A&P Chapter 28 Female Reproductive System

A blind pouch at the superior end of the vagina that extends beyond the cervix is called a ____.

Fornix

Which phase of the menstrual cycle is characterized by discharge of fluid from the vagina, and also marks the first day of a new cycle?

menstrual phase

The lactiferous sinuses merge at the ____ of the breast

nipple

Estradiol serves which of the following functions during the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle?

stimulates the dominant follicle to unregulated its receptors

What is this hormones effect during pregnancy? -Human chorionic thyrotropin

stimulates thyroid activity and metabolic rate

Tearing of the connective tissue caused by the stretching of the dermis during pregnancy results in what?

stretch marks

list the function of progesterone during pregnancy

suppresses uterine contractions; prevents menstruation; stimulates development of mammary gland acini

The female reproductive tract develops because of the absence of which two hormones?

testosterone and mullerian inhibiting factor

Define pubarche

the appearance of pubic and axillary hair, sebaceous glands, and axillary glands

Define menopause

the cessation of the menstrual cycle at the end of a female's reproductive life

Define menarche

the first menstrual period

After week 8 of gestation, the embryo become what?

fetus

within the ovary, eggs devleop within encircling structures called ____________

follicles

The development of the follicle that surrounds the egg as the egg undergoes oogenesis is called ___

folliculogenesis

Match each region of the uterus to its description. Fundus Corpus Cervix -broad superior curvature; the "top" of the uterus -cylindrical inferior end -main body of the uterus

fundus broad superior curvature; the "top" of the uterus corpus main body of the uterus cervix cylindrical inferior end

The period fo time from conception to birth is called ____

gestation

Define primipara

giving birth for first time

What term refers to the anterior-most aspect of the clitoris?

glans

Stratified follicular cells surrounding an oocyte are called ____ cells

granulosa

Fimbriae extend off of the ______ of the uterine tube

infundibulum

Continued uterine contractions and autolysis of uterine cells causes ___, shrinkage of the uterus closer to its pre-pregnancy dimensions.

involution

_____ is the synthesis and ejection of milk from the mammary glands

lactation

Breast X-rays, or _____, are one method of detecting small breast tumors

mammogram

The lines nigra forms from an accumulation of a cell type called _____ along the lines of alba

melanocytes

what events occur during the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle?

-FSH stimulates follicle growth -FSH stimulates the granulose cells to secrete estradiol

Which phases of the menstrual cycle occur during the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle? Select all that apply. -Prolifeative phase -Menstrual phase -Secretory phase -Premenstrual phase

-Secretory phase -Premenstrual phase

Estradiol has multiple effects during the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle. What are two?

-Upregulation of FSH, LH, and estradiol receptors in dominant follicle -Inhibition of GnRH release

What are the normal components of menstrual fluid?

-blood -serous fluid -necrotic endometrium

which structures are affected by vasocongestion during sexual excitement?

-clitoris -labia minora -labia majora

Which secrete progesterone during pregnancy? Select all that apply. -corpus luteum -placenta -fetal cells -uterine lining -corpus albicans

-corpus luteum -placenta

What hormones are secreted by the corpus luteum?

-inhibin -progesterone -estradiol

Put the following blood vessels In order to describe the path blood takes as it travels to the endometrium of the uterus. Start with the internal iliac artery. -spiral arteries -uterine artery -arcuate arteries -internal iliac artery

-internal iliac artery -uterine artery -arcuate arteries -spiral arteries

Which organs are part of the external female genitalia? Select all that apply. -labia minora -ovaries -vagina -labia majora -clitoris

-labia minora -labia majora -clitoris

What are the uterine phases of the menstrual cycle?

-menstrual phase -premenstrual phase -secretory phase -proliferative phase

What are the functions of the placenta?

-secrete hormones -dispose of fetal waste -provide nutrients to fetus

During the female sexual response, the vestibule is lubricated by what?

-secretions of the greater vestibular glands -the production of vaginal transudate

What are functions of estrogen during pregnancy?

-stimulates mammary duct growth and increase in breast size -stimulates tissue growth in fetus and mother

Which changes occur during pregnancy? Select all that apply. -heart rate decreases -tidal volume increases -respiratory rate increases -minute ventilation increases

-tidal volume increases -minute ventilation increases

Which organs are part of the internal female genitalia?

-uterine tubes -uterus -vagina -ovaries

List in order the series of events leading to milk ejection.

1 infant sucking 2 posterior pituitary releases oxytocin 3 myoepithelial cells around acini stimulated 4 milk enters lactiferous ducts

list the series of events that contribute to increasingly forceful uterine contraction during labor starting with stretching of the cervix.

1 stretching of the cervix due to position of the conceptus 2 oxytocin released from posterior pituitary 3 increased strength of uterine contractions 4 Increased cervical stretching

What happens after FSH-induced follicular development?

1. FSH causes follicular development 2. follicles release estrogen 3. estrogen triggers release of LH 4. LH triggers ovulation

What is the average length of the sexual cycle?

28 days

what type of follicle consist of two or more layers of stratified cells and a zona pellucide that surrpunds the oocyte?

secondary

The cervix plunges spasmodically into the vagina during which phase of female sexual response?

Orgasm

The stratum____ is the deeper layer of the endometrium that is retained during each menstrual period and regenerates the superficial layer

Basalis

What is this hormones effect during pregnancy? -Aldosterone

Causes fluid retention contributing to maternal blood volume

List in order the phases of the female sexual response Plateau Excitement Resolution Orgasm

Excitement Plateau Orgasm Resolution

Identify the stage of labor that begins when the baby's head enters the vagina and lasts until the baby is entirely expelled

Expulsion

Which terms refers to the finger-like projections extending from the infundibulum of the uterine tube?

Fimbriae

Starting with the hypothalamus, place the organs in order to represent the hierarchy of hormonal control involved in the sexual cycle

Hypothalamus Pituitary gland Ovaries Uterus

The formation of the corpus luteum from the ruptured follicle is regulated by which hormone?

LH

Which term refers to a woman who has previously given birth before

Multipara

The breast is a mound of adipose tissue located superficial to which muscle?

Pectoralis major

Put the uterine wall layers in order

Perimetrium Myometrium Endometrium

What is this hormones effect during pregnancy? -Human chorionic gonadotropin

Prevent involution of the corpus luteum; basis for pregnancy tests

What is this hormones effect during pregnancy? -Adrenocorticoptropic

Stimulates glucocorticoid secretion; mobilizes amino acid for fetal protein synthesis

The presence of a fluid-filled Antrum is first evident in ____ follicles

Tertiary

What term refers to the group of feminizing hormones that includes estradiol, estriol, and estrone?

estrogens

True or false: Under normal circumstances, mammary glands are only active in women who are pregnant or nursing

True

The ______________ is the large muscular organ that opens into the roof of the vagina.

Uterus

Which term refers to the tube that allows discharge of menstrual fluid, receipt of the penis and semen, and birth of a baby?

Vagina

The _____ is the longest portion of the uterine tube

ampulla

The fluid filled cavity found in tertiary and mature follicles is called the

antrum

The _____ is the colored circular zone surrounding the nipple of the breast

areolar

Which term refers to the region of the Breast that extends laterally toward the armpit?

axillary tail

Which term refers to the lumen of the cervix?

cervical canal

Which portion of the uterus connects it to the vagina?

cervix

The ____ is the erectile organ of the female genitalia

clitoris

The products of conception including the embryo or fetus, the placenta and membranes are all collectively called the _____________.

conceptus

which term refers to the developing embryo along with all of its associated structures?

conceptus

How does Oxytocin promote labor?

contracts myometrium secretes prostaglandins from the fetal membranes

What is the function of the vaginal rugae?

contribute to stimulation during intercourse

After the involution of the carpus luteum, the inactive bit of scar tissue that remains is known as what?

corpus albicans

Which term refers to the paired regions of the corpora cavernous of the clitoris that attach it to the pubic arch?

crura

Which stage of the labor is the longest, marked by the opening of the cervical canal and thinning of the cervix?

dilation stage

Which term refers to the thinning of the cervix during labor?

effacement

The _____ is the innermost layer (the mucosa) of the uterine well; it is the site of implantation and source of menstrual discharge

endometrium

What occurs during the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle?

endometrium thickens as the result of fluid accumulation

The production of the female haploid gamete is called

oogenesis

The internal ____ is the opening between the cervical canal and the lumen of the uterus

os

the _________- ligament attaches the medial pole of the ovary to the uterus

ovarian

A(n) ______ is another name for an oocyte for egg cell

ovum

The _____ stage is the third and final stage of labor.

placental

The period immediately after parturition is referred to as the ________ and is critical for involution of the uterus and onset of breastfeeding.

postpartum

A drop in progesterone from the atrophying corpus luteum begins contraction of the spiral arteries in the stratum functionalists during which phase of the menstrual cycle?

premenstrual phase

What is the primary role of progesterone?

preparation of uterus for pregnancy

Match each stage of folliculogenesis to its description. primary follicle secondary follicle mature follicle primordial follicle tertiary follicle -a primary oocyte surrounded by a layer of flattened epitherial cells -a secondary oocyte surrounded by two or more layers of granulosa cells -a secondary oocyte surrounded by a single layer of cubodial cells -this is the follicle that undergoes ovulation. it grows to 30 mm in size, and the secondary oocyte and cumulus break away and float freely in the antrum -the follicle now contains a single, large, fluid-filled, cavity called the antrum. a mound of granulosa cells, called the cumulus oophorus, covers the secondary oocyte and secures it to the follicle wall

primary follicle a secondary oocyte surrounded by a single layer of cubodial cells secondary follicle a secondary oocyte surrounded by two or more layers of granulosa cells mature follicle this is the follicle that undergoes ovulation. it grows to 30 mm in size, and the secondary oocyte and cumulus break away and float freely in the antrum primordial follicle a primary oocyte surrounded by a layer of flattened epitherial cells tertiary follicle the follicle now contains a single, large, fluid-filled, cavity called the antrum. a mound of granulosa cells, called the cumulus oophorus, covers the secondary oocyte and secures it to the follicle wall

What is parturition?

process of child birth

During the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle, a tan-fold increase in which of the following hormones play a crucial role in preparing the uterus for a possible pregnancy?

progesterone

The ___________ phase of the menstrual cycle involves the rebuilding of the startum functionalis of the endometrium via mitosis

proliferative

Rising levels of the hormone GnRH stimulates secretion of gonadotropins and sex hormones to trigger the onset of _______, the transition that beings female reproductive life.

puberty

The stage of sexual response during which the uterus falls back into its resting position, the orgasmic platform relaxes, the vagina relaxes, and flush disappears is called ______

resolution

Define thelarche

the onset of breast development

The term of pregnancy is split up into 3-month intervals called ____

trimester

True or false: All of the external female genitalia are secondary sex organs.

true

True or false: The round ligament of the uterus passes through the inguinal canal

true

the fibrous capsule surrounding the ovary is called the __.

tunica albuginea

What is the opening of the vagina at the vulva called?

vaginal orifice

During the seventh month of gestation the fetus turns head downward into a ___ position

vertex