A&P Chapter 28 Female Reproductive System
A blind pouch at the superior end of the vagina that extends beyond the cervix is called a ____.
Fornix
Which phase of the menstrual cycle is characterized by discharge of fluid from the vagina, and also marks the first day of a new cycle?
menstrual phase
The lactiferous sinuses merge at the ____ of the breast
nipple
Estradiol serves which of the following functions during the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle?
stimulates the dominant follicle to unregulated its receptors
What is this hormones effect during pregnancy? -Human chorionic thyrotropin
stimulates thyroid activity and metabolic rate
Tearing of the connective tissue caused by the stretching of the dermis during pregnancy results in what?
stretch marks
list the function of progesterone during pregnancy
suppresses uterine contractions; prevents menstruation; stimulates development of mammary gland acini
The female reproductive tract develops because of the absence of which two hormones?
testosterone and mullerian inhibiting factor
Define pubarche
the appearance of pubic and axillary hair, sebaceous glands, and axillary glands
Define menopause
the cessation of the menstrual cycle at the end of a female's reproductive life
Define menarche
the first menstrual period
After week 8 of gestation, the embryo become what?
fetus
within the ovary, eggs devleop within encircling structures called ____________
follicles
The development of the follicle that surrounds the egg as the egg undergoes oogenesis is called ___
folliculogenesis
Match each region of the uterus to its description. Fundus Corpus Cervix -broad superior curvature; the "top" of the uterus -cylindrical inferior end -main body of the uterus
fundus broad superior curvature; the "top" of the uterus corpus main body of the uterus cervix cylindrical inferior end
The period fo time from conception to birth is called ____
gestation
Define primipara
giving birth for first time
What term refers to the anterior-most aspect of the clitoris?
glans
Stratified follicular cells surrounding an oocyte are called ____ cells
granulosa
Fimbriae extend off of the ______ of the uterine tube
infundibulum
Continued uterine contractions and autolysis of uterine cells causes ___, shrinkage of the uterus closer to its pre-pregnancy dimensions.
involution
_____ is the synthesis and ejection of milk from the mammary glands
lactation
Breast X-rays, or _____, are one method of detecting small breast tumors
mammogram
The lines nigra forms from an accumulation of a cell type called _____ along the lines of alba
melanocytes
what events occur during the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle?
-FSH stimulates follicle growth -FSH stimulates the granulose cells to secrete estradiol
Which phases of the menstrual cycle occur during the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle? Select all that apply. -Prolifeative phase -Menstrual phase -Secretory phase -Premenstrual phase
-Secretory phase -Premenstrual phase
Estradiol has multiple effects during the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle. What are two?
-Upregulation of FSH, LH, and estradiol receptors in dominant follicle -Inhibition of GnRH release
What are the normal components of menstrual fluid?
-blood -serous fluid -necrotic endometrium
which structures are affected by vasocongestion during sexual excitement?
-clitoris -labia minora -labia majora
Which secrete progesterone during pregnancy? Select all that apply. -corpus luteum -placenta -fetal cells -uterine lining -corpus albicans
-corpus luteum -placenta
What hormones are secreted by the corpus luteum?
-inhibin -progesterone -estradiol
Put the following blood vessels In order to describe the path blood takes as it travels to the endometrium of the uterus. Start with the internal iliac artery. -spiral arteries -uterine artery -arcuate arteries -internal iliac artery
-internal iliac artery -uterine artery -arcuate arteries -spiral arteries
Which organs are part of the external female genitalia? Select all that apply. -labia minora -ovaries -vagina -labia majora -clitoris
-labia minora -labia majora -clitoris
What are the uterine phases of the menstrual cycle?
-menstrual phase -premenstrual phase -secretory phase -proliferative phase
What are the functions of the placenta?
-secrete hormones -dispose of fetal waste -provide nutrients to fetus
During the female sexual response, the vestibule is lubricated by what?
-secretions of the greater vestibular glands -the production of vaginal transudate
What are functions of estrogen during pregnancy?
-stimulates mammary duct growth and increase in breast size -stimulates tissue growth in fetus and mother
Which changes occur during pregnancy? Select all that apply. -heart rate decreases -tidal volume increases -respiratory rate increases -minute ventilation increases
-tidal volume increases -minute ventilation increases
Which organs are part of the internal female genitalia?
-uterine tubes -uterus -vagina -ovaries
List in order the series of events leading to milk ejection.
1 infant sucking 2 posterior pituitary releases oxytocin 3 myoepithelial cells around acini stimulated 4 milk enters lactiferous ducts
list the series of events that contribute to increasingly forceful uterine contraction during labor starting with stretching of the cervix.
1 stretching of the cervix due to position of the conceptus 2 oxytocin released from posterior pituitary 3 increased strength of uterine contractions 4 Increased cervical stretching
What happens after FSH-induced follicular development?
1. FSH causes follicular development 2. follicles release estrogen 3. estrogen triggers release of LH 4. LH triggers ovulation
What is the average length of the sexual cycle?
28 days
what type of follicle consist of two or more layers of stratified cells and a zona pellucide that surrpunds the oocyte?
secondary
The cervix plunges spasmodically into the vagina during which phase of female sexual response?
Orgasm
The stratum____ is the deeper layer of the endometrium that is retained during each menstrual period and regenerates the superficial layer
Basalis
What is this hormones effect during pregnancy? -Aldosterone
Causes fluid retention contributing to maternal blood volume
List in order the phases of the female sexual response Plateau Excitement Resolution Orgasm
Excitement Plateau Orgasm Resolution
Identify the stage of labor that begins when the baby's head enters the vagina and lasts until the baby is entirely expelled
Expulsion
Which terms refers to the finger-like projections extending from the infundibulum of the uterine tube?
Fimbriae
Starting with the hypothalamus, place the organs in order to represent the hierarchy of hormonal control involved in the sexual cycle
Hypothalamus Pituitary gland Ovaries Uterus
The formation of the corpus luteum from the ruptured follicle is regulated by which hormone?
LH
Which term refers to a woman who has previously given birth before
Multipara
The breast is a mound of adipose tissue located superficial to which muscle?
Pectoralis major
Put the uterine wall layers in order
Perimetrium Myometrium Endometrium
What is this hormones effect during pregnancy? -Human chorionic gonadotropin
Prevent involution of the corpus luteum; basis for pregnancy tests
What is this hormones effect during pregnancy? -Adrenocorticoptropic
Stimulates glucocorticoid secretion; mobilizes amino acid for fetal protein synthesis
The presence of a fluid-filled Antrum is first evident in ____ follicles
Tertiary
What term refers to the group of feminizing hormones that includes estradiol, estriol, and estrone?
estrogens
True or false: Under normal circumstances, mammary glands are only active in women who are pregnant or nursing
True
The ______________ is the large muscular organ that opens into the roof of the vagina.
Uterus
Which term refers to the tube that allows discharge of menstrual fluid, receipt of the penis and semen, and birth of a baby?
Vagina
The _____ is the longest portion of the uterine tube
ampulla
The fluid filled cavity found in tertiary and mature follicles is called the
antrum
The _____ is the colored circular zone surrounding the nipple of the breast
areolar
Which term refers to the region of the Breast that extends laterally toward the armpit?
axillary tail
Which term refers to the lumen of the cervix?
cervical canal
Which portion of the uterus connects it to the vagina?
cervix
The ____ is the erectile organ of the female genitalia
clitoris
The products of conception including the embryo or fetus, the placenta and membranes are all collectively called the _____________.
conceptus
which term refers to the developing embryo along with all of its associated structures?
conceptus
How does Oxytocin promote labor?
contracts myometrium secretes prostaglandins from the fetal membranes
What is the function of the vaginal rugae?
contribute to stimulation during intercourse
After the involution of the carpus luteum, the inactive bit of scar tissue that remains is known as what?
corpus albicans
Which term refers to the paired regions of the corpora cavernous of the clitoris that attach it to the pubic arch?
crura
Which stage of the labor is the longest, marked by the opening of the cervical canal and thinning of the cervix?
dilation stage
Which term refers to the thinning of the cervix during labor?
effacement
The _____ is the innermost layer (the mucosa) of the uterine well; it is the site of implantation and source of menstrual discharge
endometrium
What occurs during the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle?
endometrium thickens as the result of fluid accumulation
The production of the female haploid gamete is called
oogenesis
The internal ____ is the opening between the cervical canal and the lumen of the uterus
os
the _________- ligament attaches the medial pole of the ovary to the uterus
ovarian
A(n) ______ is another name for an oocyte for egg cell
ovum
The _____ stage is the third and final stage of labor.
placental
The period immediately after parturition is referred to as the ________ and is critical for involution of the uterus and onset of breastfeeding.
postpartum
A drop in progesterone from the atrophying corpus luteum begins contraction of the spiral arteries in the stratum functionalists during which phase of the menstrual cycle?
premenstrual phase
What is the primary role of progesterone?
preparation of uterus for pregnancy
Match each stage of folliculogenesis to its description. primary follicle secondary follicle mature follicle primordial follicle tertiary follicle -a primary oocyte surrounded by a layer of flattened epitherial cells -a secondary oocyte surrounded by two or more layers of granulosa cells -a secondary oocyte surrounded by a single layer of cubodial cells -this is the follicle that undergoes ovulation. it grows to 30 mm in size, and the secondary oocyte and cumulus break away and float freely in the antrum -the follicle now contains a single, large, fluid-filled, cavity called the antrum. a mound of granulosa cells, called the cumulus oophorus, covers the secondary oocyte and secures it to the follicle wall
primary follicle a secondary oocyte surrounded by a single layer of cubodial cells secondary follicle a secondary oocyte surrounded by two or more layers of granulosa cells mature follicle this is the follicle that undergoes ovulation. it grows to 30 mm in size, and the secondary oocyte and cumulus break away and float freely in the antrum primordial follicle a primary oocyte surrounded by a layer of flattened epitherial cells tertiary follicle the follicle now contains a single, large, fluid-filled, cavity called the antrum. a mound of granulosa cells, called the cumulus oophorus, covers the secondary oocyte and secures it to the follicle wall
What is parturition?
process of child birth
During the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle, a tan-fold increase in which of the following hormones play a crucial role in preparing the uterus for a possible pregnancy?
progesterone
The ___________ phase of the menstrual cycle involves the rebuilding of the startum functionalis of the endometrium via mitosis
proliferative
Rising levels of the hormone GnRH stimulates secretion of gonadotropins and sex hormones to trigger the onset of _______, the transition that beings female reproductive life.
puberty
The stage of sexual response during which the uterus falls back into its resting position, the orgasmic platform relaxes, the vagina relaxes, and flush disappears is called ______
resolution
Define thelarche
the onset of breast development
The term of pregnancy is split up into 3-month intervals called ____
trimester
True or false: All of the external female genitalia are secondary sex organs.
true
True or false: The round ligament of the uterus passes through the inguinal canal
true
the fibrous capsule surrounding the ovary is called the __.
tunica albuginea
What is the opening of the vagina at the vulva called?
vaginal orifice
During the seventh month of gestation the fetus turns head downward into a ___ position
vertex
