A&P Chapter 2: The Chemistry of Life
____ electrons determine the reactive properties of an atom.
Valence
Which of the following best describes very weak, brief attractions between neutral atoms? a) hydrogen bonds b) covalent bonds c) Van der Waals forces d) ionic bonds
Van der Waals forces
Which term can apply to a molecule composed of two or more different elements. a) atom b) compound c) isomer d) mixture
compound
Which term can apply to a molecule composed of two or more different elements? atom mixture compound isomer
compound
Which of the terms below can be applied to glucose (C6H12O6)? Choose all that apply. a) element b) atom c) compound d) molecule
compound, molecule
Weight per volume, percentages and molarity are different measures of ____.
concentration
Biological polymers are produced by the process of ____, also known as _____.
condensation reactions and dehydration synthesis
Which type of bond is formed by the sharing of a pair of electrons between two atoms?
covalent
which of the following will decrease the rate of reaction. check all that apply -increase temp -decrease temp decrease concentration of reactants increase concentration of reactants
decrease temp/concentration of reactants
A carbohydrate composed of two covalently-bonded simple sugars (monosaccharides) called a
disaccharide
A compound that dissociates in water, producing a solution that conducts electricity, is known as a(n) ____
electrolyte
A(n) ___ dissociates in water and produces a solution that can conduct electricity.
electrolyte
A(n) ____ dissociates in water and produces a solution that can conduct electricity
electrolyte
What subatomic particle does not contribute significantly to the mass of an atom? a) proton b) neutron c) electron
electron
Which subatomic particle does not contribute significantly to the mass of an atom? a) proton b) neutron c) electron
electron
An oxidation-reduction is defined as a chemical reaction that involves the transfer of ___ between molecules.
electrons
What subatomic particle has a negative charge?
electrons
A _____ is a phospholipid molecule with a carbohydrate covalently bonded to it. It can be found in the plasma membranes of cells
glycolipid
What term can be used to describe any molecule that is non-polar and does not dissolve in water?
hydrophobic
Which of the following functional groups is typically found in alcohol?
hydroxyl
how do catalysts affect reaction rates? -increase -decrease -no effect
increase reaction rates
which of the following will increase the rate of reaction. check all that apply -increase temp -decrease temp decrease concentration of reactants increase concentration of reactants
increase temp/concentration of reactants
A(n) ____ is an atom or molecule that has gained or lost electrons
ion
A chemical bond that involves the attraction of a cation to an anion is called a(n) _____ bond.
ionic
Which type of chemical bond involves the exchange of electrons? a) ionic b) nonpolar c) hydrogen d) covalent
ionic
High-energy radiation that can cause damage to human tissues by removing electrons from other atoms and destroying molecules is called ____ radiation
ionizing
molecules with the same molecular formula but different arrangements of their atoms are known as ____
isomers
atoms of the same element that differ only in the number of neutrons are known as ____.
isotopes
___ energy is energy that is actively doing work
kinetic
The measure of chemical concentration, expressed as moles per solute per liter of solution, is known as ____
molarity
The number of molecules of a chemical that is equal to its molecular weight in grams, is a(n) ____
mole
Adding together the atomic weights of all atoms in the molecule gives a value known as ___ weight.
molecular
A(n) ____ is composed of two or more atoms that are held together by chemical bonds.
molecule
Which of the following would give you the molarity of a solution? a) grams/mole b) moles/liter c) grams/liter d) liters/gram
moles/liter
identify the term used to name one of the identical or similar subunits of a larger molecule
monomer
The uncharged subatomic particle found in the nucleus of an atom is a(n) _____.
neutron
Which is an uncharged particle found in the nucleus of an atom? a) neutron b) proton c) element d) electron
neutron
Isotopes differ from one another by containing different numbers of which subatomic particle? a) neutrons b) electrons c) protons
neutrons
Which of the following are names of functional groups that are commonly found in organic molecules?
Hydroxyl, carboxyl, amino
Which molecule is most likely to have a phosphate functional group?
nucleic acids
a single covalent bond involves how many pair(s) of shared electrons?
one
in a(n) ___ reaction a molecule loses one or more electrons
oxidation
which molecule is reduced in an oxidation-reduction reaction? -catalyst reducing agent solvent oxidizing agent
oxidizing agent
hydrophilic means "soluble in ____"
water
which term is used to describe a molecule that acts as an electron acceptor during an oxidation-reduction reaction? -reducing agent isomer oxidizing agent ionizing agent
oxidizing agent
What 6 elements constitute 98.5% of the body's weight?
oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, calcium, phosphorus
A hydrogen bond is a weak attraction between a slightly ____ hydrogen atom of one molecule and a slightly ____ oxygen or nitrogen atom of another.
positive; negative
Which term refers to energy in a system that is not being used to do work? a) potential b) thermal c) activation d) kinetic
potential
energy contained in an object due to its position or state is referred to as what type of energy? -thermal -potential -kinetic -electromagnetic
potential
How is chemical energy defined?
potential energy stored in the bonds of molecules
define chemical energy
potential energy stored in the bonds of molecules
the energy stored in the bonds of glucose molecule exemplifies which of the following? select 3 -potential -free energy kinetic thermal chemical
potential, free energy, chemical energy
Most biological colloids are composed of ___ dissolved in ____
protein; water
Which term below refers to large molecules composed of covalently-bonded carbs and protein groups?
proteoglycans
A(n) _____ is a positively charged particle found in the nucleus of an atom
proton
Which of the following best defines an acid? a) proton acceptor b) neutron donor c) proton donor d) neutron acceptor
proton donor
What does the breakdown of unstable atomic isotopes generate? a) radioactivity b) x-rays c) oxidation d) ionizing radiation
radioactivity
What does the breakdown of unstable atomic isotops generate? a) ionizing radiation b) oxidation c) radioactivity d) x-rays
radioactivity
in general, a process that involves the formation or breakdown of molecules is called a chemical ____
reaction
which term refers to a molecule that is oxidized in an oxidation-reduction reaction? -ionizing agent reducing agent catalyzing oxidizing
reducing agent
name the type of chemical reaction in which one or more electrons are added to a molecule reduction or oxidation
reduction
two reactants, A and B, combine to form product C. under the correct conditions, C can degrade back to A and B. when considered altogether, the entire scenario is an example of a(n) ___ chemical reaction
reversible
The _____ level of protein structure is determined by the folding of the protein due to hydrogen bonding between amino acids to form alpha helices and beta-pleated sheets
secondary
Which best describes the functional role of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)?
serves as a chemical messenger in cells
Which of the following best describes a covalent bond? a) sharing of electrons between two atoms b) weak attraction between a slightly positive region of one atom and a slightly negative region of another c) transfer of electrons between two atoms d) attraction between the nuclei of two atoms
sharing of electrons between a covalent bond
The monomer subunits of proteins always have which of the following functional groups?
amino
____ energy is a general term for the sum of potential energy in a system which can be utilized to perform work
free
Which type of fatty acids has two or more double bonds within its carbon chain?
polyunsaturated
A cation has a net ___ charge
positive
a cation has a net ____ charge
positive
Most chemical mixtures in the body are suspended in ____. Name the solvent
water
Most chemical mixtures in the body are suspended in ____. name the solvent
water
Which are true regarding metabolism. Choose all that apply. a) be defined as the sum of all the chemical reactions in the body b) consists entirely of endergonic reactions that require an input of energy c) includes reactions where molecules are broken down d) takes place in muscle cells e) includes reactions where new molecules are synthesized
- it can be defined as the sum of all the chemical reactions in the body - includes reactions where molecules are broken down - includes reactions where new molecules are synthesized
A neutral solution has a pH of ___
7.0
Indicate how pH and temperature affect the activity of an enzyme
Altering the shape of the substrate binding site and causing a conformational change in the enzyme
The secondary structure of proteins that is a ribbon-like shape is called a ____ sheet
Beta
Which of the following is an example of a suspension? a) oxygen dissolved in tissue fluid b) electrolytes in urine c) blood cells in blood plasma d) protein in water
Blood cells in blood plasma
What term refers to a solution that resists changes in pH? a) base b) colloid c) suspension d) buffer
Buffer
Which term refers to a change in the three-dimensional conformation of a protein that destroys its functional properties?
Denaturation
Which term specifically refers to fatty acids that must be eaten since the human body is unable to synthesize them?
Essential fatty acids
True/False. Saturated fatty acids contain one or more double bonds
False. saturated fatty acids are saturated with hydrogens at each carbon. they do not have double bonds
True/False. A reversible reaction is in equilibrium. This means that the amount of products will b equal to the amount of reactant.
False. the ratio of products to reactants is stable at equilibrium, but this does not mean they are present in equal amounts
Groups of atoms that are added to carbon backbones and that give organic molecules a variety of unique properties are generally known as ___ groups
Functional
identify the polysaccharide used for energy storage in animals
Glycogen
A ____ is a protein molecule with a smaller carbohydrate covalently bonded to it
Glycoprotein
Which type of bond can be described as a weak attraction between a slightly positive region in one molecule and a slightly negative region in a different molecule? a) ionic b) disulfide c) covalent d) hydrogen
Hydrogen
pH is a measurement of the concentration of what? a) anions b) cations c) hydroxyl ions d) hydrogen ions
Hydrogen ions
Glucose and fructose both have the chemical formula C6H12O6. Which term below describes the relationship between glucose and fructose a) isotopes b) isomers c) catalysts d) free radicals
Isomers
Which term refers to the positively charged particle that is found in the nucleus of an atom?
Proton
The _____ level of protein structure is determined by the interactions between two or more polypeptide chains within a protein
Quaternary
Which of the following is the only plant polysaccharide that humans can digest?
Starch
The folding of proteins into various globular and fibrous shapes is referred to as the ____ structure of the proteins
Tertiary structure
True/false. A molecule may be composed of one element or more than one element
True
True/false. amino acids and other organic acids contain a carboxyl group, which can act as an acid
True
True/False. A molecule may be composed of one element or more than one element.
True. Molecules are composed of two or more atoms united by a chemical bond. the atoms in a molecule may be the same element (O2) or may be different elements (H2O)
What is a decomposition reaction?
When something is broken down into smaller molecules (AB→A+B)
which of the following best describes the chemical reaction called hydrolysis?
a covalent bond is broken by adding an OH to one side of the molecule, and an H to the other side
What is an ion? a) an atom with too many or too few neutrons b) atom that emits radiation c) atom with unstable nucleus d) atom that has gained or lost electrons
an atom that has gained or lost electrons
Solutions with a pH below 7 are considered to be which of the following? a) neutral b) basic c) acidic
acidic
Which term refers to the energy needed to get a chemical reaction started?
activation energy
Which of the following is a type of connective tissue that provides energy storage, thermal insulation and protective cushioning?
adipose tissue
define free energy
all potential energy available in a system
Which secondary structure of proteins has a spiral shape?
alpha helix
Metabolic reactions that use energy and build more complex molecules from less complex molecules are considered which type of reaction? a) oxidation b) catabolic c) decomposition d) anabolic
anabolic
Which type of reaction is endergonic? a) anabolic b) catabolic
anabolic
What is the term for an ion with a net negative charge (more electrons than protons)? a) cation b) anion c) electron d) isotope
anion
Which term refers to the negatively charged ion?
anion
Glutathione binds to reactive oxygen (free radicals), neutralizing them. Therefore, glutathione is a(n) _____.
antioxidant
Which term refers to a chemical that binds protons in a solution and functions as a proton acceptor? a) electron b) acid c) anion d) base
base
Solutions with a pH above 7.0 are considered what? a) neutrol b) acidic c) basic
basic
Which of the following statements apply to catalysts? -they may position reactants in such a way as to favor their reaction -bind to reactants and bring them into proximity -not consumed by the reaction -considered a reactant in the reaction
bind to reactants, position reactants in favorable position, not consumed by the reaction
___ is a study of the molecules and chemical reactions that occur in living cells
biochemistry
Which term refers to the time required for 50% of a radioactive element to be cleared from the body? a) biological half-life b) mutagenic half-life c) physical half-life d) ionizing half-life
biological half-life
The term anabolism specifically applies to metabolic reactions that do which of the following? break large molecules down into smaller ones release energy build large molecules from small molecules transfer electrons between molecules
build large molecules from small molecules
The term anabolism specifically applies to metabolic reactions that do which of the following? a) break large molecules down into smaller ones b) release energy c) transfer electrons between molecules d) build large molecules from small molecules
build large molecules from small molecules
The term anabolism specifically applies to metabolic reactions that do which to the following? a) transfer electrons between molecules b) release energy c) break large molecules down into smaller ones d) build large molecules from small molecules
build large molecules from small molecules
Which of the following is an example of a mineral?
calcium
A(n) ____ is the amount of energy required to raise 1g of water by 1 degree celcius
calorie
____ are substances that lower the activation energy of a reaction and speed up the rate of reaction
catalysts
What type of ion has lost an electron and, consequently, has a net positive charge?
cation
Name the structural polysaccharide found in plant cells
cellulose
the concentration of an electrolyte in a body fluid is expressed as milliequivalents per liter. this is equal to the millimolar concentration of the electrolyte multiplied by the ___ of the ion
charge
Covalent, ionic and hydrogen are examples of ___ bonds
chemical
Which term refers to an attractive force cause by the sharing or transfer of electrons? a) adhesion b) radiation c) hydrolysis d) chemical bond
chemical bond
Which of the following best describes a polar covalent bond? a) electrons shared unequally between two atoms b) electrons transferred from one atom to another to generate oppositely charged ions that are attracted to one another c) electrons shared equally between two atoms d) brief fluctuations in electron density create oppositely charged regions in two atoms that then attract one another
electrons are shared unequally between two atoms
which term defines the simplest form of matter to have unique chemical properties? a) proton b) molecule c) neutron d) element
element
What term is used to describe a suspension of one liquid in another? a) solvent b) emulsion c) solution d) mixture
emulsion
an input of _____ is required for a system to perform work
energy
define potential energy
energy contained in an object because of its position or internal state
define kinetic energy
energy that is doing work
reversible reactions exists in a state of ____, in which the ratio of products to reactants is stable
equilibrium
which type of reaction occurs when two molecules trade atoms or groups of atoms? -synthesis -reversible -exchange -decompostion
exchange
Catabolic reactions release energy. Because of this, they can be classified as which of the following? a) anabolic b) metabolic c) exergonic d) endergonic
exergonic
True/false. Free radicals have an even number of electrons.
false
Which molecule is most likely to contain methyl groups?
fats
Which of the following describe a catabolic reaction? a) molecules of iron combine with oxygen, giving up electrons and forming iron oxide (rust) b) small glucose molecules are linked together to form a larger molecule like starch c) large protein molecules are broken down into smaller amino acids during digestion
large protein molecules are broken down into smaller amino acids during digestion
which law specifically states that reactions proceed from side of the reaction with the greater quantity to the side with lesser quantity? -law of mass action -law of mass conservation -law of thermodynamics -law of fluid dynamics
law of mass action
A hydrophobic organic compound composed mainly of carbon and a high ratio of hydrogen to oxygen is a _____. examples include fatty acids, fats, phospholipids, steroids, and prostaglandins
lipid
Molecules like carbohydrates, proteins and nucleic acids are examples of ___ because they are made up of many repeating subunits
macromolecules
The term ____ refers to the sum of all chemical reactions in the body
metabolism
Inorganic elements that are extracted from the soil by plants and passed up the food chain are known as ____
minerals
Addition of an inorganic phosphate (Pi) group to an organic molecule is known as the process of _____
phosphorylation
Kinases catalyze which type of reaction?
phosphorylation
The time required for one-half of a radioactive element to decay to a stable isotope is the ___ half-life
physical
What term refers to a covalent bond in which the electrons are not equally shared? a) ionic b) nonpolar c) anionic d) polar
polar
What term refers to a covalent bond in which the electrons are not equally shared? nonpolar anionic ionic polar
polar
What term refers to a covalent bond in which the electrons are not equally shared? nonpolar ionic polar anionic
polar
A large molecule that consists of many identical or similar subunits, such as protein, DNA or starch is a(n) _____
polymer
polymers formed of many simple sugars are classifed as ___ or ____.
polysaccharides is a complex carbohydrate: it is a polymer of simple sugars. complex carbs
Which term applies to a chemical bond that involves one pair of shared electrons? a) double covalent bond b) double ionic bond c) single ionic bond d) single covalent bond
single covalent bond
The particles of matter that are dissolved in a solution are known as what? a) suspension b) solvent c) solute d) colloid particles
solute
A(n) ___ is defined as a substance consisting of a solute mixed with a more abundant substance called the solvent.
solution
Which important properties of water allow it to support life? Check all that apply a) solvency b) chemical reactivity c) cohesion d) hydrophobicity
solvency, cohesion, chemical reactivity
Saltwater is a solution of NaCI in water. In this scenario, water is the__.
solvent
Which term refers to the substance upon which an enzyme acts?
substrate
Choose the disaccharides from the list below.
sucrose, lactose, maltose
Colloids are chemical mixtures that contain ___. select all that apply. a) particles larger than 100nm b) suspended particles that do not scatter light c) suspended particles scatter light d) particles smaller than 100nm
suspended particles that scatter light particles smaller than 100nm
Two amino acids are brought together to form a dipeptide. which type of reaction is this? -hydrolysis -exchange -synthesis -decomposition
synthesis
The 12 elements that together account for 0.7% of the body weight, with each accounting for no more than 0.02%, are known as ____ elements.
trace
True/false. To move something, one is required to do work.
true
a fatty acid with one double bond within its carbon chain would be categorized as a(n) ____ fat.
unsaturated
____ electrons are the electrons found in the outermost shell of the electron cloud
valence