A&P Chapter 2 Part 2

Some loose nucleotides have extra phosphate groups and are used as energy sources for example

A TP

Have Center C, amino group, carboxyl group, and R chain

Amino acid

Basic building blocks are called

Amino acids

Primary energy source for body, can be used to store energy, used as structural components of cell membranes

Carbohydrates

What are the four most common elements in organic molecules?

Carbon (C) Hydrogen (H) Oxygen (O) Nitrogen (N)

Give examples of different types of steroids

Cholesterol, sex hormones, estrogen, testosterone

Function depends on the what, or shape, of proteins

Conformation

Double-stranded helix, sugar is deoxyribose, bases are adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine, Strands held together by hydrogen bonds

DNA

Proteins can become this when losing their conformation

Denatured

Contain see, age, and I know, but with a smaller

Fats

Contains three fatty acid and a glycerol (triglyceride)

Fats

Store energy for cellular activity larger yield then carbs

Fats

What are three types of lipids?

Fats, phospholipids, steroids

Name some functions of proteins

Function as enzymes, structural components, energy sources, hormones, receptors, antibodies, cell membrane components

List causes of denaturation

Heat, cold, radiation, electricity, pH change, toxic chemicals

And unsaturated fat with added H is a what?

Hydrogenated fat, trans fat

The phosphate head is considered to be this or water-soluble

Hydrophilic

Fatty Acid tails are considered to be this or water insoluble

Hydrophobic

Contain C, H, O, N, and P

Nucleic acid

Forms the genetic material of the cell

Nucleic acid

Functions and transcription and translation

Nucleic acid

Made of long chains of monomers called nucleotides. Also contain phosphate, five carbon sugar, and the nitrogen base

Nucleic acid

What is the difference between organic and inorganic molecules?

Organic molecules contain carbon and hydrogen, tend to be larger, have covalent bonds, and are non-electrolytes. Inorganic molecules consist of any substance that can't be classified as organic.

Amino acids linked to form what kind of bond?

Peptide bonds

Like a fat, but one fatty acid replaced by a phosphate

Phospholipid

Main component of cell membranes

Phospholipid

What are two less common elements in organic molecules?

Phosphorus (P) Sulfur (S)

One or more chains of amino acids are called what

Polypeptides

Sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide

Primary structure

What are the four levels of protein structure

Primary structure , secondary structure, Tertiary structure, quaternary structure

Incorrectly folded proteins that cause disease

Prion

Large molecules containing C, H, O & N

Proteins

Two or more polypeptide subunits join together to make final protein

Quaternary structure

Single-stranded nucleic acid, sugar is ribose, contains the base uracile instead of Thymine

Rna

Contain maximum amount of hydrogen, solid at room temperature, less healthy type of fat

Saturated fat

Chain folds to form a helixes and b-pleated sheets, Caused by H bonds

Secondary structure

Assorted collection of molecules all containing a backbone of four connected rings of carbon

Steroids

Short chains of carbon usually 6 c's

Sugars

More folding to create final three dimensional shape

Tertiary structure

How did prions cause disease

They cause other, normal proteins of the same kind to also fold wrong

Has space for hydrogen at least one double bond in a fatty acid chain, liquid at room temperature, more healthy type of fat

Unsaturated fat

contain c, h, and o in a 1:2:1 ratio

carbohydrates

waste product of metabolism

carbon dioxide

what type of carb are disaccharides and polysaccharides?

complex carbohydrate

give an example of a monosaccharide

glucose, fructose, and galactose

give an example of a polysaccharide

glycogen, cellulose

source of ions for metabolic reactions

ionic salts

these are burned for energy

monosaccharides

releases energy from food

oxygen

these are used for energy storage and structural support

polysaccharide

give an example of a disaccharide

sucrose, lactose

what type of carb is a monosaccharide?

sugars

what are the two main types of carbs?

sugars complex carbohydrates

minerals needed for metabolism in very small amounts

trace elements

Solvent necessary for metabolic reactions transports chemicals; transports and absorbs heat; 2/3 of body weight

water

what are five inorganic substances in the body?

water oxygen carbon dioxide ionic salts trace elements