A&P Chapter 2 Part 2
Some loose nucleotides have extra phosphate groups and are used as energy sources for example
A TP
Have Center C, amino group, carboxyl group, and R chain
Amino acid
Basic building blocks are called
Amino acids
Primary energy source for body, can be used to store energy, used as structural components of cell membranes
Carbohydrates
What are the four most common elements in organic molecules?
Carbon (C) Hydrogen (H) Oxygen (O) Nitrogen (N)
Give examples of different types of steroids
Cholesterol, sex hormones, estrogen, testosterone
Function depends on the what, or shape, of proteins
Conformation
Double-stranded helix, sugar is deoxyribose, bases are adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine, Strands held together by hydrogen bonds
DNA
Proteins can become this when losing their conformation
Denatured
Contain see, age, and I know, but with a smaller
Fats
Contains three fatty acid and a glycerol (triglyceride)
Fats
Store energy for cellular activity larger yield then carbs
Fats
What are three types of lipids?
Fats, phospholipids, steroids
Name some functions of proteins
Function as enzymes, structural components, energy sources, hormones, receptors, antibodies, cell membrane components
List causes of denaturation
Heat, cold, radiation, electricity, pH change, toxic chemicals
And unsaturated fat with added H is a what?
Hydrogenated fat, trans fat
The phosphate head is considered to be this or water-soluble
Hydrophilic
Fatty Acid tails are considered to be this or water insoluble
Hydrophobic
Contain C, H, O, N, and P
Nucleic acid
Forms the genetic material of the cell
Nucleic acid
Functions and transcription and translation
Nucleic acid
Made of long chains of monomers called nucleotides. Also contain phosphate, five carbon sugar, and the nitrogen base
Nucleic acid
What is the difference between organic and inorganic molecules?
Organic molecules contain carbon and hydrogen, tend to be larger, have covalent bonds, and are non-electrolytes. Inorganic molecules consist of any substance that can't be classified as organic.
Amino acids linked to form what kind of bond?
Peptide bonds
Like a fat, but one fatty acid replaced by a phosphate
Phospholipid
Main component of cell membranes
Phospholipid
What are two less common elements in organic molecules?
Phosphorus (P) Sulfur (S)
One or more chains of amino acids are called what
Polypeptides
Sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide
Primary structure
What are the four levels of protein structure
Primary structure , secondary structure, Tertiary structure, quaternary structure
Incorrectly folded proteins that cause disease
Prion
Large molecules containing C, H, O & N
Proteins
Two or more polypeptide subunits join together to make final protein
Quaternary structure
Single-stranded nucleic acid, sugar is ribose, contains the base uracile instead of Thymine
Rna
Contain maximum amount of hydrogen, solid at room temperature, less healthy type of fat
Saturated fat
Chain folds to form a helixes and b-pleated sheets, Caused by H bonds
Secondary structure
Assorted collection of molecules all containing a backbone of four connected rings of carbon
Steroids
Short chains of carbon usually 6 c's
Sugars
More folding to create final three dimensional shape
Tertiary structure
How did prions cause disease
They cause other, normal proteins of the same kind to also fold wrong
Has space for hydrogen at least one double bond in a fatty acid chain, liquid at room temperature, more healthy type of fat
Unsaturated fat
contain c, h, and o in a 1:2:1 ratio
carbohydrates
waste product of metabolism
carbon dioxide
what type of carb are disaccharides and polysaccharides?
complex carbohydrate
give an example of a monosaccharide
glucose, fructose, and galactose
give an example of a polysaccharide
glycogen, cellulose
source of ions for metabolic reactions
ionic salts
these are burned for energy
monosaccharides
releases energy from food
oxygen
these are used for energy storage and structural support
polysaccharide
give an example of a disaccharide
sucrose, lactose
what type of carb is a monosaccharide?
sugars
what are the two main types of carbs?
sugars complex carbohydrates
minerals needed for metabolism in very small amounts
trace elements
Solvent necessary for metabolic reactions transports chemicals; transports and absorbs heat; 2/3 of body weight
water
what are five inorganic substances in the body?
water oxygen carbon dioxide ionic salts trace elements