A&P Chapter 17 - Exam 3

Functional aspects of red blood cells

1. Large surface-area-to-volume ratio. 2. RBCs can form stacks (like plates) 3. Flexibility

What percentage does plasma proteins present in plasma?

7%

What percentage does water represent in plasma?

92%

What's the universal recipient and why?

AB+; because it does not have antibodies that will attack different types of blood.

Type A

Antigen: A Antibody: Anti-B

Type AB

Antigen: A and B Antibody: n/a

Type B

Antigen: B Antibody: Anti-A

Type O

Antigen: none Antibody: A and B

How's blood type determined?

By specific surface antigens in RBC plasma membrane.

Surface antigens (agglutinogens)

Contained in the plasma membrane; immune system recognizes them as "normal"

Basophils appearance

Round cell; nucleus generally cannot be seen through dense, blue-stained granules in cytoplasm.

Eosinophils Appearance

Round cell; nucleus generally has two lobes; cytoplasm contains large granules that generally stain bright red.

Neutrophils appearance

Round cell; nucleus lobed and may resemble a string of beads; cytoplasm contains large, pale inclusions

Platelets (<0.1%)

Small, membrane bound cell fragments that contain enzymes and other substances important for clotting.

Basophils remarks

Survival time unknown; assist mast cells of tissues in producing inflammation; produced in red bone marrow.

What does oxyhemoglobin (HbO2) look like?

bright red

Agranular leukocytes (agranulocytes)

contain secretory vesicles and lysosomes smaller than those in granulocytes. However, few, if any, of these cytoplasmic granules absorb histological stain.

Where did "Rh" obtained its name from?

from Rhesus monkeys since the antigen was discovered in them before than in humans.

granular leukocytes (granulocytes)

have abundant cytoplasmic granules (secretory vesicles and lysosomes) that absorb histological stains, such as Wright stain or Giemsa stain.

Deoxyhemoglobin or reduced hemoglobin

hemoglobin molecule whose iron is not bound to oxygen. It is dark red.

Anucleate

lack of nuclei

Albumins

makeup about 60 % of the plasma protein. As the most abundant plasma protein, they're major contributors to the osmotic pressure of plasma.

where do WBCs spend most of their time?

migrating through loose and dense connective tissues throughout the body.

Monocytes remarks

move into tissues after 1-2 days; survive for months or longer; produced primarly in red bone marrow.

Neutrophils and eosinophils remarks

move into tissues after several hours; may survive for minutes to days, depending on activity in tissues; produced in red bone marrow.

Heart

propels blood and maintains blood pressure

Organic wastes

wastes are carried to sites for breakdown or excretion Examples of organic wastes include urea, uric acid, creatinine, bilirubin, and ammonium ions.

compatible

when the donor's blood cells and the recipient's plasma will not cross-react.

Vascular phase

-Lasts for about 30 minutes after the injury occurs. -Response of endothelial cells and the contraction, or vascular spasm, of smooth muscle of the vessel walls.op m

What percentage do other solutes form of plasma?

1%

Types of agranular leukocytes

1. Monocytes 2. Lymphocytes

types of granular leukocytes

1. Neutrophils 2. Eosinophils 3. Basophils

Phases of hemostasis

1. Vascular phase 2. Platelet phase 3. Coagulation phase

What's the structure of hemoglobin (hb/hgb)?

2 alpha chains, two beta chains, and a single molecule of heme.

Globulins

35% of plasma proteins; include antibodies and transport globulins.

Fibrinogen

4% of plasma proteins; produced by liver; under certain conditions, fibrinogen molecules interact to form large, insoluble strands of fibrin that form the basic framework for a blood clot.

Percentage of plasma in blood

55% (range 46-63%)

Lymphocytes Appearance

Generally round cell, slightly larger than RBC; round nucleus; very little cytoplasm.

Blood Vessels

Distribute blood around the body

Blood

Distributes oxygen, carbon dioxide, and blood cells: delivers nutrients and hormones; transports waste products; and assists in temperature regulation and defense against disease.

Basophils functions

Enter damaged tissues and release histamine and other chemicals that promote inflammation.

Monocytes functions

Enter tissues and become macrophages; engulf pathogens or debris.

Red blood cells (RBCs) or erythrocytes (99.9%)

Most abundant blood cells; essential for transport of oxygen in the blood.

Electrocytes (plasma solutes)

Normal extracellular ion composition is essential for vital cellular activities. The major plasma electrocytes are Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl-, HCO-3, HPO4-, and SO42-

What's the universal donor and why?

O-; because it does not contain antigens that will "sign" antibodies to attack the RBCs.

Organic nutrients

Organic nutrients are used for ATP production, growth, and cell maintenance. This category includes lipids (fatty acids, cholesterol, and glycerides), carbohydrates (primarily glucose), and amino acids.

Capillaries

Permit diffusion between blood and interstitial fluids

What characteristic guides WBCs? (no for the test)

Positive chemotaxis, which implies that higher chemical concentrations of substances guide WBCs to invade pathogens, damaged tissues, and other active WBCs.

Arteries

Propels blood around the body

Where's plasma proteins produced?

The liver synthesizes and releases more than 90 percent of all plasma proteins.

Monocytes Appearance

Very large cell; kidney bean-shaped nucleus; abundant cytoplasm.

Lymphocytes Functions

cells of lymphatic system, providing defense against specific pathogens or toxins.

When can hemolysis occur?

accidental crosss-reactions may occur if a person being treated for severe blood loss is accidentally given a transfusion of the wrong blood type.

What's other name for antibodies?

agglutinins

Antibodies (immunoglobulins)

attack foreign proteins and pathogens

Why can't RBCs repair themselves and their life span is <120 days?

because they lack ribosomes; they cannot divide or synthesize structural proteins or enzymes.

Transport globulins

bind small ions, hormones, lipids, and other compounds.

"Never let monkeys eat bananas"

neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils

hematocrit or packed cell volume (PCV)

percentage of formed elements in a sample of whole blood.

Eosinophils functions

phagocytic; engulf antibody-labeled materials; release cytotoxic enzymes; reduce inflammation; increase in abundance in allergies and parasitic infections.

Neutrophils functions

phagocytic; engulf pathogens or debris in injured or infected tissues; release cytotoxic enzymes and chemicals.

What do formed elements include?

platelets (<0.1%), white blood cells (<0.1%), and red blood cells (99.9%)

White blood cells (WBCs) or leukocytes (<0.1%)

play a role in the body's defense mechanisms. There are five classes of leukocytes, each with slightly different functions.

Emigration or diapedesis

process by which activated WBCs contact and adhere to the vessels walls and squeeze between adjacent endothelial cells to enter the surrounding tissue.

Agglutination

process where antigens of one blood type are exposed to the corresponding antibodies from another type, and RBCs clump together.

Veins

return blood from capillaries to the heart

Antigens

substances that can trigger a protective defense mechanism. most of them are proteins.

Lymphocytes remarks

survive for months to decades; circulate from blood tissues and back; produced in red bone marrow and lymphoid tissues.

Whole Blood

term used to indicate that the blood composition has not been altered.

Hemolysis

the rupture or destruction of red blood cells.

hemostasis

the stopping of bleeding, halts blood loss through the walls of damaged vessels. It also establishes a framework for tissue repairs.