A&P chapter 6

Vitamin C

- Become part of the collagen in the bone matrix. - Necessary for the process of bone formation

Phosphorous

- Becomes part of the salts of the bond matrix - Necessary for the process of bone formation

Growth Hormone

- Increases protein synthesis and the mate of mitosis of chondrocytes in cartilage -keeps growth plates active

Vitamin A

- Necessary for the process of bone formation

Protien

-Become part of the collagen of bone matrix -Necessary for the process of bone formation

Calcium

-Becomes part of the salts of bone Martix - Necessary for the process of bone formation

Insulin

-Increases energy production from glucose - (more carbs -> more insulin)

97% hard stuff that makes up bone

Calcium Phosphate

the other 3%

Calcium carbonate (chalk, limestone, atacid)

In the embryo, bones of the trunk and extremities are first made of which tissue?

Cartilage- ossify to become hard

Articular and _______ cartilage can also be a tissue that cover the joint surfaces and provides a smooth surface when the joints are moved.

Hlyean

Thyrocine

Increases protein synthesis and energy production form all food types.

Parathyroid Hormone

Increases the reasbsorption of calcium y the small intestine and kidneys

form the hard palate (roof of mouth)

Maxilla and pallatine

Heredity- A persons height is a genetic characteristic that is regulated from _____ and _____

Mother and father

Form the bridge of the nose

Nasal bones

Vitamin D

Necessary for the absorption of calcium and phosphorus in the small intestine.

Tendons

Not flexible, pure collagen. Dont stretch, they just break

In long bones, the marrow canal is formed by cells called ____ that reabsorb bone matrix.

Osteoclasts

Name the bones that attach the legs to the axial skeleton

Pelvis/hipbone

Explain the purpose of the Fontanels

Responsible for soft tops on the back and top of head

protects the puituitary gland

Sphenoid bone

Periosteum

Strengthens the bone and tendons, thick connective tissue

fontanels

allow compression during birth

and the ____ skeleton, which consist of the bone of the ___ and ____ and the shoulder and pelvic girdles

apindicular; arms and legs

the tissue that covers the joint surfaces of bones is ______, which provides a smooth surface when joints are moved.

articular cartilage

The human skeletin has two division the ___ skeleton which consits of the ____ vertebra and the ____

axial; skull and ribcage

Describe what may happen to affected bones

become osteoprotic and become brittle, weak and fracture easily.

Hemapiotic

blood cell producing

the perosteum contains _______ that enter the bone itself.

blood vessels

make of calcium carbonate and calcium phosphate.

bone matrix

Lowers the blood calcium level

calcatonin (stimulates osteoblasts)

Without this normal stress bone will lose _____ faster than it is replaced

calcium

bone are a storage site for excess _______ (mineral), which is essential for blood clotting as well as bone structure.

calcium

Closure of the epiphyseal discs means that all of the _____ of the discs has been reaplaced by ____, and growth and length stops.

cartliage, bone

made of haversian systems, which are cylindrical arrangements of ostecytes within matrix.

compact bone

Calcitonin

decreases the re absorption of calcium from bones

In a long bone, several centers of ossification develope on in the ______ and one or more in each _____ of the bone

diaphysis,ephysis

Osteoclasts

dissolve bone by squirting HCl (medulary cavity)

ephysis

end of bone

At birth, ossification of these bones are not complete. In long bones, growth occurs at the sights of the ___ which are made of cartilage.

epiphyseal disks

causes long bones to stop growing

estrogen, testosterone

contains openings for the olfactory nerves

ethmoid bone

both of these connecting structures are made of what type of tissue ______

fibrous connective tissue

in the embryo, the cranial and facial bones are first made of which tissue ________

fibrous connective tissue

pelvic bone, cranial bones, ribs

flat bones

At birth, ossification of the bones of the skull is not complete, and areas of firous connective tissue called _______ remain between the bones

fontenells

epiphyseal disks

growth plates- dont ossify for a long time.

The vibration of these bones are concerned with which sense

hearing

estrogen or testosterone

helps maintain a stable bone matrix and promotes closure of the epiphyses of long bones

vertebrae, facial bones

irregular bones

contains the nasolacrimal duct

lacrimal bone

state the two functions of the paranasal sinuses

lighten skull and provides resenense for the voice.

bone of the arms, legs, hands, and feet.

long bones

Estrogen

makes males grow, and makes females stop growing

testosterone

makes males stop growing, makes females grow

The three auditory bones in the middle of each ear cavity are the

malleous (hammer) incus (anvil) stapes (stirrup)

Contain socket for teeth

mandible and maxilla

contains paranasal sinuses

maxila, frontal, sphenoid, and ethnoid

some bones protect internal organs from ______

mechanical injury

diaphysis

middle of bone

attached to the skeleton are the _______ that move the bones.

muscles

Calcuim

not a mineral, a metal.

contains the foramen magnum _______ which in turn contains the _______

occipital bone, spinal chord

the skeleton of the embryo is first formed of other tissues that are gradually replaced by bone. the process of bone replacement of another tissue is called _______

ossification

the production of bone matrix is accomplished by cells called _____

osteoblasts

bone cells

osteocytes

regulate the amount of calcium in the bone matrix.

osteocytes

estrogen

ovary

Insulin gland

pancreas

parathyroid hormone gland

parathyroid

raises the blood calcium level

parathyroid (stimulates osteoclasts)

the coronal suture is between the

parietal and frontal

the lambdoidal suture is between the

parietal and occipital

The squamosal suture is between the

parietal and temporal

the sagital is between the two

parietal bones

shoulder

pectoral (surrounds vertebral column )

the membrane that cover the rest of a bone is called the ______ and is made of ______ connective tissue.

periosteum, fibrous

some bones contain and protect the_______, the principal hemopoietic tissue that produces the blood cells.

red bone marrow

Name the part of the skeleton that protects the heart, lungs, spleen and liver from mechanical injury.

rib cage

Name the bones that attach the bones to the axial skeleton _____ and______

scapulae and clavical

wrist and ankle bones

short bones

fontenells

soft spots, so the mother can give birth.

contains osteocytes and bone matrix, but these are not arranged in haversian systems

spongy bone

often contains red bone marrow

spongy bone.

the skeleton is a framwork that ________ the body.

supports

contains the external auditory meatus

temporal bone

the periosteum anchors the ______ that connect muscle to bone, and the _______ that connect bone to bone.

tendons, ligaments.

Testosterone

testies

the process of ossification begins in the ______ month of gestation, when osteoblasts differentiate from ______ in the centers of ossification in these bones.

third, fibroblast.

Calcitonin gland

thyroid

Thyrocine gland

thyroid

form the nasal septum

vomar bone and ethmoid bone

Exercise or stress- For bones, exercise or stress means ____

weight bearing

After birth, the marrow canal contain ______ bone marrow, which is mostly _____ tissue.

yellow, adipose (brown)

forms the point of the cheek

zygomatic bone