A&P chap 7 - bone structure and function hmwk

statements that characterize periosteum

- helps the heal bone fractures -it is composed of dense irregular connective tissue -covers the outer surface of the diaphysis of a long bone -it functions to anchor blood vessels to the surface of bones

concentric lamellae

- rings around bone of connective tissue that surround the central canal and form the bulk of the osteon . -contains alternate patterns of collagen fiber directions to give bone its strength and resilience -they contain collagen fibers -their numbers vary among ostesons -they are rings of bone tissue

statements that characterize the functions of cartiallage

-covers the ends of long bones -it provides a model for the formation of bones -it supports soft tissues

compact bone

-forms the external walls of a long bone -it is solid and relatively dense book def; consists of microscopic cylindrical units called osteons. it is densely packed, solid and rigid. -makes up major of the walls in the diaphysis of a long bone -spongy bone is always deep to the compact bone and is found in the medullary cavity , which is in the epiphyses and the middle of short and irregular bones.

osteoprogenitor cells

-produce a cell that becomes an osteoblast =are stem cells

the following are statements about concentric lamellae

-they are rings of bone tissue -their numbers vary among osteons -they contain collagen fibers

the steps of bone fracture repair in order ( condensed )

1. a fracture hematoma forms 2. a fibrocartilaginous callus forms 3.bony callus form s 4. the bone is remodeled

bone fracture and repair process

1. blood vessels tear inside bone causing bleeding to form a factor hematoma 2. fracture hematoma is reorganized into an actively growing Ct called a pro callus, then fibroblasts within the pro callus produce collagen fibers that help connect the broken ends of the bone; pro callus becomes fibrocartiligionous callus ( stays for 3weeks ) 3. hard bony callus forms - the fibrocartiligionous cartilage is replaced with this hard bony callus 4. bone is remodeled. hard callus persists for 3-4 months osteoclasts remove any excess bone material form both exterior and interior surfaces

5 zones of interstitial growth

1. zone of resting cartilage-farthest from medullary cavity of the diaphysis and nearest the epiphysis -- composed of small chondrocytes // resembles hyaline cartilage and secures the epiphysis to the epipheal plate 2. zone of proliferating cartilage - chondrocytes in this zone undergo rapid mitotic cell division, engage slightly and calling in longitude columns 3. zone of hypertrophic cartilage -chondrocytes cease dividing and begin hypertrophy ( enlarging in size ) chondrocytes take up the matrix and the lacunae wall become thin 4.zone of calcified cartilage - 2/3 layers of chondrocytes. this calcification destroys the chondrocytes and makes the matrix appear opaque 5.zone of ossification - walls break down between lacunae in columns, forming longitude channels. - spaces filled with capillaries , new matrix of bone is deposited on the remaining calcified cartilage matrix

compact bones make up ______ of bone mass

80% while spongy bone makes up the other 20%

osteoporosis

a condition characterized by a loss of bone density, due to a net loss of bone matrix. occurs in elderly people, mostly women in postmenalpause

stress fracture

a thin break caused by an increase physical activity in which the bone experience repetitive loads

identify the bone types

a. long bone b. irregular bone (vertebrae) - elaborate sometimes complex shapes, hip bones c. short bone (often cube shape or same size / width) d. flat bone - have thin flat surfaces that may be slightly curves and they provide extensive surfaces for muscle attachement and protecting underlying tissues

a bone fracture is

an abnormal break in the bone What is a normal break?? or just a normal break can be a fracture -

epiphysis

an expanded knob region at the end of each long bone -proximal epihsis - end of the bone closest to the body *trunk* -distal epiphysis - end of the bone away from the body *trunk* - thin outer layer of compact bone filled with a large mass of spongy bone - which helps resist stress that is applied from many directions -function ;

growth along the periphery of cartilage is called _______ growth

appositional

a bone growth in diameter is called __________ growth

appositional bone growth

epiphyseal plate

area of growth that are located within the metaphases of long bones.

hyaline cartilage is which of the following ? is avascular contain osteocytes contain chondrablasts contain calcium

avascular , contains chondroblasts

calcium is required for

blood clotting stimulation of the heart initiation of muscle contraction

____________ connective tissue contains osteoblasts and osteocytes

bone

in bone fractures repair, a fibrocartialaginous callus is replaced with a _________

bony callus

bone formation requires

calcium phosphate vitamin d

calcium needs

calcium is essential mineral for such body functions as muscle contraction, blood clotting, and release of neurotransmitter from server cells

spongy bone is also called

cancellous or trabecular , located internal to compact bone, appears pours and makes up 20% of bone mass

the cylindrical channel that lies in the center of the often is the

central canal

the cells that produce the matrix of the cartilage are called

chondroblasts are derived from mesenchymal cells and produce the cartilage matrix. they become enclosed in the matrix the have produced and secreted , the cells are called *chondrocytes* and they occupy small spaces called *lacuna*

an osteon is the basic functional and structural microscopic unit of mature _________ bone

compact

flat bones have surfaces composed of ___________ bone with internally placed ____________ bone

compact ; spongy

the external surface of short bones consists of ______ bone while the interior consists of ____________

compact ; spongy just like other bones

osteon

compact bone is the composed of small cylindrical structure called osteons. -the basic functions and structural unit of mature compact bone which are organized parallel to the diaphysis of the long bone ( run the same direction) -has several components including ; the central canal, concentric lamellae , osteocytes, lacunae, canaliculi

Spongy bone

consists of a lattice of tiny rods and plates called trabeculae.. -this structure allows the ends of the bones, which participate in joints, to withstand stresses from several different directions

the central canal ( only ) of the osteon

cylindrical channel that lies in the center of the osteon and runs parallel to it. - traveling with the central canal are blood vessels and never that supply the bone

articular cartilage - covering the join surface of an epiphysis is a thin layer of hyaline cartilage . used to reduce friction an d absorb shock in movable joints

def; some features - it is composed of hyaline cartilage -it functions to reduce friction in joints -it covers an epiphysis

tendons

dense regular CT that connects muscle to bone

ligaments

dense regular connective tissue that anchors bone to bone

interstitial growth

dependent upon growth of cartilage within the epiphyseal plate. The epiphyseal plate exhibits five distinct microscopic zones that are continuous from the first zone nearest the epiphysis to the last zone near the diphysis ( near the long middle section of the bone )

the elongated cylindrical share of the long bone is called the

diaphysis

long bone diagram - regions of the bone

diaphysis - long shaft function provides leverage and major weigh support - the inner hollow cylindrical cavity space within the diaphysis is the *medullary (marrow) cavity*

the bones of the upper and lower limbs are produced through _________ ossification

econdrial

bone growth and remodeling begins during _______

embryologic development

a thin line of compact bone in the epiphysis of a mature bone is called the

epiphyseal line

the region of cartilage between the diaphysis ( main long part of bone) and the epiphysis ( the round edge of the bone ) of a long bone during endochondral ossification ( the growth of these bones from the epiphysis) is called the _________

epiphyseal plate

the expanded end of a long bone ( rounded end ) is called the

epiphysis

which hormones promote epiphyseal plate growth and closure?

estrogen and testosterone

true or false; mature cartilage is well vascularized

false ; mature cartilage does not have a blog supply which is one reason it is slow to heal when injured.

the cranium is an example of what type of bone

flat bone flat bone is prouduced by intramembranous ossification AKA dermal ossification as it many of times the future dermis

interstitial growth

growing of the bones that occurs within the internal regions of cartilage book;

which hormone stimulate live to produce somatomedin , which ultimately results in bone elongation?

growth hormone stimulate live to produce hormone, IGF, which causes cartilage proliferation at epiphyseal plate and resulting bone elongation

if a bone is broken and blood vessels are severed, blood at the site of the damage starts to form a clot also known as a ___________

hematoma this hematoma then acts as a scaffolding for further repair of the tissue

this picture is suppose to be an entire structure of an osteon

i guess that is it after all..

the two types of ossification are ______________ and ______________ ( long bone) ossification The first type of ossification is the process by which bone tissue is formed directly from an embryooinic membrane called the mesenchyme. The second involves the replacement of hyaline cartilage model with bone tissue.

intramembraneous ossification ; endochondral ossification mesenchyme ; hyaline cartilage

bone growth within a membrane is called

intramembranous ossification

The vertebrae is an example of what type of bone?

irregular

based on shape, bones that has elaborate, complex shares are classified as

irregular bones

which statements characterize bone remodeling ? it stops between age 24-35 it can be stimulated by stress on the bone it occurs at the periosteal and endosteal surfaces of a bone it helps maintain calcium and phosphate levels in the body fluids it occurs at the same rate everywhere in the skeleton

it can be stimulated by stress on the bone it occurs at the periosteal and endosteal surfaces of a bone it helps maintain calcium and phosphate levels in the body fluids

statements regarding cartilage

it is more flexible than bone -found in the head arms, legs and trunk of the body -it contains cells and a matrix

in intramembranous ossification what replaces woven bone?

lamellar bone

Bones of a skeleton function as a system of __________ that are pulled when skeletal muscle contracts

levers

intramembranous ossification

literally means bone growth within a membrane . this is also called dermal ossification because the mesenchyme that is the source of these bones is in the area of future dermis. -recall mesenchymal cells are abundant in group substance -some bones produced through intramembranous ossification include ; maxilla, mandible, flat bones of the skull ( produces flat bone of the skull and some of the facial bones and central part of clavicle.

which bone type is the most common bone type in the body ?

long bone

which of these bones formed through endochondral ossification? -lower limb bones -manidble -upper limb bones -vertebrae -flat bones of the skull

lower limb bones, upper limb bones and vertebrae

Examples of some body parts that are protected by bones

lungs ( ribs ) heart ( sternum / ribs) brain ( cranium) reproductive organs (coal bones )

osteocytes -

mature bone cells found in small spaces between adjacent concentric lamellae . these help maintain the bone matrix

lamella ,

meaning layer, compact bone consists of different types of lamella. bone matrix is made of a series of lamellae, giving the tissue a distance layered appearance. concentric lamellae are deposited around the central canal of each osteon

the region of a mature bone between the diaphysis and the epiphysis is the

metaphysis

is compact bone porous? is bone vascularized or no?

no spongy bone is porous bone is highly vascularized meaning is supplied by many blood vessels, especially in regions containing spongy bone.

the following characteristics characterize a canaliculi.

nutrients pass through them they contain osteocyte cytoplasmic extensions they extend from lacunae to lacunae

what types of tissues are found in the bones ?

osseous connective tissue blood nervous tissue

when osteoblasts become entrapped in the matrix they produce, they become cells called _________

osteocytes

mature bone cells are called

osteocytes osteo progenitor cell - turns in to osteoblast which can turn into an osteocyte

insufficient ossification is a condition known as

osteopenia

calcitonin is produced by the ____________ cells in the thyroid gland

parafollicular

woven bone

part of the development of flat bones. also called primary bone, eventually it becomes lamellar bone , and is newly formed bone connective tissue that is immature and not well organized

a fracture in a vertebra due to the presence of osteoporosis is an example of

pathologic fracture fractures due to a pathogenic disease are an example of this

the hard outer layer of a bone and labeled in this figure is the _____________

periosteum

osteoprogenitor cells are located in the

periosteum and the endosteum osteoprogenitor cells ; the stem cells responsible for generating osteoblasts, which give rise to osteocytes. Separate stem cells give rise to osteoclasts

the mineral called ___________ is stored by the bone and is needed for ATP utilization among other things

phosphate most of the body reserves of minerals calcium and phosphate are stored within and then released from the bones -when phosphate or calcium is needed by the body some bone connective tissue is broken down , then minerals are related into the blood. -potential energy in the form of lipids is stored in yellow bone marrow in some adult bones

a fracture at the distal end of the fibula and malleolus of the tibia is specially called a ________ fracture

pott

ossification or osteogensis

refers to the formation and development of bone connective tissue -for younger kids, by the eight through the twelfth weeks of embryonic development, the skeleton begins forming either thickened condensations of mesnchym (intramebranous ossification) or a hyaline cartilage mold of bone (endochondrial ossification)

ossification

refers to the process by which mesenchyme or hyaline cartilage is converted to bone tissue

metaphysis

region of mature bone sandwiched between diaphysis and epiphysis. -contains the *epiphyseal* or growth plate, in a growing bone. it is a layer of thin hyaline cartilage that provides for the continued lengthwise growth of a bone. The remount of the epiphyseal plate in adults is a thing defined care of compact bone called the *epiphyseal line*

in endochondroal ossification ___________ ossification centers form in the epiphyses of long bones

secondary primary ossifications centers appear in the diaphyses of the long bones and secondary are in the epiphyses

lamellar bone

secondary bone , mesenchyme that still surrounds the woven bone begins to thicken and eventually organizes to form the periosteum. replaces the trabeculae of woven bone as the compact bone and spongy bone form

lacunae -

small spaces that house an osteocyte

stress fracture - pathologic fracture - simple fracture compound fracture -

stress fractures - thin break caused by increased physical activity in which the bone experience repetitive loads pathologic fracture - usually occurs in bone that has been weakened by disease simple fracture - broken bone does not penetrate the skin compound fracture -one or more sides of the broken bone pierce through the skin

bones perform several basic functions including

support and protection, movement, hemopoiesis and store of minerals and energy reserves again... protection blood cell formation ( hemopoiesis) mineral storage support

the secondary ossification centered form in the _______ of long bones

the epiphyses ( the round knobs at the top and bottom ends )

medullary cavity

the hollow cylindrical peace within the diaphysis ( the principal gross feature of the long bone is the shaft ) is called the medullary cavity

ENDOCHONDRIAL

the process by which the upper and lower limbs are produced by this method of ossification endochondrial ossification endochondrial ossification endochondrial ossification

hemopoiesis

the process of blood cell production

endochondiral ossification

the process of bone formation from hyaline cartilage model. Endochondiral means 'inside the cartilage'

the primary ossification center of a long bone occurs within the diaphysis

the region of the diaphysis ( the main long bone area) where bone replaces cartilage through endochondral ossification is called the primary ossification center ; it is the first major center of bone formation

endochondroal ossification

the replacing of cartilage .......

metaphysis

the transition between the epiphysis and the diaphysis of the long bone

what are characteristics of osteoclasts

they are phagocytic -they reabsorb bone matrix ( process called resorption) -they have ruffled borders =large , multinuclear phagocytic cells that are derived from fused bone marrow

canaliculi-

tiny interconnecting channels within the bone connective tissue that extend from each lacuna, travel through the lamellae and connect to other lacunae and the central canal

by the age 25 most epiphyseal plats have ossified and lengthwise bone growth has stopped true or false

true

nutrient foramen

typically only one nutrient artery enters and one nutrient vein exits the bone via a small opening or hole in the bone . this is the nutrient foramen . blood vessels supply nutrients and oxygen required by cells and remove waste products from bone cells can also have the *nutrient artery*

What are the bone types formed through endochondiral ossification?

vertebrae , upper limb bones, and lower limb bones

rickets is caused by a ________ deficiency

vitamin d