A&P Chapter 6: Exam 2
A
12) The most abundant skeletal cartilage type is ________. A) hyaline B) elastic C) fibrocartilage D) epiphyseal
C
1) The structure of bone tissue suits the function. Which of the following bone tissues is adapted to support weight and withstand tension stress? A) spongy bone B) irregular bone C) compact bone D) trabecular bone
C
10) Ossification of the ends of long bones ________. A) is a characteristic of intramembranous bone formation B) involves medullary cavity formation C) is produced by secondary ossification centers D) takes twice as long as diaphysis
C
11) Which structure allows the diaphysis of the bone to increase in length until early childhood, as well as shaping the articular surfaces? A) lacunae B) Haversian system C) epiphyseal plate D) epiphyseal line
D
13) Which of the following is not a function of the skeletal system? A) support B) storage of minerals C) production of blood cells (hematopoiesis) D) communication
D
14) What is the structural unit of compact bone? A) osseous matrix B) spongy bone C) lamellar bone D) the osteon
C
15) Bones are covered and lined by a protective tissue called periosteum. The inner (osteogenic) layer consists primarily of ________. A) cartilage and compact bone B) marrow and osteons C) osteoblasts and osteoclasts D) chondrocytes and osteocytes
C
16) The periosteum is secured to the underlying bone by dense connective tissue called ________. A) Volkmann's canals B) a bony matrix with hyaline cartilage C) perforating (Sharpey's) fibers D) the struts of bone known as spicules
D
17) The canal that runs through the core of each osteon (the Haversian canal) is the site of ________. A) cartilage and interstitial lamellae B) osteoclasts and osteoblasts C) yellow marrow and spicules D) blood vessels and nerve fibers
A
18) What are the small spaces in bone tissue that are holes in which osteocytes live called? A) lacunae B) Volkmann's canals C) Haversian canals D) trabeculae
B
19) For intramembranous ossification to take place, which of the following is necessary? A) A bone collar forms around the cartilage model. B) An ossification center forms in the fibrous connective tissue. C) The cartilage matrix begins to deteriorate. D) A medullary cavity forms.
A
2) Yellow bone marrow contains a large percentage of ________. A) fat B) blood-forming cells C) elastic tissue D) Sharpey's fibers
C
20) The process of bones increasing in width is known as ________. A) closing of the epiphyseal plate B) long bones reaching adult length and width C) appositional growth D) concentric growth
A
21) Bones are constantly undergoing resorption for various reasons. Which of the following cells accomplishes this process? A) osteoclast B) osteocyte C) osteoblast D) stem cell
C
22) Which hormone increases osteoclast activity to release more calcium ions into the bloodstream? A) calcitonin B) thyroxine C) parathyroid hormone D) estrogen
C
23) The universal loss of mass seen in the skeleton, which begins about the age of 40, ________. A) is slower in females than in males B) is absolutely uniform throughout the skeleton C) reflects incomplete osteon formation and mineralization D) is greater in African Americans than in Northern Europeans
B
24) Wolff's law is concerned with ________. A) vertical growth of bones being dependent on age B) the thickness and shape of a bone being dependent on stresses placed upon it C) the function of bone being dependent on shape D) the diameter of the bone being dependent on the ratio of osteoblasts to osteoclasts
B
25) Cranial bones develop ________. A) from cartilage models B) within fibrous membranes C) from a tendon D) within osseous membranes
B
26) Which of the following glands or organs produces hormones that tend to decrease blood calcium levels? A) pineal gland B) thyroid C) parathyroid D) spleen
C
27) Osteomyelitis is ________. A) partially due to insufficient dietary calcium B) literally known as "soft bones" C) due to pus-forming bacteria D) caused by altered vitamin D metabolism
B
28) Cartilage grows in two ways, appositional and interstitial. What is appositional growth? A) growth at the epiphyseal plate B) the secretion of new matrix against the external face of existing cartilage C) along the edges only D) the lengthening of hyaline cartilage
D
29) Which of the following statements best describes interstitial growth? A) Growth occurs in the lining of the long bones. B) Fibroblasts give rise to chondrocytes that differentiate and form cartilage. C) Unspecialized cells from mesenchyme develop into chondrocytes, which divide and form cartilage. D) Chondrocytes in the lacunae divide and secrete matrix, allowing the cartilage to grow from within.
B
3) The cell responsible for secreting the matrix of bone is the ________. A) osteocyte B) osteoblast C) osteoclast D) chondrocyte
B
30) In the epiphyseal plate, cartilage grows ________. A) by pulling the diaphysis toward the epiphysis B) by pushing the epiphysis away from the diaphysis C) from the edges inward D) in a circular fashion
C
31) Spongy bones are made up of a framework called ________. A) osteons B) lamellar bone C) trabeculae D) osseous lamellae
C
32) Osteogenesis is the process of ________. A) making a cartilage model of the fetal bone B) bone destruction to liberate calcium C) bone formation D) making collagen fibers for calcified cartilage
A
33) Lengthwise, long bone growth during infancy and youth is exclusively through ________. A) interstitial growth of the epiphyseal plates B) the secretion of bone matrix into the medullary cavity C) differentiation of osteoclasts D) calcification of the matrix
C
34) Growth of bones is controlled by a symphony of hormones. Which hormone is important for bone growth during infancy and childhood? A) thyroid hormone B) somatomedins C) growth hormone D) prolactin
B
35) In some cases the epiphyseal plate of the long bones of children closes too early. What might be the cause? A) overproduction of thyroid hormone B) elevated levels of sex hormones C) too much vitamin D in the diet D) osteoblast activity exceeds osteoclast activity
A
36) Normal bone formation and growth are dependent on the adequate intake of ________. A) calcium, phosphate, and vitamin D B) potassium, phosphate, and vitamin D C) sodium, calcium, and vitamin E D) vitamin D, phosphate, and chloride
C
37) Ostealgia is ________. A) a defect called clubfoot B) a disease of the bone C) pain in a bone D) fractured bone
D
4) What kind of tissue is the forerunner of long bones in the embryo? A) elastic connective tissue B) dense fibrous connective tissue C) fibrocartilage D) hyaline cartilage
C
5) What can a deficiency of growth hormone during bone formation cause? A) inadequate calcification of bone B) decreased osteoclast activity C) decreased proliferation of the epiphyseal plate cartilage D) increased osteoclast activity
C
6) A fracture in the shaft of a bone would be a break in the ________. A) epiphysis B) metaphysis C) diaphysis D) articular cartilage
C
7) The term diploë refers to the ________. A) double-layered nature of the connective tissue covering the bone B) fact that most bones are formed of two types of bone tissue C) internal layer of spongy bone in flat bones D) two types of marrow found within most bones
B
8) Which of the following is a bone marking name that indicates a projection that helps to form joints? A) meatus B) ramus C) foramen D) fossa E) epicondyle
A
9) Factors in preventing (or delaying) osteoporosis include ________. A) drinking fluoridated water B) decreasing weight-bearing exercise C) increasing dietary vitamin C D) decreasing exposure to the sun
A
Match the following: A) Chondrocytes B) Appositional growth C) Epiphyseal line D) Diaphysis E) Epiphyseal plate 23) The cells responsible for the early stages of endochondral ossification.
B
Match the following: A) Chondrocytes B) Appositional growth C) Epiphyseal line D) Diaphysis E) Epiphyseal plate 24) The growth pattern of bone in which matrix is laid down on the surface.
D
Match the following: A) Chondrocytes B) Appositional growth C) Epiphyseal line D) Diaphysis E) Epiphyseal plate 25) The area of long bones where cartilage cells are replaced by bone cells.
C
Match the following: A) Chondrocytes B) Appositional growth C) Epiphyseal line D) Diaphysis E) Epiphyseal plate 26) The appearance of this structure signals the end of bone growth.
E
Match the following: A) Chondrocytes B) Appositional growth C) Epiphyseal line D) Diaphysis E) Epiphyseal plate 27) Area where bone longitudinal growth takes place.
C
Match the following: A) Comminuted B) Spiral C) Greenstick 15) An incomplete fracture or cracking of the bone without actual separation of the parts.
A
Match the following: A) Comminuted B) Spiral C) Greenstick 16) Bone fragments into many pieces.
B
Match the following: A) Comminuted B) Spiral C) Greenstick 17) Common sports fracture resulting from a twisting force.
A
Match the following: A) Endosteum B) Canaliculi C) Osteoblasts D) Osteoclasts E) Lamellae 18) The lining of the marrow cavity.
D
Match the following: A) Endosteum B) Canaliculi C) Osteoblasts D) Osteoclasts E) Lamellae 19) Cells that can dissolve the bony matrix.
E
Match the following: A) Endosteum B) Canaliculi C) Osteoblasts D) Osteoclasts E) Lamellae 20) Layers of bone matrix.
B
Match the following: A) Endosteum B) Canaliculi C) Osteoblasts D) Osteoclasts E) Lamellae 21) Small channels that radiate through the matrix of bone.
C
Match the following: A) Endosteum B) Canaliculi C) Osteoblasts D) Osteoclasts E) Lamellae 22) Cells that can build bony matrix.
C
Match the following: A) Osteomalacia B) Paget's disease C) Osteoporosis 12) Bones are porous and thin but bone composition is normal.
A
Match the following: A) Osteomalacia B) Paget's disease C) Osteoporosis 13) Bone formed is poorly mineralized and soft. Deforms on weight bearing.
B
Match the following: A) Osteomalacia B) Paget's disease C) Osteoporosis 14) Abnormal bone formation and reabsorption.
B
Match the following: A) Short bone B) Long bone C) Irregular bone D) Flat bone E) Sesamoid bone 28) Radius.
A
Match the following: A) Short bone B) Long bone C) Irregular bone D) Flat bone E) Sesamoid bone 29) Carpals.
E
Match the following: A) Short bone B) Long bone C) Irregular bone D) Flat bone E) Sesamoid bone 30) Patella.
D
Match the following: A) Short bone B) Long bone C) Irregular bone D) Flat bone E) Sesamoid bone 31) Scapula
C
Match the following: A) Short bone B) Long bone C) Irregular bone D) Flat bone E) Sesamoid bone 32) Hip bones
TRUE
True/False Questions 1) Hematopoiesis refers to the formation of blood cells within the red marrow cavities of certain bones.
FALSE
True/False Questions 10) All bones formed by intramembranous ossification are irregular bones.
TRUE
True/False Questions 11) An osteon contains osteocytes, lamellae, and a central canal, and is found in compact bone only.
TRUE
True/False Questions 12) The trabeculae of spongy bone are oriented toward lines of stress.
FALSE
True/False Questions 13) Bone tissue in the skeleton of a human fetus is completely formed at six months' gestation.
TRUE
True/False Questions 14) Each consecutive bone lamella has collagen fibers that wrap in alternating directions.
TRUE
True/False Questions 15) Cartilage has a flexible matrix that can accommodate mitosis of chondrocytes.
FALSE
True/False Questions 16) Closure of the epiphyseal plate stops all bone growth.
FALSE
True/False Questions 2) Compact bone is replaced more often than spongy bone.
FALSE
True/False Questions 3) Bones are classified by whether they are weight bearing or protective in function.
FALSE
True/False Questions 4) The periosteum is a tissue that serves only to protect the bone because it is not supplied with nerves or blood vessels
FALSE
True/False Questions 5) Short, irregular, and flat bones have large marrow cavities in order to keep the weight of the bones light.
FALSE
True/False Questions 6) In newborn infants, the medullary cavity and all areas of spongy bone contain yellow bone marrow
TRUE
True/False Questions 7) The structural unit of compact bone (osteon) resembles the growth rings of a tree trunk.
TRUE
True/False Questions 8) The term osteoid refers to the organic part of the matrix of compact bones.
TRUE
True/False Questions 9) Sixty-five percent of the mass of bone is a compound called hydroxyapatite.