ----- side of the leg.

lateral

The acetabulum is located on the ______.

lateral surface of hip bone

The two processes on the proximal end of the humerus are the anterior-facing ______ and the lateral-facing ______.

lesser tubercle; greater tubercle

The femur, tibia, and fibula are bones found in the ______.

lower limb

Which gender typically has a smaller, funnel-shaped pelvic cavity, with the iliac bones being closer together?

male

The lower jaw is made of a single bone called the ---------.

mandible

The lower jaw is made of a single bone called the -------.

mandible

What bone forms the lower jaw?

mandible

What is the only freely movable bone in the skull?

mandible

Which bone contains sockets for teeth?

mandible

Identify the characteristics of the two projections of the mandible.

mandibular condyle- posterior projection of ramus, articulates with the temporal bone coronoid process-anterior projection of ramus, attachment site for chewing muscles

What is the name of the prominent bulge located posterior and inferior to the external acoustic meatus?

mastoid process

The two bony projections under the ear are the rounded ______ and the pointed _______.

mastoid process; styloid process

One of the fourteen facial bones is the ______.

maxilla

What bone has palatine processes?

maxilla

The upper jaw is formed by two bones, called the ------.

maxillae

What bone(s) form(s) the upper jaw?

maxillae

Cleft palate may occur when there is an incomplete fusion of the palatine processes of the ______ bones.

maxillary

The anterior roof of the mouth, called the hard palate, is formed by the ----- bone(s).

maxillary

The upper jaw is formed by two bones, called the --------.

maxillary

In anatomical position, the ulna is located ______ to the radius.

medial

In the anatomical position, the tibia is located ______ to the fibula.

medial

The ulna is located on the ______ side of the ______.

medial; forearm

The hollow chamber of the diaphysis is called the --------- --------.

medullary cavity

Which of the statements following accurately describes osteoblasts?

mesenchymal cells that have differentiated into bone-forming cells

The palm of the hand consists of five bones called the ----- bones.

metacarpal

Which bones are cylindrical and have distal rounded heads that form the knuckles of the wrist (when clenched in a fist)?

metacarpal bones

The widening part between the shaft and the expanded end of a long bone is called the ----------.

metaphysis

What bone is long, thin, rectangular, and forms the bridge of the nose?

nasal bone

The atlas articulates with the ------- condyles and the axis.

occipital

The back of the skull and the base of the cranium are formed by the -------- bone.

occipital

Which bone contains the foramen magnum?

occipital

Which bone forms the base of the cranium and the back of the skull?

occipital bone

What structure(s) on the occipital bone articulate(s) with the first vertebra (atlas)?

occipital condyles

Which structure articulates with the superior surface of the atlas?

occipital condyles

Where are the parietal bones of the cranium located?

on each side of the skull

Where is the radius located?

on the thumb side of the forearm

Thyroxine stimulates -------- activity, which aids in bone development and growth.

osteoblast

Thyroxine stimulates ----------- activity, which aids in bone development and growth.

osteoblast

Cells that deposit and form new bone during osteogenesis are called --------.

osteoblasts

Parathyroid hormone stimulates bone cells called -----, which break down bone.

osteoclasts

The ______ are cells that dissolve the inorganic components of the calcified bone matrix.

osteoclasts

Bone remodeling occurs continually as ______ reabsorb bone tissue and ______ replace the bone. The total mass of bone remains nearly constant.

osteoclasts; osteoblasts

Mature bone cells are called ----------.

osteocytes

What are bone cells called?

osteocytes

The rigidity of compact bone comes from the arrangement of osteocytes in concentric circles around a central canal, forming a structural unit known as a(n) -----------.

osteon

In --------, bone mass declines, bones easily fracture, and may spontaneously break because they no longer can support body weight.

osteoporosis

The ------ bone(s) form the posterior bony roof of the mouth and lateral walls of the nasal cavity.

palatine

The facial skeleton contains two L-shaped ---- bones located behind the maxillae.

palatine

Which bone is located behind the maxilla and is shaped like the letter L?

palatine bone

Where are the metacarpal bones found?

palm of hand

What is the term for air-filled cavities within skull bones that reduce the weight of the skull and affect the sound of the voice?

paranasal sinuses

Which hormone stimulates osteoclast activity?

parathyroid hormone

The bones that form part of the roof and side of the cranium are the ------- bones.

parietal

The bones that form part of the roof and side of the cranium are the --------- bones.

parietal

What is the name of the sesamoid bone located in a tendon that passes anteriorly over the knee?

patella

The right clavicle and the right scapula form the right -------- (or shoulder) girdle.

pectoral

The --------- girdle consists of two hip bones.

pelvic

The two hip bones make up the ______.

pelvic girdle

The ------------- is the vascular connective tissue membrane that covers bones and plays an important role in bone growth and repair.

periosteum

The bones in the fingers of the hand are called -------.

phalanges

What does the root word fov- mean?

pit

Deficit of growth hormone in childhood results in what disorder?

pituitary dwarfism

What is the function of red bone marrow?

produce blood cells

What is the function of the cranium?

protect the brain

What is the function of the intervertebral discs?

provide cushioning to soften forces on the vertebrae

The ------- is the bone that makes up the anterior portion of the hip bone.

pubis

What is the name of the bone that makes up the lower anterior portion of the hip bone?

pubis

In the anatomical position, the forearm bone on the same side as the thumb is the --------.

radius

In this image showing the mandible, the arrows are pointing to the area called the ---------.

ramus

In this image showing the mandible, the arrows are pointing to the area called the --------.

ramus

On the mandible, what is the vertical flat surface that projects upward on either side?

ramus

Which type(s) of bone marrow is(are) responsible for blood cell formation?

red bone marrow

The total mass of bone tissue in a healthy adult skeleton ______.

remains nearly constant

In the pelvic girdle, the left hip bone is attached to the ______ anteriorly and attached to the ______ posteriorly.

right hip bone; sacrum

The large triangle-shaped bone at the distal end of the vertebral column that is actually five bones fused into one is called the -----------

sacrum

The parietal bones are fused at the midline along the ______ suture and they meet the frontal bone along the ______ suture.

sagittal; coronal

The anatomical name for the shoulder blade is the ------------.

scapula

The broad triangular bones on either side of the upper back are the ______.

scapulae

The cervical portion of the vertebral column is made up of ---------- (number) individual vertebrae.

seven

Bones are categorized by ------ as being long, short, flat, or irregular.

shape

The root word cribr- as in cribriform plate means ______.

sieve

The cranium and the facial bones form the -------.

skull

Match parts of the skeleton with the organs they protect.

skull-ears rib cage- heart pelvic girdle- internal reproductive organs

What is hydroxyapatite?

small crystals of calcium phosphate salts

The ---------- bone consists of a central part and two winglike structures that extend laterally toward each side of the skull.

sphenoid

Which bone contains the sella turcica?

sphenoid bone

What passes through the vertebral foramen?

spinal cord

The ischial ------ is a sharp projection near the junction of the ilium and the ischium and can be used to determine the shortest diameter of the pelvic outlet.

spine

The posterior structure of the scapula is divided into two unequal portions by a bony feature called the ---------.

spine

The scapula has a bony feature called a(n) ______ that is found on the posterior surface.

spine

The --------- suture is located between the temporal bone and the parietal bone.

squamous

What is the name of the suture forming the joint between the temporal bone and parietal bone?

squamous suture

The -------, or breastbone, forms the anterior portions of the thoracic cage.

sternum

What is the anatomical name for the breastbone?

sternum

Sex hormones stimulate the formation of bone tissue during puberty; they also stimulate ossification of the epiphyseal plate and therefore they ______ bone lengthening.

stop

What is the role of the superior and middle nasal conchae?

support mucous membranes that filter and warm air

Just below the head and the tubercles of the humerus is the region known as the ______ neck.

surgical

The tarsal bone that articulates with the tibia and fibula to make a freely moveable ankle joint is the

talus

What tarsal bone forms the moveable articulation with the tibia and the fibula?

talus

The ------ bones form parts of the sides and the base of the cranium.

temporal

The external acoustic meatus is located near the inferior margin of the ______ bone.

temporal

The external acoustic meatus, mastoid process, and styloid process are special features of what bone?

temporal

The prominence of the cheek is formed by the ------ process of the zygomatic bone.

temporal

What bone forms the side of the skull around the ear?

temporal bone

Each mastoid process is located on a(n) ______ bone and provides attachment for ______ muscles.

temporal; neck

What structure is protected by the skull?

the brain

Which of the two vertebrae on this diagram has an odontoid process?

the one at the bottom of the diagram

What is the metaphysis of a long bone?

the widening part of the bone

The ------- cage protects organs such as the heart and lungs.

thoracic

Which of the following protects the heart, the lungs, and organs in the upper abdominal cavity?

thoracic cage

Which of the following is a hormone that stimulates osteoblasts at the epiphyseal plate?

thyroxine

What bone is located on the medial side of the leg?

tibia

What occurs during childhood that would result in pituitary dwarfism?

too little growth hormone

The ------ pelvis is bounded posteriorly by the sacrum and coccyx and laterally and anteriorly by the lower ilium, ischium, and pubis bones.

true

The bony indentation on the sphenoid bone, where the pituitary gland sits, is called the sella ------.

turcica

How many types of bone marrow are found in the human body?

two types: red and yellow bone marrow

The name of the bone on the medial side of the forearm is the ------.

ulna

The humerus, radius, ulna, and carpals are found in the ______.

upper limb

The humerus, the radius, and the ulna are all found in the ______.

upper limb

The bones that form the spinal column, or back bone, are called -------

vertebrae

The ------ column extends from the skull to the pelvis and encloses and protects the spinal cord.

vertebral

The laminae, pedicles, and spinous process together compose what part of the vertebra?

vertebral arch

The spinal cord passes through what structure in the vertebra?

vertebral foramen

What is the meaning of the root word acetabul- as in acetabulum?

vinegar cup

UV radiation striking skin is a step in activating ______, which then plays a role in absorption and availability of ______ for use in forming the bone matrix.

vitamin D; calcium

On this inferior view of the skull, the arrow is indicating the _____.

vomer

The ------- (a bone) joins the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone to form the nasal septum.

vomer

The -------- (a bone) joins the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone to form the nasal septum.

vomer

The -------bone forms the inferior portion of the nasal septum.

vomer

The midline within the nasal cavity is occupied by a thin flat bone called the ----- bone.

vomer

Which bone is found along the midline of the nasal cavity?

vomer

What does the root word carp- mean?

wrist

The first site of red blood cell production is in the ______ during embryological development.

yolk sac

Match the layers of the epiphyseal plate with the appropriate description.

zone of resting cartilage-layer closest to the epiphysis zone of proliferating cartilage-young cells undergoing mitosis zone of hypertrophic cartilage-cartilage cells enlarging while osteoblasts deposit bone matrix zone of calcified cartilage- composed of dead cartilage cells encased in bone matrix

The bone that forms the bony prominence of the cheeks is the ---- bone.

zygomatic

Which bone forms the bony prominence of the cheek?

zygomatic bone

Please fill blanks with numbers: The facial skeleton is comprised of ---- immovable bone(s) and ------- movable bone(s)

-13 -1

The frontal bone is indicated by arrow ------; the zygomatic is indicated by arrow -------; the maxilla is indicated by arrow ---------.

-A -D -E

On this detailed diagram of the fine structure of a long bone, a central canal is indicated by arrow -------- and a perforating canal is indicated by letter ------------.

-C -E

Select all that apply What are the characteristics of the occipital bone?

-Contains the foramen magnum. -Joins the parietal bones along the lambdoid suture. -Contains occipital condyles.

Select all that apply What are two major functions of the coccyx?

-It acts as a shock absorber during some movements (for example, sitting). -It is an attachment site for the muscles of the pelvic floor.

Select all that apply What are the characteristics of the frontal bone?

-It contains a paranasal sinus. -It contains supraorbital foramen.

Select all that apply What are some characteristics of the mandible?

-It contains openings for teeth. -It forms the lower jaw.

Select all that apply What are the characteristics of the zygomatic bone?

-It has a temporal process. -It forms the lateral wall and floor of the orbit.

Which of the following statements describe the mandible?

-It is a movable bone. -It is attached to the cranium.

Select all that apply What are the characteristics of an epiphyseal plate?

-It is responsible for the growth in length of long bones. -It separates the diaphysis and the epiphysis of long bones. -It consists of cartilaginous cells.

What are canaliculi?

Spaces in bone that house the cellular processes of osteocytes.

How does the integumentary system interact with the skeletal system?

The integumentary system functions in the activation of vitamin D.

How many bones make up the facial skeleton?

Thirteen immovable bones and one movable bone.

Which structure of the skeleton is made up of twelve pairs of ribs and the sternum?

Thoracic cage

What is the function of osteoclasts?

To break down the calcified matrix of bones

What is the function of yellow bone marrow?

To store energy in the form of fat.

Match the vitamin with its role in bone development.

Vitamin A- osteoblast and osteoclast activity Vitamin C-collagen synthesis Vitamin D-calcium absorption

What is rickets?

Vitamin D deficiency in children causes deformed bones.

What is the role of vitamin D in bone development?

Vitamin D increases calcium absorption in the small intestine and thus helps maintain the calcium concentrations necessary to build the bone matrix.

Click and drag on elements in order Place the layers of the epiphyseal plate in order, starting with the zone closest to the epiphysis at the top.

1.zone of resting cartilage 2.zone of proliferating cartilage 3. zone of hypertrophic cartilage 4. zone of calcified cartilage

How many pairs of ribs make up the thoracic cage?

12

The thoracic part of the vertebral column is made of ______ vertebrae.

12

The thoracic region of the vertebral column consists of ----------- (number) thoracic vertebrae.

12

How many pairs of ribs are in a normal adult?

12 pairs

The pelvic girdle consists of ______.

2 hip bones

The human body has -----------(number) ribs, with one on the left and one on the right of each thoracic vertebra.

24

With age, there is an incremental decrease in height that beings after the age of ______, with a loss of about ______ each year.

30; 1/16 inch

How many distinct layers form an epiphyseal plate?

4 layers

How many bones fuse to form the sacrum (in most individuals)?

5

How many lumbar vertebrae are present in the human body?

5

The base of the vertebral column is composed of --------- (number) fused vertebrae and is called the sacrum.

5

The lumbar region of the vertebral column consists of ---------- (number) lumbar vertebrae.

5

Each foot contains ----- (number) tarsal bones.

7

The neck is composed of ______ vertebrae.

7 cervical

What bone(s) make up the right ankle?

7 tarsal bones

Match each arrow with the paranasal sinus it identifies.

A- frontal sinus B-ethmoidal sinus C-sphenoidal sinus D-maxillary sinus

On this diagram of two typical vertebra in lateral view, match the structures with the arrows the identify them.

A- superior articular facet B-transverse process C-inferior articular process D-spinous process

On this diagram of a long bone, match each arrow with the bone structure it identifies.

A-Diaphysis B-epiphysis C-endosteum D-periosteum E-Epiphyseal plate (line)

On this diagram showing fine details of compact bone structure, match each arrow with the correct structure.

A-Osteon B-trabeculae C-central canal D-periosteum E-Perforating Canal

Match features of the hip bones to the letters that indicate them.

A-anterior superior iliac spine B-anterior inferior iliac spine C-ischial spine D-lesser sciatic notch E-ischial tuberosity

Match each letter to the correct structure of a typical vertebra.

A-body B-pedicle C-lamina D-vertebral foramen

Match all letters to the bones they identify.

A-clavicle B-scapula C-radius D-ulna

On this sagittal section of the skull, identify the bones indicated by the arrows.

A-ethmoid B-maxillary C-mandible D-temporal E-sphenoid

Identify the bones and/or features of bones indicated in the sagittal section of the skull.

A-ethmoid bone B-vomer C-sella turcica D-styloid process E-palatine bone

Match the arrows with the bones.

A-frontal B-nasal C-zygomatic D-maxilla E-sphenoid F-vomer

Match each arrow with the correct bone or structure on the floor of the cranial cavity as viewed from above.

A-frontal B-temporal C-occupitial D-foramen magnum

Match the parts of the humerus to the corresponding arrows.

A-greater B-lesser C-lateral D-medial

Match each arrow to the structure on the iliac bone identified by it.

A-iliac crest B-iliac fossa C-posterior superior iliac spine D-posterior inferior iliac spine E-greater sciatic notch

Match each arrow with the correct part of the hip bone.

A-ilium B-ischium C-pubis

Identify the features of the humerus indicated by the arrows.

A-intertubercular sulcus B-deltoid tuberosity C-coronoid fossa D-olecranon fossa

Match each letter with the correct bone type (based on shape).

A-long bone B-short bone C-flat bone D-irregular bone

Match the arrow with the bone or structure on the inferior surface of the skull.

A-palatine bone B-lambdoid suture C-occipital condyle D-zygomatic arch E-sphenoid bone

Match each arrow with the nasal concha it identifies.

A-superior nasal concha B-middle nasal concha C-inferior nasal concha

Arrow A is indicating the ------ process and arrow B is indicating the ------ process.

A-transverse B-Spinous

Match the letters with the indicated bone structures.

A-yellow marrow B-medullary cavity C-spongy bone D-compact bone E-articular cartilage

Vitamin ______ is necessary for osteoblast activity and vitamin ______ is necessary for collagen synthesis.

A; C

Where is the sacrum located?

At the end of the vertebral column in the pelvis.

Where is the coccyx located?

At the end of the vertebral column; also called the tailbone.

Which arrow points to the trabeculae?

B

Which two bones on this diagram are classified as short bones?

B and E

After bones have formed via intramembranous or endochondral ossification, what happens to the bone?

Bone is continually remodeled by osteoclasts and osteoblasts.

Match the two types of bone tissue found in a long bone with their characteristics.

Compact bone-also called cortical bone, made of tightly packed tissue, continuous extracellular matrix with no gaps Spongy bone-also called cancellous bone, contains trabeculae, contains many irregular spaces

Vitamin ---------- is necessary for the proper absorption of calcium by the body and thus is vital for proper bone formation.

D

Which arrow is pointing to the periosteum?

D

Most bones of the skeleton are intramembranous bones.

False

Once bone is built in childhood, it never changes.

False

Where does hematopoiesis first begin?

In the yolk sac outside the embryo

Which of the following statements accurately describes the sphenoid bone?

It consists of a central part and two winglike structures.

Why is the alveolar arch of the maxillary bone important?

It contains cavities occupied by teeth.

Where is the vertebral column located?

It extends from the skull to the pelvis

The scapula is characterized by the presence of a process called the coracoid process. Because it contains the root word corac- in its name, you can tell that this process is shaped like ______.

a beak

What is a fontanel?

a soft spot between cranial bones during development

Which root word means vinegar cup and is used in terms that describe depressions in bones?

acetabul-

The cup-shaped cavity on the lateral side of the hip bone that forms the socket for the head of the femur is called the ---.

acetabulum

The head of the femur articulates with what structure?

acetabulum

The tip of the shoulder is formed by the ---------- process of the scapula.

acromion

On the maxillae, teeth occupy cavities in the ----- (or dental) arch.

alveolar

The ______ neck is located between the head of the humerus and the greater and lesser tubercles.

anatomical

Which portion of the hip bone is formed by the pubis?

anterior portion

The pelvic girdle is formed by two hip bones attached to each other ______ and to the sacrum ______.

anteriorly; posteriorly

Bones of the pelvic girdle belong to which skeleton?

appendicular skeleton

The periosteum is located ______ and plays a role in ______.

around bones; bone growth and repair

The first cervical vertebra is also called the -------.

atlas

What is the name of the first cervical vertebra?

atlas

The -------- skeleton is made of bones and cartilage that support and protect the head, neck, and trunk.

axial

Place the following bones in the appropriate subdivision of the skeleton.

axial skeleton-vertebrae, ribs, frontal bone appendicular skeleton-femur, scapula, carpals

The second cervical vertebra is also called the ------- because it allows for rotation of the head.

axis

What is the name of the second cervical vertebra?

axis

Because it contains the root word clav- in its name, you can tell that the clavicle is a bone shaped like a ______.

bar

Name the structure of the vertebra indicated by the arrow.

body

The ----- of a vertebra is the thick drum-shaped anterior portion of the bone.

body

What are vertebrae?

bones that form the backbone

Because their name contains the root word -clast, you can tell that cells called osteoclasts ______.

break down bone tissue

Where are the nasal bones found?

bridge of nose

What does the root word -blast, as in osteoblast, mean?

bud

The anatomical term for the heel bone is the -------.

calcaneus

Which bone forms the heel of the foot?

calcaneus

Which bone in the foot supports the weight of the body and provides a tuberosity to which muscle that moves the foot can attach?

calcaneus

The cellular processes of osteocytes pass through small tunnels called ______.

canaliculi

The root word that means wrist and is used in the name of the bones of the wrist is --------

carp

The root word that means wrist and is used in the name of the bones of the wrist is -----------

carp-

Collectively, the eight bones that form the skeleton of the wrist are called the ---- bones.

carpal

The bones that form the wrist are known as ______.

carpal bones

In a long bone, the outer surface of the portion of the epiphysis that is involved in an articulation (joint) is covered by articulating ------.

cartilage

The root word ---- means to break.

clast

Which root word means bar?

clav-

The thin, slightly S-shaped bone in the upper thorax which is one of the bones of the pectoral girdle is the -----------.

clavicle

What is the anatomical name for the collarbone?

clavicle

Incomplete fusion of the palatine processes of the maxillae during fetal development is a disorder called ----- palate.

cleft

The ------- is attached to the sacrum by ligaments and acts like a shock absorber during sitting.

coccyx

The anatomical name for the tailbone, located at the end of the vertebral column, is the -------.

coccyx

What part of the skeleton is typically composed of four bones that fuse around the age of 25?

coccyx

Although about 90% of the protein found in bone is ______ other proteins exist in bone, such as ______.

collagen; osteocalcin

The root word ------ means a knob or knuckle.

condyl-

The medial and lateral ---- of the tibia are concave surfaces that articulate with the femur.

condyles

Which root word means crow's beak and is used to indicate beaklike structures?

corac-

In this diagram of the mandible, letter A is pointing to the ______ and letter B is pointing to the ______.

coronoid process; mandibular condyle

The brain is housed in the portion of the skull called the -------.

cranium

Which root word means sieve?

cribr-

What part of the ethmoid bone contains openings (olfactory foramina) that allow for the passage of nerves associated with the sense of smell?

cribriform plate

The word ------ means crest.

crist

Which root word would be useful to indicate that a structure that is shaped like a ridge, or a crest?

crist-

The upward-projecting part of the ethmoid bone that serves as an attachment for membranes of the brain is called the ----- -----.

crista galli

What part of the ethmoid bone extends into the cranial cavity as a sharp triangular peak?

crista galli

A major age-associated change associated with the skeletal system is the ______ of height that begins after the age of ______.

decrease; 30

What structure on the axis projects upwards and allows for rotation or turning of the head?

dens

The axis, or second cervical vertebra, has a(n) ______, which provides a pivot for the turning of the head.

dens, or odontoid process

The periosteum of a long bone is made of ______.

dense connective tissue

The middle portion of a long bone, between the epiphyses, is called the ------.

diaphysis

The shaft of a long bone is also called the ______.

diaphysis

Select all that apply Choose all glands which secrete hormones that can affect bone growth and development.

-parathyroid -pituitary -thyroid

Select all that apply Name three of the eight bones of the cranium.

-parietal -occipital -sphenoid

The vertebral arch is composed of the ------, laminae, and the ---------- process together.

-pedicles -spinous

Select all that apply What bones belong to the lower limb?

-phalanges -femur -tibia -tarsals -fibula

Select all that apply Select three factors that affect bone development, growth, and repair.

-physical exercise -hormones -nutrition

Bones that develop within sheets of connective tissue are called ------ bones, while bones that develop from masses of hyaline cartilage are called -------- bones.

-intramembranous -endochondral

Select all that apply What areas are formed by the palatine bones?

-lateral walls of the nasal cavity -posterior roof of the mouth

The humerus has two processes just below its head. The -------- tubercle is located on the anterior side, while the --------- tubercle is located on the lateral side.

-lesser -greater

Select all that apply What are the categories of bones according to their shape?

-long -irregular -flat -short

Select all that apply Indicate three facial bones.

-mandible -zygomatic -maxilla

The lack of vitamin D results in soft and deforming bones. In children, this condition is called --------- and in adults, this condition is called-------.

-rickets -osteomalacia

Select all that apply What bones belong to the axial skeleton?

-sacrum -vertebrae -ribs -skull

The --------- suture is located between the two parietal bones while the ---------- suture is located between the frontal and parietal bones.

-sagittal -coronal

The pectoral girdle consists of a(n) --------- and a(n) -----------.

-scapula -clavicle

The eight bones of the cranium are the frontal bone, the two parietal bones, the occipital bone, the two temporal bones, the -------- bone, and the -------- bone.

-sphenoid -ethmoid

Arrow A is pointing to the ------ bone, arrow B is pointing to the foramen -------, and arrow C is pointing to the ----- bone.

-sphenoid -ovale -temporal

Select all that apply Choose the four paranasal sinuses.

-sphenoidal -ethmoidal -maxillary -frontal

Select all that apply What are the three components of the vertebral arch?

-spinous process -laminae -pedicles

Select all that apply Choose the characteristics of yellow bone marrow.

-stores fat -does not produce blood cells

Arrow A is indicating the ---- nasal concha; arrow B is indicating the ----- nasal concha; arrow C is indicating the ------- nasal concha.

-superior -middle -inferior

Select all that apply Indicate the bones of the appendicular skeleton.

-tarsals -fibula -scapula -patella

Select all that apply What locations are formed partly by the maxillary bones?

-the anterior roof of the mouth -the floor of the orbits

Select all that apply Indicate the bones that belong to the appendicular skeleton.

-ulna -clavicle -phalanges

Select all that apply What bones are found in the upper limb?

-ulna -humerus -radius More include: -phalanges -carpals -metacarpals

Select all that apply What two bones (or parts of bones) form the nasal septum?

-vomer -perpendicular plate of the ethmoid

Select all that apply The two types of bone marrow are ______ marrow and ______ marrow.

-yellow -red

The ------------ process of the temporal bone provides attachment for neck muscles, while the ---------- process of the temporal bone serves as an attachment for muscles associated with the tongue and the pharynx.

-mastoid -styloid

Select all that apply Which of the following are features of the temporal bone?

-mastoid process -external acoustic meatus -mandibular fossae -styloid process

Select all that apply Indicate three proteins found in bone.

-osteocalcin -collagen -osteonectin

Select all that apply What are the features of the maxillary bone?

-paranasal sinus -palatine process

Select all that apply What are the three characteristics of paranasal sinuses?

-They reduce the weight of the skull. -They are air-filled cavities. -They increase the intensity of the voice.

Select all that apply What roles do sex hormones play in bone growth?

-They stimulate closure of the epiphyseal plate and therefore stop long bone growth. -They stimulate growth at the epiphyseal plate and therefore long bone growth.

Select all that apply Which statements are true about the female pelvis?

-acetabulum is smaller -pubic arch is wider

The ---------- process of the scapula articulates with the clavicle, while the ---------- process provides attachments for upper limb and chest muscles.

-acromion -coracoid

Select all that apply Choose the two major portions of the skeleton.

-appendicular -axial

The bone at the top of this diagram is the --------- and the bone at the bottom of the diagram is the ---------.

-atlas -axis

Select all that apply What are the four major functions of a bone, an organ of the skeletal system?

-attachment for muscles -support and protection -blood cell formation -storage of inorganic salts

The bones of the head, neck, and trunk are part of the -------- skeleton, and bones of the limbs are part of the ------- skeleton.

-axial -appendicular

The skeleton can be divided into two major portions: the -------- skeleton and the ------- skeleton.

-axial -appendicular

Which root word means bud?

-blast

Select all that apply Which of the following are found in an osteon?

-central canal -osteocytes -lamellae

Each pectoral girdle consists of a(n) ------- and a(n) ---------.

-clavicle -scapula

Select all that apply Which bones compose the pectoral girdle?

-clavicle -scapula

---------- bone has a continuous extracellular matrix with no gaps. ---------- bone has irregular interconnecting spaces between bony plates called trabeculae.

-compact -spongy

The skull is composed of two main parts: eight bones make up the -------- and fourteen bones make up the ------- skeleton.

-cranium -facial

The skull is made of two part: the --------, or brain case, and the ------- bones.

-cranium -facial

The bones of the lower limb include the phalanges, metatarsals, tarsals, -------, --------, and -------.

-femur -tibia -fibula

The bones in the upper limb include the hand bones (carpals, metacarpals, phalanges) and the ----------,---------, and -------.

-humerus -radius -ulna

Each hip, or coxal, bone is formed by the fusion of three bones: the -------, --------, and -----.

-ilium -ischium -pubis

Select all that apply Choose the three parts of a hip bone.

-ilium -pubis -ischium

The true pelvis surrounds a short canal-like cavity. The superior opening of this cavity is called the pelvic -----. The inferior opening of the cavity is called the pelvic ------.

-inlet -outlet