A&P Chapter 3.2, Blood composition and plasma

Types of globulin proteins

Alpha Beta Gamma

Serum ("whey")

Blood plasma without fibrinogen due to it being converted to fibrin and taken out of the plasma from clotting purposes Clear liquid, similar to serous fluid and resembles whey

Whole blood

Blood's total composition, consisting of plasma and formed elements together 3-5x more viscous than water due to friction of formed elements moving through vessel hitting each other

Centrifuge

Device that spins tubes of blood in a circular motion separates plasma (on top) and formed elements (below) due to density and weight

Electrolytes and anions

1. Cl- 2. HCO3- 3. PO4 3- Cl- helps membrane potentials HCO3- helps remove H= from plasma and interstitial fluid (helps regulate body pH) Phosphate helps with ATP, DNA and RNA

Electrolytes and cations

1. Na+ 2. K+ 3. Ca2+ 4. Mg 2+ Na, K and Ca are important in membrane potentials and conduction of action potentials Ca2+ is need for muscle development and contractions and blood clotting Mg helps with certain enzymes' functions

Globulins

A plasma protein Accounts for about 38% of all plasma proteins named for their globular shape Compose about 20% of plasma's osmotic pressure Three classes of these, 2 of which are created by the liver and the other by white blood cells

Fibrinogen

A plasma protein Makes up about 5% of the plasma proteins, making it the least abundant Secreted from the liver Changes into fibrin to aide in blood clotting

Ultimately, what is blood plasma

A tissue's matrix, in this case the blood's matrix

Albumin and osmotic pressure

Accounts for 80% of osmotic pressure Keeps plasma osmotic pressure above that of interstitial fluid so that excess water will not diffuse out into the surrounding tissues

Three main groups of plasma proteins

Albumin Globulins Fibrinogen

Dissolved gases

Arise from atmosphere and cellular metabolism and into the plasma most abundant=N2 (nitrogen), which has no function in the human body O2 is second most abundant, which is used by mitochondria for cellular respiration; once it enters plasma, diffuses to red blood cells (thus plasma actually does not transport much O2) Plasma is primary transporter for CO2, a byproduct of cellular respiration; binds to water molecules to make HCO3, and reverts back to CO2 and water in the lungs so the CO2 may escape into the atmosphere

Albumin and transporting lipid-soluble compounds

Can move lipid based elements through blood plasma, which would otherwise clump together due to the high amounts of water present (water is 93% of plasma, and lipids clump together in water) Binding these molecules to ____ forms a water-soluble aggregate, allowing it to move throughout the plasma Lipids transported 1. fatty acids 2. certain hormones -thyroxine -estrogen -progestrone -testosterone

Other important hormones found in blood plasma

Hormones such as insulin and growth hormone, hormone precursors (such as angiotensinogen) Enzymes such as alkaline phosphatase complements

Organic nutrients

In the plasma, they supply energy and serve as cellular building blocks Enters plasma via digestive tract Can be stored in 1. liver 2. muscles 3. other organs 4. adipose tissues Main ones include 1. glucose 2. amino acids 3. lipids (triglycerides and cholesterol) 4. lipid byproducts (fatty acids and glycerol) 5. vitamins

What are the main solutes found in plasma

Large proteins "plasma proteins"

Albumin ("egg white")

Plasma protein Smallest and most abundant (54%) Namesake-they turn white when heated (responsible for egg white when egg is fried) Made in the liver Account for 80% of plasma's osmotic pressure Moves lipid-soluble substances about

Basic components of formed elements

Red blood cells (99% of hematocrit volume, 90% of formed elements in blood) White blood cells (0.2%) Platelets (6.5%)

Clotting

Requires fibrin, the insoluble form of fibrinogen. This process takes fibrin from the plasma to the needed area

Electrolytes

Solute found in plasma important for osmotic pressure and other important functions includes cations and anions

Plasma

Straw-colored matrix that surrounds the blood, similar to other tissues interstitial liquid (ECF) as far as ion concentrations (they move into interstitial fluid and back) and providing support and nourishment for the cells they surround The difference is that this matrix has a much higher concentration of solutes...

Alpha globulins

Subset of a type of plasma protein Bind to/transport bilirubin and certain steroids (similar ones to that of albumin, lipid soluble ones)

Gamma globulins

Subset of a type of plasma protein most abundant type of globulin protein Plays a vital role in body's defense system by attaching to harmful bacteria/viruses/toxins and neutralizing them

Beta globulins

Subset of a type of plasma protein transports metals, such as iron and copper

Hematocrit ("hema"-blood; "crine"-to separate)

The percent of whole blood volume comprised of formed elements For males=45%, leaving 55% to be plasma Women=38%

Buffy coat

The thin clear layer formed after a tube of blood has been spun in a centrifuge Consists of white blood cells and platelets, forms between red blood cells below and plasma above

Other important plasma solutes

These solutes can go back and forth between plasma and interstitial fluid, hence why their solute concentration of these substances are similar While proteins make up most of the solute amount, these are very important and include electrolytes organic nutrients nitrogenous wastes dissolved gases

Plasma proteins

What most of the solutes in plasma consist of Any soluble protein that is too large to diffuse out of the blood vessels and is thus stuck there 100 different kinds Reason for plasma having a far more concentrated solute to that of interstitial fluid, since these proteins cannot enter such areas

complements

group of other plasma proteins that exist and act similar to antibodies, helping defend the body against harmful agents

Other names for gamma globulins

immunoglobulins antibodies

Nitrogenous waste

in plasma, originates from metabolically active cells includes 1. urea 2. uric acid 3. creatinine 4. bilirubin Urea is created by the liver and while breaking down proteins and uric acid is created by liver while breaking down nucleic acids Creatinine forms when creatine breaks down in muscle tissue Bilirubin forms when certain white blood cells break down/destroy old red blood cells urea, uric acid and creatinine are excreted by the kidneys in urine from the plasma Bilirubin is removed by the liver and into the intestine

Fibrin

insoluble of fibrinogen that changes to this, forming the bases for a blood clot to stop bleeding

Whey

liquid residue of mile after the curd (fat and protein) has been removed What serum remembles

What makes up most of the blood plasma weight

water (93%) solute (7%)