A&P Chapter 4 Study Guide Questions
A component that synovial fluid and ground substance have in common is the presence of (A)hyaluronic acid. (B)phagocytes. (C)ascites. (D)satellite cells.
A
A single layer of epithelial cells covering a basal lamina is termed (A)simple epithelium. (B)stratified epithelium. (C)squamous epithelium. (D)cuboidal epithelium.
A
Bone cells found in the lacunae within the matrix are called (A)osteocytes. (B)chondrocytes. (C)adipocytes. (D)stroma.
A
Certain epithelial cells are called pseudostratified columnar epithelium because (A)they have a layered appearance but all the cells contact the basal lamina. (B)they are stratified and all the cells do not contact the basal lamina. (C)their nuclei are all located the same distance from the cell surface. (D)they are a mixture of cell types.
A
From a surface view, cells that look like fried eggs laid side by side are (A)squamous epithelium. (B)simple epithelium. (C)cuboidal epithelium. (D)columnar epithelium.
A
Ligaments are bundles of elastic and collagen fibers that (A)connect one bone to another bone. (B)attach skeletal muscle to bones. (C)connect one muscle to another muscle. (D)cover the surface of a muscle.
A
Reticular tissue forms the basic framework and organization for several organs that have (A)a complex three-dimensional structure. (B)tightly packed collagen and elastic fibers. (C)adipocytes that are metabolically active. (D)relative proportions of cells, fibers, and ground substance.
A
Skeletal muscle fibers are very unusual because they may be (A)a foot or more in length, and each cell contains hundreds of nuclei. (B)subject to the activity of pacemaker cells, which establish contraction rate. (C)devoid of striations, spindle-shaped, with a single nucleus. (D)unlike smooth muscle cells capable of division.
A
The major identifying feature characteristic of mucous membranes is that (A)they line cavities that communicate with the exterior. (B)they line the sealed, internal cavities of the body. (C)they minimize friction between adjacent organs. (D)enclosed organs of the body are in close contact at all times.
A
The release of histamine by mast cells at an injury site produces the following responses (A)redness, warmth, and swelling. (B)bleeding, clotting, and healing. (C)necrosis, fibrosis, and scarring. (D)hematoma, shivering, and retraction.
A
The three classes of connective tissue based on structure and function are (A)fluid, supporting, and connective tissue proper. (B)cartilage, bone, and blood. (C)collagenic, reticular, and elastic. (D)adipose, reticular, and ground.
A
The two most abundant cell populations found in connective tissue proper are (A)fibroblasts and fibrocytes. (B)mast cells and lymphocytes. (C)melanocytes and mesenchymal cells. (D)fixed cells and wandering cells.
A
The type of tissue that fills internal spaces and provides structural support and a framework for communication within the body is (A)connective. (B)epithelial. (C)muscle. (D)neural.
A
An accumulation of pus in an enclosed tissue space is called an __________.
Abscess
The branching process of a neuron that conducts information to other cells is the __________.
Axon
Glandular epithelia contain cells that produce (A)exocrine secretions only. (B)exocrine or endocrine secretions. (C)endocrine secretions only. (D)secretions released from goblet cells only.
B
Hyaline cartilage serves to (A)support the pinna of the outer ear. (B)connect the ribs to the sternum. (C)support the epiglottis. (D)support the vocal cords.
B
If epithelial cells are classified according to their cell shape, the classes would include (A)simple, stratified, and pseudostratified. (B)squamous, cuboidal, and columnar. (C)simple, squamous, and stratified. (D)pseudostratified, stratified, and columnar.
B
Milk production in the breasts occurs through (A)holocrine and apocrine secretions. (B)apocrine and merocrine secretions. (C)merocrine and tubular secretions. (D)none of the above.
B
Most of the volume in loose connective tissue is made up of (A)elastic fibers. (B)ground substance. (C)reticular fibers. (D)collagen fibers.
B
Neural tissue is specialized to (A)contract and produce movement. (B)carry electrical impulses from one part of the body to another. (C)provide structural support and fill internal spaces. (D)line internal passageways and body cavities.
B
Stratified epithelium has several cell layers above the basal lamina and is usually found in areas where (A)secretion and absorption occur. (B)mechanical or chemical stresses occur. (C)padding and elasticity are necessary. (D)storage and secretion occur.
B
Structurally, neurons are unique because they are the only cells in the body that have (A)lacunae and canaliculi. (B)axons and dendrites. (C)satellite cells and neuroglia. (D)soma and stroma.
B
The capsules that surround most organs such as the kidneys and organs in the thoracic and peritoneal cavities are bound to the (A)superficial fascia. (B)deep fascia. (C)subserous fascia. (D)subcutaneous layer.
B
The common factor shared by the three connective tissue fiber types is that all three types are (A)composed mostly of matrix. (B)abundant in all major organs in the body. (C)resistant to stretching due to the presence of ground substance. (D)springy, resilient structures capable of extensive stretching.
B
The pads that lie between the vertebrae of the spinal column contain (A)elastic fibers. (B)fibrocartilage. (C)hyaline cartilage. (D)dense, regular connective tissue.
B
The primary function of a serous membrane is to (A)provide nourishment and support to the body lining. (B)reduce friction between the parietal and visceral surfaces. (C)establish boundaries between internal organs. (D)line cavities that communicate with the exterior.
B
The three major subdivisions of the extracellular fluid in the body are (A)blood, water, and saliva. (B)plasma, interstitial fluid, and lymph. (C)blood, urine, and saliva. (D)spinal fluid, cytosol, and blood.
B
The two fluid connective tissues found in the human body are (A)mucus and matrix. (B)blood and lymph. (C)ground substance and hyaluronic acid. (D)collagen and plasma.
B
The types of cells that form glandular epithelium that secrete enzymes and buffers in the pancreas and salivary glands are (A)simple squamous epithelium. (B)simple cuboidal epithelium. (C)stratified cuboidal epithelium. (D)transitional epithelium.
B
Tissue destruction that occurs after cells have been injured or destroyed is called (A)dysplasia. (B)necrosis. (C)anaplasia. (D)metaplasia
B
Which of the following best defines inflammation? (A)The secretion of histamine to increase blood flow to the injured area (B)A coordinated defense that produces redness, swelling, heat, and pain (C)A restoration process to heal the injured area (D)The stimulation of macrophages to defend injured tissue
B
With advancing age, the (A)hormonal activity remains unchanged. (B)energy consumption in general declines. (C)effectiveness of tissue repair increases. (D)all of the above are correct.
B
Cells that form a neat row with nuclei near the center of each cell and that appear square in typical sectional views are (A)stratified epithelium. (B)squamous epithelium. (C)cuboidal epithelium. (D)columnar epithelium.
C
Holocrine secretions differ from other methods of secretion because (A)some cytoplasm is lost as well as the secretory product. (B)the secretory product is released through exocytosis. (C)the product is released but the cell is destroyed. (D)the secretions leave the cell intact.
C
If epithelial cells are classified according to their function, the classes would include those involved with (A)support, transport, and storage. (B)defense, support, and storage. (C)lining, covering, and secreting. (D)protection, defense, and transport.
C
In contrast to serous or mucous membranes, the cutaneous membrane is (A)thin, permeable to water, and usually moist. (B)lubricated by goblet cells found in the epithelium. (C)thick, relatively waterproof, and usually dry. (D)covered with a specialized connective tissue, the lamina propria.
C
Mucous membranes would be found primarily in which of the following systems? (A)Skeletal, muscular, endocrine, and circulatory (B)Integumentary, lymphoid, nervous, and endocrine (C)Digestive, respiratory, reproductive, and urinary (D)Skeletal, lymphoid, circulatory, and muscular
C
Summarizing the structural and functional properties of skeletal muscle tissue, it can be considered (A)nonstriated involuntary muscle. (B)nonstriated voluntary muscle. (C)striated voluntary muscle. (D)striated involuntary muscle.
C
Supporting connective tissues found in the body are (A)muscle and bone. (B)mast cells and adipocytes. (C)cartilage and bone. (D)collagen and reticular fibers.
C
Tendons are cords of dense regular connective tissue that (A)cover the surface of a muscle. (B)connect one bone to another. (C)attach skeletal muscles to bones. (D)surround organs such as skeletal muscle tissue.
C
The major purposes of adipose tissue in the body are (A)strength, flexibility, and elasticity. (B)support, connection, and conduction. (C)energy storage, cushioning, and insulating. (D)absorption, compression, and lubrication.
C
The mucous membranes that are lined by simple epithelia perform the functions of (A)digestion and circulation. (B)respiration and excretion. (C)absorption and secretion. (D)a, b, and c are correct.
C
The only avascular type of connective tissue is (A)areolar tissue. (B)blood. (C)cartilage. (D)bone.
C
The restoration of homeostasis after an injury involves two related processes, which are (A)necrosis and fibrous. (B)infection and immunization. (C)inflammation and regeneration. (D)isolation and reconstruction.
C
The three basic components of all connective tissues are (A)free exposed surface, exocrine secretions, and endocrine secretions. (B)fluid matrix, cartilage, and osteocytes. (C)specialized cells, extracellular protein fibers, and ground substance. (D)satellite cells, cardiocytes, and osteocytes.
C
The three major types of cartilage found in the body are (A)collagen, reticular, and elastic cartilage. (B)regular, irregular, and dense cartilage. (C)hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage. (D)interstitial, appositional, and calcified.
C
The two types of supporting connective tissue are (A)skeletal and smooth. (B)cutaneous and serous. (C)cartilage and bone. (D)columnar and cuboidal.
C
The type of epithelial tissue found along the ducts that drain sweat glands is (A)transitional epithelium. (B)simple squamous epithelium. (C)stratified cuboidal epithelium. (D)pseudostratified columnar epithelium.
C
The type of tissue that covers exposed surfaces and lines internal passageways and body cavities is (A)muscle. (B)neural. (C)epithelial. (D)connective.
C
Three modes of secretion by glandular epithelial cells are (A)serous, mucous, and mixed secretions. (B)alveolar, acinar, and tubuloacinar secretions. (C)merocrine, apocrine, and holocrine secretions. (D)simple, compound, and tubular secretions.
C
Cartilage cells, or __________, divide and contribute additional matrix during interstitial growth.
Chondrocytes
The most common fibers in connective tissue proper are __________ fibers.
Collagen
Of the four primary types, the tissue that stores energy in bulk quantities is __________.
Connective
Bone functions as a supporting connective tissue because (A)the collagen fibers act like steel reinforcing rods. (B)the mineralized matrix acts like concrete. (C)the minerals surrounding the collagen fibers produce a strong, flexible combination that is highly resistant to shattering. (D)a, b, and c are correct.
D
During a weight loss program when nutrients are scarce, adipocytes (A)differentiate into mesenchymal cells. (B)are normally destroyed and disappear. (C)tend to enlarge and eventually divide. (D)deflate like collapsing balloons.
D
Epithelial tissues are differentiated from the other tissue types because they (A)always have a free surface exposed to the environment or to some internal chamber or passageway. (B)have little space between adjacent epithelial cells. (C)do not contain blood vessels. (D)a, b, and c are correct.
D
Examples of exocrine glands that secrete onto some internal or external surface are (A)pituitary and thyroid. (B)thymus and salivary. (C)pancreas and pituitary. (D)sweat and salivary.
D
Muscle tissue has the ability to (A)provide a framework for communication within the body. (B)carry impulses from one part of the body to another. (C)cover exposed surfaces of the body. (D)contract and produce active movement.
D
Simple epithelial cells are characteristic of regions where (A)mechanical or chemical stresses occur. (B)support and flexibility are necessary. (C)padding and elasticity are necessary. (D)secretion and absorption occur.
D
Simple squamous epithelium would be found in the following area(s) of the body (A)urinary tract and inner surface of circulatory system. (B)respiratory surface of lungs. (C)lining of body cavities. (D)a, b, and c are correct.
D
Stratified columnar epithelia provide protection along portions of which of the following systems? (A)Skeletal, muscular, endocrine, and integumentary (B)Lymphoid, cardiovascular, urinary, and reproductive (C)Nervous, skeletal, muscular, and endocrine (D)Reproductive, digestive, respiratory, and urinary
D
The four primary tissue types found in the human body are (A)squamous, cuboidal, columnar, and glandular. (B)adipose, elastic, reticular, and cartilage. (C)skeletal, cardiac, smooth, and muscle. (D)epithelial, connective, muscle, and neural.
D
The layers of connective tissue that create the internal framework of the body are responsible for (A)providing strength and stability. (B)maintaining the relative positions of internal organs. (C)providing a route for the distribution of blood vessels. (D)a, b, and c.
D
The major function of neurons in neural tissue is to (A)provide a supporting framework for neural tissue. (B)regulate the composition of the interstitial fluid. (C)act as phagocytes that defend neural tissue. (D)transmit signals that take the form of changes in the transmembrane potential.
D
The major structural difference between columnar epithelia and cuboidal epithelia is that the columnar epithelia (A)are hexagonal and the nuclei are near the center of each cell. (B)consist of several layers of cells above the basal lamina. (C)are thin and flat and occupy the thickest portion of the membrane. (D)are taller and slender and the nuclei are crowded into a narrow band close to the basement membrane.
D
The mesothelium of serous membranes is very thin, a structural characteristic that makes them (A)subject to friction. (B)relatively waterproof and usually dry. (C)resistant to abrasion and bacterial attack. (D)extremely permeable.
D
The pleura, peritoneum, and pericardium are examples of (A)mucous membranes. (B)abdominal structures. (C)visceral organs. (D)serous membranes.
D
The three types of muscle tissue found in the body are (A)elastic, hyaline, and fibrous. (B)striated, nonstriated, and fibrous. (C)voluntary, involuntary, and nonstriated. (D)skeletal, cardiac, and smooth.
D
The two types of layering recognized in epithelial tissues are (A)cuboidal and columnar. (B)squamous and cuboidal. (C)columnar and stratified. (D)simple and stratified.
D
Which of the following are examples of intercellular connections found in epithelia? (A)Cell adhesion molecules (B)Gap junctions (C)Desmosomes (D)a, b, and c are correct
D
With advancing age, tissue repair __________ and cancer rates __________.
Declines; Increase
Tendons, aponeuroses, fascia, elastic tissue, and ligaments are all examples of __________.
Dense Regular Connective Tissue
The lining of the heart and blood vessels is called a(n) __________.
Endothelium
What are the four primary tissue types in the body?
Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, and Neural tissue
In merocrine secretion, the product is released through __________.
Exocytosis
The only cells that are always present in connective tissue proper are the __________.
Fibroblasts
The only example of unicellular exocrine glands in the body is that of __________.
Goblet Cells
The fluid found in connective tissues is known as the __________.
Ground Substance
Chondrocytes in the cartilage matrix occupy small chambers known as __________.
Lacunae
The loose connective tissue component of a mucous membrane is called the __________.
Lamina Propria
The loose connective tissue of a mucous membrane is called the ___________.
Lamina Propria
The collagen fibers that connect one bone to another are the __________.
Ligaments
The epithelium that lines the body cavity is the __________.
Mesothelium
The death of cells or tissues from disease or injury is referred to as __________.
Necrosis
The four primary tissue types found in the body are connective, muscle, epithelial, and __________.
Neural
Neural tissue contains several different kinds of supporting cells called __________.
Neuroglia
The matrix substance in blood is __________.
Plasma
The formed element in blood that consists of tiny membrane-enclosed packets of cytoplasm is called __________.
Platelets
__________ refers to the structural and functional differences between apical and basal surfaces of epithelia.
Polarity
Summarize four essential functions of epithelial tissue.
Provides physical protection, controls permeability, provides sensations, and provides specialized secretions.
Connective tissue fibers forming a branching, interwoven framework that is tough but flexible describes __________ fibers.
Reticular
Membranes that line the sealed, internal subdivisions of the ventral body cavity (cavities) not open to the exterior are __________ membranes.
Serous
The only type of muscle tissue that is under voluntary control is ___________.
Skeletal
The basic framework of reticular tissue found in the liver, spleen, lymph nodes, and bone marrow is the __________.
Stroma
The layer of loose connective tissue that lies between the deep fascia and the serous membranes that line body cavities is the __________.
Subserous Fascia
A layer of areolar tissue and fat, called __________, separates the skin from underlying tissues and organs.
Superficial Fascia
The joint cavity that contains the ends of articulating bones is filled with __________.
Synovial Fluid
The connective tissue fibers that connect skeletal muscles to bone are the __________.
Tendons
The fluid formed on the surfaces of a serous membrane is called a(n) __________.
Transudate
