A&P chapter 6
Vitamin C
- Become part of the collagen in the bone matrix. - Necessary for the process of bone formation
Phosphorous
- Becomes part of the salts of the bond matrix - Necessary for the process of bone formation
Growth Hormone
- Increases protein synthesis and the mate of mitosis of chondrocytes in cartilage -keeps growth plates active
Vitamin A
- Necessary for the process of bone formation
Protien
-Become part of the collagen of bone matrix -Necessary for the process of bone formation
Calcium
-Becomes part of the salts of bone Martix - Necessary for the process of bone formation
Insulin
-Increases energy production from glucose - (more carbs -> more insulin)
97% hard stuff that makes up bone
Calcium Phosphate
the other 3%
Calcium carbonate (chalk, limestone, atacid)
In the embryo, bones of the trunk and extremities are first made of which tissue?
Cartilage- ossify to become hard
Articular and _______ cartilage can also be a tissue that cover the joint surfaces and provides a smooth surface when the joints are moved.
Hlyean
Thyrocine
Increases protein synthesis and energy production form all food types.
Parathyroid Hormone
Increases the reasbsorption of calcium y the small intestine and kidneys
form the hard palate (roof of mouth)
Maxilla and pallatine
Heredity- A persons height is a genetic characteristic that is regulated from _____ and _____
Mother and father
Form the bridge of the nose
Nasal bones
Vitamin D
Necessary for the absorption of calcium and phosphorus in the small intestine.
Tendons
Not flexible, pure collagen. Dont stretch, they just break
In long bones, the marrow canal is formed by cells called ____ that reabsorb bone matrix.
Osteoclasts
Name the bones that attach the legs to the axial skeleton
Pelvis/hipbone
Explain the purpose of the Fontanels
Responsible for soft tops on the back and top of head
protects the puituitary gland
Sphenoid bone
Periosteum
Strengthens the bone and tendons, thick connective tissue
fontanels
allow compression during birth
and the ____ skeleton, which consist of the bone of the ___ and ____ and the shoulder and pelvic girdles
apindicular; arms and legs
the tissue that covers the joint surfaces of bones is ______, which provides a smooth surface when joints are moved.
articular cartilage
The human skeletin has two division the ___ skeleton which consits of the ____ vertebra and the ____
axial; skull and ribcage
Describe what may happen to affected bones
become osteoprotic and become brittle, weak and fracture easily.
Hemapiotic
blood cell producing
the perosteum contains _______ that enter the bone itself.
blood vessels
make of calcium carbonate and calcium phosphate.
bone matrix
Lowers the blood calcium level
calcatonin (stimulates osteoblasts)
Without this normal stress bone will lose _____ faster than it is replaced
calcium
bone are a storage site for excess _______ (mineral), which is essential for blood clotting as well as bone structure.
calcium
Closure of the epiphyseal discs means that all of the _____ of the discs has been reaplaced by ____, and growth and length stops.
cartliage, bone
made of haversian systems, which are cylindrical arrangements of ostecytes within matrix.
compact bone
Calcitonin
decreases the re absorption of calcium from bones
In a long bone, several centers of ossification develope on in the ______ and one or more in each _____ of the bone
diaphysis,ephysis
Osteoclasts
dissolve bone by squirting HCl (medulary cavity)
ephysis
end of bone
At birth, ossification of these bones are not complete. In long bones, growth occurs at the sights of the ___ which are made of cartilage.
epiphyseal disks
causes long bones to stop growing
estrogen, testosterone
contains openings for the olfactory nerves
ethmoid bone
both of these connecting structures are made of what type of tissue ______
fibrous connective tissue
in the embryo, the cranial and facial bones are first made of which tissue ________
fibrous connective tissue
pelvic bone, cranial bones, ribs
flat bones
At birth, ossification of the bones of the skull is not complete, and areas of firous connective tissue called _______ remain between the bones
fontenells
epiphyseal disks
growth plates- dont ossify for a long time.
The vibration of these bones are concerned with which sense
hearing
estrogen or testosterone
helps maintain a stable bone matrix and promotes closure of the epiphyses of long bones
vertebrae, facial bones
irregular bones
contains the nasolacrimal duct
lacrimal bone
state the two functions of the paranasal sinuses
lighten skull and provides resenense for the voice.
bone of the arms, legs, hands, and feet.
long bones
Estrogen
makes males grow, and makes females stop growing
testosterone
makes males stop growing, makes females grow
The three auditory bones in the middle of each ear cavity are the
malleous (hammer) incus (anvil) stapes (stirrup)
Contain socket for teeth
mandible and maxilla
contains paranasal sinuses
maxila, frontal, sphenoid, and ethnoid
some bones protect internal organs from ______
mechanical injury
diaphysis
middle of bone
attached to the skeleton are the _______ that move the bones.
muscles
Calcuim
not a mineral, a metal.
contains the foramen magnum _______ which in turn contains the _______
occipital bone, spinal chord
the skeleton of the embryo is first formed of other tissues that are gradually replaced by bone. the process of bone replacement of another tissue is called _______
ossification
the production of bone matrix is accomplished by cells called _____
osteoblasts
bone cells
osteocytes
regulate the amount of calcium in the bone matrix.
osteocytes
estrogen
ovary
Insulin gland
pancreas
parathyroid hormone gland
parathyroid
raises the blood calcium level
parathyroid (stimulates osteoclasts)
the coronal suture is between the
parietal and frontal
the lambdoidal suture is between the
parietal and occipital
The squamosal suture is between the
parietal and temporal
the sagital is between the two
parietal bones
shoulder
pectoral (surrounds vertebral column )
the membrane that cover the rest of a bone is called the ______ and is made of ______ connective tissue.
periosteum, fibrous
some bones contain and protect the_______, the principal hemopoietic tissue that produces the blood cells.
red bone marrow
Name the part of the skeleton that protects the heart, lungs, spleen and liver from mechanical injury.
rib cage
Name the bones that attach the bones to the axial skeleton _____ and______
scapulae and clavical
wrist and ankle bones
short bones
fontenells
soft spots, so the mother can give birth.
contains osteocytes and bone matrix, but these are not arranged in haversian systems
spongy bone
often contains red bone marrow
spongy bone.
the skeleton is a framwork that ________ the body.
supports
contains the external auditory meatus
temporal bone
the periosteum anchors the ______ that connect muscle to bone, and the _______ that connect bone to bone.
tendons, ligaments.
Testosterone
testies
the process of ossification begins in the ______ month of gestation, when osteoblasts differentiate from ______ in the centers of ossification in these bones.
third, fibroblast.
Calcitonin gland
thyroid
Thyrocine gland
thyroid
form the nasal septum
vomar bone and ethmoid bone
Exercise or stress- For bones, exercise or stress means ____
weight bearing
After birth, the marrow canal contain ______ bone marrow, which is mostly _____ tissue.
yellow, adipose (brown)
forms the point of the cheek
zygomatic bone