A&P chapter 7
foramen magnum
"big hole" on the anterior and inferior surface of occipital bone through with the spinal cord passes to enter the vertebral column
thoracic vertebrae
-12 -articulate with the ribs
coccygeal vertebrae
-3-5 fused vertebrae -collectively called coccyx -most inferior end of the vertebral column - tail bone
upper limb
-30 bones humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges
lumbar vertebrae
-5 lower back
sacral vertebrae
-5 fused vertebrae -articulate with pelvic bones
cervical vertebrae
-7 -neck
parts of the femur
-Head -Fovea Capitis -neck -Greater and lesser trochanter -Linea aspera -Medial and lateral condyle -Medial and lateral epicondyles -intertrochanteric line and crest -intercondylar fossa
What are the arches of the foot?
-Medial longitudinal arch -Lateral longitudinal arch -Transverse arch
Primary curvatures of the spine
-Thoracic and sacral -Develop during fetal period and are anteriorly concave.
types of fontanels
-anterior fontanel -posterior fontanel -sphenoid fontanel -mastoid fontanel
three parts of the upper limb
-arm -forearm -wrist/hand
three parts of metacarpals
-base (proximal epiphysis) -body (diaphysis) -head (distal epiphysis)
parts of the scapula
-body -Lateral, Medial, and superior borders -superior, inferior, and lateral angles -Acromion -Coracoid process -Glenoid cavity -Spine -supraspinous fossa and infraspinous fossa
structure of the vertebrae
-body -vertebral arch (pedicles and laminae) -vertebral foramen -transverse process -spinous process -superior and inferior articular processes
types of openings
-canal (meatus) -fissure -foramen
main components of sphenoid bone
-central body -greater wings -lesser wings -pterygoid processes
secondary curvatures
-cervical and lumbar -critical to our species ability to walk upright -develop after fetal period
types of projections
-condyle -crest -head -tubercle/tuberosity -epicondyle -process -spine -protuberance -trochanter -line
the parietal bones articulate with several cranial bones at other sutures such as
-coronal suture (meet the frontal bone) -squamous suture (meet the temporal bone) -lambdoid suture (meet the occipital bone)
on either side of the mandibular notch are two processes
-coronoid process -condylar process
vomer
-deepest facial bone -forms the inferior and posterior parts of the nasal septum
types of depressions
-facet -fossa -fovea -groove (sulcus)
features of occipital bone
-foramen magnum -occipital condyles -superior/inferior nuchal lines -external occipital protuberance
parts of the humerus
-head -anatomical neck -greater & lesser tubercles -intratubercular sulcus -surgical neck -radial groove -deltoid tuberosity -capitulum -trochlea -coronoid fossa -olecranon fossa -medial & lateral epicondyle
parts of the fibula
-head -lateral malleolus
pelvic bone is formed by three bones that fuse during childhood:
-ilium -ischium -pubis
mandible
-inferior jaw bone -only movable bone of the adult skull -central mandibular body -right and left mandibular rami
how are the metacarpals numbered
1-5 starting with thumb (lateral to medial)
how many bones are in the hand
5
the wrist consists of ___ short bones (how many)
8
patella
A triangular sesamoid bone located within a tendon (of the quadriceps femurs muscle group-a group of four muscles in the thigh) that passes over the knee -articulates with both the femur and the tibia -also known as the kneecap.
T/F the paranasal sinuses add significant weight to the skull
FALSE! significantly lighten the skull and enhance voice resonance
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superior/inferior nuchal lines
Raised parallel ridges on posterior surface of occipital bone, points where neck and spine muscles attach
facet example rib
Rib -articular facet for articulation with a transverse process (of vertebrae)
groove (sulcus) example
Rib -costal groove
nemonic to remember the carpal bones
Some Lunchers Try Peppers That They Can't Handle
how to tell tibia and fibula apart
TIBia = Thick, Inner Bone FibuLA = LAteral bone
clavicle
The anterosuperior bone of the pectoral girdle that spans from the scapula to the sternum -has two distinct ends: sternal and acromial end
iliac fossa
The broad, slightly concave inner surface of the ilium
how do ischial tuberosities differ in males and females
The female ischial tuberosities tend to point laterally, whereas those of the male point medially. This gives the female buttocks a more rounded appearance.
how do the pelvic inlet and outlet differ in males and females
The female pelvic inlet is usually wider and oval, whereas the male pelvic inlet is narrow and vaguely heart-shaped The female pelvic outlet is also typically wider than that of the male
Medial longitudinal arch
The highest of the three arches of the foot (most prominent); runs along the medial side of the foot from the calcaneus to metatarsals I-III (composed of the calcaneus, talus, navicular, cuneiforms, and the first three metatarsals)
fibula
The lateral and smaller bone of the lower leg
the inferior surface of the sacrum that articulates with the coccyx is the ___
apex
transverse arch
arch of the foot that runs along the middle of the foot, and involves the distal tarsals and the bases of all five metatarsals
The bones of the foot generally do not rest flat on the ground during standing or walking, why
arches
medial and lateral condyles of femur
articulate with the tibia to form the knee joint
trapezium carpal bone
articulates proximally with the scaphoid
trapezoid carpal bone
articulates proximally with the scaphoid
radial notch of the ulna
articulates with head of radius
mandibular fossa
articulates with the mandible
mandibular condyle
articulates with the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone to form the temporomandibular joint
condylar process
at the top of which is the mandibular condyle -posterior side of mandibular notch
hyoid bone
U-shaped bone in the superior neck that supports the tongue and its muscles
protuberance
a bony outgrowth or protruding part
internal acoustic meatus
a canal leading to the inner ear
jugular foramen
a posterior opening where the temporal bone meets the occipital bone through which the jugular vein and nerves pass
coronoid process
a projection from the front of the trochlear notch forming part of the articulation of the elbow; fits into the coronoid fossa of the humerus
difference between tubercle and tuberosity
a tuberosity is a large tubercle
lordosis
abnormal increase in the forward curvature of the lumbar spine (swayback)
scoliosis
abnormal lateral curvature of the spine (S or C-shaped curve)
Surrounding the head of the humerus is a groove called the ___
anatomical neck
the apices (plural of apex, meaning peak or summit) of the scapular triangle are called___
angles -superior, inferior and lateral angles
the lateral surfaces of the sacrum that articulate with the pelvic bones are the ___
auricular surfaces
divisions of the skeleton
axial and appendicular
the fusion of the maxillary bones creates a bony midline projection called the ___
anterior nasal spine
ischial ramus
anterior part of ischium; forms part of the obturator foramen
where does the iliac crest terminates anteriorly where does the iliac crest terminate posteriorly
anteriorly -in a bony projection known as the anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS), which can be palpated in some people on the anterior pelvis -Just inferior to the ASIS is another, smaller ridge called the anterior inferior iliac spine posteriorly -the posterior superior iliac spine -a smaller projection inferior to it is the posterior inferior iliac spine
the superior surface of the sacrum that articulates with the fifth lumbar vertebrae is its ___
base
the proximal end of the patella is the ___ while the distal end is the ___
base; apex
articulations containing hyaline cartilage are found
between the bones of the upper and lower limbs as well as those between the ribs and sternum can also be found in the epiphyseal plates, where bone growth occurs
types of vertebrae
cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal
vertebral foramen shape of thoracic vertebrae
circular
the pectoral girdle contains two bones:
clavicle and scapula
lesser wings of sphenoid bone
project from the superior surface of the sphenoids body
bone markings that provide sites to which ligaments and tendons attach or where bones articulate (some fit into depressions of other bones to stabilize joints)
projections
ischial spine
projects posteriorly and medially from the ischial body; ligament of the sacrum attaches
linear aspera of femur
prominent line that runs down the shaft
process
prominent projection on a bone
radial head
proximal epiphysis of radius; articulates with the capitulum of the humerus
head of femur
proximal epiphysis; articulates with the acetabulum
the smallest component of the pelvic bone is the ___
pubis or pubic bone
Just proximal to the capitulum and trochlea are two small indentations: the lateral ___ and the medial ___
radial fossa; coronoid fossa
which parts of the radius and ulna articulate with the humerus
radial head of radius trochlear notch of ulna
the radius and ulna articulate with each other at two joints called the ___
radioulnar joints
the bones of the forearm, or antebrachium
radius and ulna
the forearm consists of the
radius and ulna
deltoid tuberosity
raised area on lateral surface of humerus to which deltoid muscle attaches
intertrochanteric line
region formed anteriorly between the greater and lesser trochanters
intertrochanteric crest
region formed posteriorly between the greater and lesser trochanters
the nasal cavity is the first part of the ___
respiratory tract
what ribs have slight variations in their structures
ribs 1 and 10-12 -each of these ribs attaches to the body of only one thoracic vertebrae so their heads lack separate superior and inferior articular facets -floating ribs have no articulation with the transverse process of the vertebrae so they lack tubercles
crest
ridge or projection
ethmoidal sinuses
right and left small hollow spaces found in the lateral masses which are located right behind the perpendicular plate
medial and lateral epicondyles of femur
roughened projections on the medial and lateral surfaces of the condyles on the distal epiphysis of the bone
head
round projection from a bone's epiphysis
condyle
rounded end of a bone that articulates with another bone
capitate
rounded; articulates proximally with the scaphoid and lunate
radial groove
runs along posterior margin of the deltoid tuberosity; marks the path of the radial nerve
external occipital protuberance
runs through superior nuchal line and continues inferiorly as the external occipital crest
what are the two pelvic bones
sacrum and coccyx
where do the two parietal bones meet?
sagittal suture
process example
scapula -coracoid process
spine example
scapula -spine
abnormal spine curvatures
scoliosis, kyphosis, lordosis
purpose of hyoid bone
serves as an attachment point for numerous muscles, including those for swelling and speech
coronoid process
serves as attachment site for muscles that move jaw during chewing and talking -anterior side of mandibular notch
facet
shallow convex or concave where two bones articulate
fovea
shallow pit
spine
sharp process
supraorbital margin
sharp ridges that form the superior and supraoritbital boundaries of the orbit
purpose of thoracic cage
shield the heart, lungs, and great blood vessels
transverse process of lumbar vertebrae
short with no facets or foramina
cranial bones (types)
single bones -frontal -occipital -ethmoid -sphenoid paired bones -tempora -parietal
greater and lesser trochanters
sites of muscle attachment on the proximal end of the femur
the ___ is the skeletons most complex structure
skull
lunate carpal bone
slightly moon-shaped; articulates primarily with the radius but also has contact with the ulna
body shape and size of cervical vertebrae
small and oval
epicondyle
small projection usually proximal to a condyle
pisiform carpal bone
small, found; articulates with the anterior surface of the triquetrum
tubercle/tuberosity
small, rounded bony projection
gluteal surface
smooth lateral surface of ilium where gluteal muscles attach marked by three lines: posterior, anterior, and inferior gluteal lines
glabella
smooth region between the two supraorbital margins
what are fontanels
soft spots in the skull
nucleus pulposus of intervertebral disc
soft, inner, jelly-like substance that is a resilient shock absorber
fissure example
sphenoid bone -superior orbital fissure
On the posterior side of the scapula, we find a ridge of bone, the ___ that crosses from medial to lateral along its superior border
spine
the ankle consists of 7 short bones called ___ that connect the leg with the foot
tarsals
ankle/foot consists of
tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges
the ankle/foot is made up of
tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges
canal (meatus) example
temporal bone -external acoustic meatus
pubic arch
the angle where the two pubic bodies meet; important in determining sex
what is the largest portion of the scapula
the body
acetabulum
the bony socket formed by the iliim, ischium, and pubis into which the femur fits to form the hip joint
body of sternum
the bony structure that forms the middle (and largest) portion of the sternum
two rounded knobs on the anterior side of the humerus are ___
the capitulum and trochlea
be careful not to confuse the coracoid process of the scapula with ___
the coronoid processes of the mandible and ulna
how do the coccyx and sacrum differ in males and females
the female sacrum tends to be wider and shorter than the male sacrum the female coccyx is generally situated more posteriorly and is more moveable than the male coccyx. A woman with a coccyx situated anteriorly could suffer coccygeal fractures during childbirth.
thigh consists of
the femur
trochlear notch
the first U-shaped notch of the ulna that articulates with the trochlea of the humerus
ischium
the lower, posterior portions of the pelvis
xiphoid process
the most inferior portion of the sternum; site of attachment for abdominal muscles
what asses through the superior orbital fissure
the nerves that control eye movement
what is significant abut the sternoclavicular joint
the only place where the pectoral girdle articulates with the axial skeleton
pelvic outlet
the opening located at the inferior boundary of the lesser pelvis
the thoracic cage is also known as
the rib cage
the roof of the oral cavity is formed by
the same structure as the floor of the nasal cavity (hard palate)
what is the spine of the scapula more commonly known as?
the shoulder blade that you can easily feel on your back
___ consists of groups of bones that work together to perform common functions
the skeleton
intercostal space
the space between two ribs
body of vertebrae
the thick, disc-shaped anterior portion which is the weight bearing portion
ischial tuberosity
thick and most prominent feature of the ischium; located on its posteroinferior side
spinous process of lumbar vertebrae
thick; point posteriorly
the femur is the only bone of the ___
thigh
___ consists of 12 pairs of ribs, the sternum, and part of the vertebral column
thoracic cage
each pelvic bone is composed of ___
three fused bones -ilium -ischium -pubis
carotid canal
through which the internal carotid artery passes as it enters the cranial cavity, supplying blood to most of the brain
What two bones make up the leg
tibia and fibula
leg consists of
tibia and fibula
the tibia and fibula articulate with each other at the distal and proximal ___ joints
tibiofibular
mandibular ramus (plural for rami)
topped by the U-shaped mandibular notch, inferior to which we find the mandibular foramen
vertebral foramen shape of cervical vertebrae
triangular
triquetrum carpal bone
triangular; articulates with the ulna
lesser pelvis
true pelvis; portion of the pelvis inferior to the pelvic brim
T/F like the metacarpals, the phalanges have a base, body, and head
true!
T/F like the radius and ulna, the tibia and fibula are united by an interosseous membrane
true!
T/F the frontal sinuses are a part of the paranasal sinuses?
true!
T/F only one tarsal actually articulates with the leg
true! the talus which forms the ankle joint with the tibia and fibula
canal (meatus)
tunnel through a bone
maxillary bones
two fused bones that form the upper jaw, house the upper teeth, and connect to all other bones of the face, with the exception of the mandible
the pelvic girldle is made up of
two pelvic bones and the sacrum
the medial side of each lateral mass features ___
two projections into the nasal cavity called the superior and middle nasal conchae
the narrow distal epiphysis of the ulna contains the ___
ulnar head
what is the main difference between the radial head and the ulnar head?
ulnar head is at the distal epiphysis and the radial head is at the proximal epiphysis
at the widened distal epiphysis of the radius, we find an indentation called the ___
ulnar notch
manubrium
upper portion of the sternum
what are the bones of the vertebral column called?
vertebrae
the ___ is inferior to the skull
vertebral column
floating ribs
vertebral ribs Ribs 11-12; lacks attachment to the sternum
false ribs
vertebrochondral ribs ribs 8-10; attach indirectly to the sternum through their costal cartilage attaching to the cartilage of the 7th rib
true ribs
vertebrosternal ribs ribs 1-7; attach directly to sternum via their own costal cartilage
iliac crest
what you feel when you put your hands on your hips
where do we find skeletal cartilage
where two bones meet at articulations, or joints
describe the shape/size of the ulna
wide proximally and narrow distally
hamate
named for its anterior hooklike projection; articulates proximally with the triquetrum
describe the shape/size of the radius
narrow proximally and becomes progressively broader as we move down
fissure
narrow slit in a bone or between adjacent parts of bones
the weakest part of the femur that is most like to fracture
neck
two main components of intervertebral discs
nucleus pulposus and annulus fibrosus
protuberance example
occipital bone -external occipital protuberance
cribriform plate of ethmoid bone
on the superior surface and forms the roof of the nasal cavity
bone markings that allow blood vessels and nerves to travel through a bone, permit access to middle and inner ear, or encase delicate structures and protect them from trauma
openings
the lateral side of each lateral mass contributes to the ___
orbit
pubic symphysis
pad of fibrocartilage between the two pubic bones; where the two pubic bodies meet
facial bones (types)
paired -maxillary -zygomatic -nasal -lacrimal -palatine -inferior nasal conchal bones unpaired -mandible -vomer
four bones around the nasal cavity contain large sinuses called ___
paranasal sinuses
what bone articulates with the femur's patellar surface
patella
the smooth space between the condyles of the femur is called the ___
patellar surface
___ support the upper limb the upper limb and anchor it to the trunk
pectoral girdle
the bony ridge surrounding the pelvic inlet is the ___
pelvic brim
the pelvis establishes boundaries for the ___ which houses organs of the digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems
pelvic cavity
___ supports the lower limb and anchor it to its trunk
pelvic girdle
the ___ is the superior opening of the bony pelvis and is formed by the pelvic girdle and sacrum
pelvic inlet
purpose of thoracic cage
encase and protect the lungs, heart, and other delicate structures in the thoracic cavity
cranial bones (purpose)
encase the brain
radial tuberosity
end of the radial neck; sits on the medial side of the bone and is site of the biceps brachii muscle
kyphosis
excessive outward curvature of the spine, causing hunching of the back
perpendicular plate
extend inferiorly from the crista galli; forms part of nasal septum that divides the nasal cavity into two sides
greater wings of sphenoid bone
extend laterally from the body -temporal bone: form part of the middle cranial fossae -frontal bone: form part of the posterior walls of the orbit contain three foramina that allow the passage of blood vessels and nerves -foramen rotundum (anterior) -foramen ovale (middle) -foramen spinosum (posterior)
tympanic region of temporal bone
external acoustic meatus -entry into the canal that leads to the middle ear styloid process -a needle-like spur in the bone
orbits
eye sockets; contain the eyeballs
greater pelvis
false pelvis; portion of the pelvis superior to the pelvic brim
T/F ALL skull bones are united in adults by immovable joints called sutures
false! all with the exception of the mandible (lower jaw bone)
T/F skeleton just consists of bones
false! also consists of associated skeletal cartilages
T/F the fibula bears no weight
false! it does much bear much but it bears SOME
T/F the patella is a thigh bone
false! it just articulates with the femur (thigh bone)
T/F the male pelvis is generally wider and shallower than the female pelvis
false! the female pelvis is generally wider and shallower than the male pelvis
T/F all of the bones in the vertebral column are individual vertebrae?
false! the first 24 are individual vertebrae which encase the spinal cord but the two inferior bones, the sacrum and coccyx are made up of fused vertebrae
T/F all cavities in the skull have bony floors and posterior walls
false! the oral cavity has no bony floor or posterior wall, instead the floor and wall are formed by soft tissue including muscle and connective tissue
T/F the tibiofibular joints allow for a lot of movement, just like the radioulnar joints
false! the tibiofibular joints do not allow for as much movement which makes the lower limb more stable
T/F since floating ribs do not attach to sternum they do not have hyaline cartilage
false! they still contain hyaline cartilage
T/F hyoid bone is a skull bone
false; it is in close proximity to them but it does not articulate with any bone, instead its suspended in the superior neck by ligaments and muscles that attach it to the styloid process of the temporal bone and to the larynx
the largest and strongest bone of the body is the ___
femur
fovea example
femur -fovea capitis
trochanter example
femur -greater trochanter
line example
femur -linea aspera
intervertebral discs
fibrocartilage pads that separate and cushion the vertebrae in order to absorb shock, bind the vertebral column together, and help support the weight of the body
vertebral foramen shape of lumbar vertebrae
flattened triangular
what are found in fetal skulls but not in adult skulls?
fontanels
superior and middle nasal conchae
form part of the lateral walls of the nasal cavity and increase the turbulence of air flowing through the nasal passages
facial bones (purpose)
form the framework of the face
zygomatic process
forms part of the zygomatic arch
sternum
forms the anterior, median part of the rib cage and is divided into three parts
mandibular body
forms the chin and meets the two rami at the right and left mandibular angles -mental foramen (small hole in chin) -inferior teeth (housed in deep sockets called dental alveoli within a ridge known as alveolar process
axial skeleton
forms the longitudinal axis of the body
ilium
forms the top part of the pelvic bone
radial styloid process
found at lateral tip of radius; forms lateral boundary of wrist and provides joint stabilization
occipital condyles
found on either side of the foramen magnum and articulate with the first cervical vertebrae
foramen example
frontal bone -supraorbital foramen
sinuses in frontal bone
frontal sinuses
the frontal bone forms the ___, or forehead
frontal squama
the oral cavity is the first part of the ___
gastrointestinal tract
what animal do the thoracic vertebrae look like?
giraffe
a ___ is a structure that surrounds and supports something
girdle
the head of the humerus articulates with the ___ to form the shoulder joint
glenoid cavity
the pelvic brim defines the boundaries between the ___ and ___
greater pelvis; lesser pelvis
the anatomical term for the big toe
hallux
the proximal epiphysis of the humerus features a ball-shaped humeral ___ on its medial side
head
structure of ribs
head (capitulum) -rounded; articulates with the body of thoracic vertebrae -inferior and superior articular facet neck -lateral to the head -runs along the transverse process tubercle -a projection of bone that articulates with the transverse process of the vertebrae shaft/body -curves interiorly at an angle
foramen
hole in a bone
plates of palatine bones
horizontal plates -form the posterior part of the hard palate -smaller perpendicular plate -vertical projections that form part of the lateral walls of the nasal cavity and a tiny piece of the orbit -larger
fossa
indentation in a bone into which another structure fits
the superior articular facet of one vertebrae form joints with the ___ of the vertebrae above it
inferior articulate facet
pterygoid processes
inferior protections of the sphenoid bone -form part of the posterior wall of the oral and nasal cavities and are the site of attachment for muscles of mastication (chewing)
lesser sciatic notch
inferior to ischial spine; provides a passageway for blood vessels and nerves
what is the xiphoid process made of
initially hyaline cartilage but is usually fully ossified by age 40
how are the radius and ulna held together
interosseous membrane
what separates the greater and lesser tubercles
intertubercular sulcus or bicipital groove
the superior and inferior vertebral notches off successive vertebrae stacked on top of each other form the ___
intervertebral foramina
components of the ischium that form a C shape
ischial body and ischial ramus
what bears our weight when we sit?
ischial tuberosities
What makes the sphenoid bone unique?
it articulates with every other cranial bone
how does the shape of greater pelvis differ in males and females
it is wider in females, with the anterior superior iliac spines farther apart, and with flared iliac crests
olecranon
knob of the elbow; posterior side of trochlear notch
the lacrimal bones contain a depression called ___ through which ___
lacrimal fossa; tears drain
body shape and size of thoracic vertebrae
large and heart shaped; contain costal facets
obturator foramen
large hole in the anterior pelvis formed by the ischium and the pubis through which nerves and blood vessels pass
trochanter
large process found only on the femur
central body of the sphenoid bone
largely hollow, containing air filled sphenoidal sinuses -anterior surface: two optic foramina leading to two optic canals (through which nerves that transmit vision pass) -superior surface: saddle like depression called sella turcica (houses pituitary glands)
body shape and size of lumbar vertebrae
largest and kidney-shaped
calcaneus
largest tarsal bone; makes up the heel of the foot
radius
lateral bone of the forearm
glenoid cavity
lateral depression of the scapula that articulates with the humerus at the shoulder joint
acromial end of clavicle
lateral end of the clavicle that articulates with the acromion of the scapula
the two temporal bones form the ___ of the cranium
lateral walls
lateral longitudinal arch
less prominent arch of the foot; extends from the lateral side of the calcaneus to metatarsals IV and V (from the heel to the little toe)
in addition to the intervertebral discs, a number of ___ support the vertebral column
ligaments and muscles
ethmoid bone
located deep in the anterior cranium between the eyes and posterior to the nasal bones contains: -cribriform plate -crista galli -perpendicular plate -ethmoidal sinuses -superior/middle nasal conchae
metatarsals
long bones of the foot
groove (sulcus)
long indentation along which a narrow structure travels
line
long narrow ridge of bone; less prominent than a crest
transverse process of thoracic vertebrae
long; contain articular facets for ribs
spinous process of thoracic vertebrae
long; point inferiorly
condyle example
mandible -mandibular condyle
three parts of the sternum
manubrium, body, xiphoid process
the hand is also called the ___
manus
mastoid process is filled with tiny sinuses called ___
mastoid air cells
ulna
medial bone of the forearm
sternal end of the clavicle
medial end of the clavicle that articulates with the manubrium of the sternum
The distal epiphysis of the humerus has two flared ends, the ___, which are sites of muscle attachment
medial epicondyle and lateral epicondyle
tibia
medial leg bone
the borders of the body of the scapula
medial, lateral and superior borders
what is the long bone of the fingers/toes
phalanges
fovea capitis
pit on the head of femur; a ligament attaches from the acetabulum to this spot to help stabilize the hip joint
the thumb is called the ___ and has what bones?
pollex; only has proximal and distal phalanx
the occipital bone forms the posterior part of the cranial cavity and the ___
posterior cranial fossa
ischial body
posterior part of the ischium; forms the acetabulum
what are the tarsals (names)
-lateral cuneiform -intermediate cuneiform -medial cuneiform -cuboid -navicular -talus -calcaneus
petrous region of temporal bone
-located on the internal or medial surface where it forms part of the middle cranial fossa -contains: internal acoustic meatus, jugular foramen, carotid canal, foramen lacerum
parts of the tibia
-medial and lateral condyles -intercondylar eminence -tibial tuberosity -anterior crest -medial malleolus
parts of the ulna
-olecranon -coronoid process -radial notch of the ulna -trochlear notch -body -ulnar head -styloid process
small cavities in the skull that house delicate structures
-orbits -nasal cavity -oral cavity
Spinous process of vertebra
-projects posteriorly from vertebral arch -site for muscle attachment -helps protect spinal cord
each finger (minus the thumb) has 3 bones:
-proximal phalanx -middle (or intermediate) phalanx -distal phalanx
parts of the radius
-radial head -radial neck -radial tuberosity -ulnar notch -radial styloid process
what are the carpals (names)
-scaphoid -lunate -triquetrum -pisiform -trapezium -trapezoid -capitate -hamate
paranasal sinuses
-sinuses within the frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillary bones -connect to nasal cavity through small bony openings -lined with mucous membranes
the basic parts of the skeleton are
-skull -vertebral column -thoracic cage -pectoral girdle -upper limb -pelvic girdle -lower limb
four regions of each temporal bone
-squamous region -tympanic region -mastoid region -petrous region
parts of the clavicle
-sternal end -acromial end -conoid tubercle
three parts of the pubis bone that form a C shape
-superior pubic ramus -pubic body -inferior pubic ramus
features of the frontal bone
-supraorbital margins -supraorbital foramen -glabella
squamous region of temporal bone
-the bones broad, flat surface -contains: zygomatic process and mandibular fossa
transverse process of vertebrae
-the portion of the vertebrae that points out laterally -serve as attachment sites for muscles
three parts of the lower limb
-thigh -leg -ankle/foot
scapula
-triangular -the posterolateral bone of the pectoral girdle that articulates with the humerus and the clavicle -sits on the posteriosuperior rib cage, extending from ribs 2-7
palatine bones
-two -L-shaped -located in the posterior nasal cavity between the maxillae and pterygoid processes of the sphenoid -each one is composed of two plates
nasal bones
-two -form bridge of the nose -articulate with the hyaline cartilage that form most of the framework of the nose
zygomatic bones
-two -form the bulk of the cheekbone -form the lateral all and part of the inferior border of the orbit
lacrimal bones
-two -smallest and most delicate facial bones -found in the medial wall of the orbit
superior and inferior articular processes
-two small processes found at the junctions of the pedicles and laminae -surfaces of both contain smooth regions called facets that are covered with hyaline cartilage
how many phalanges in the bones of fingers?
14
the bones of the tow consist of ___ phalanges
14
how many bones are in the skull
22 (8 cranial, 14 facial)
How many intervertebral discs are there?
23
how many bones (vertebrae) in vertebral column
33
how many bones in a vertebral column (adult)
33
atlas(C1) and axis(C2) shape and size
C1 lacks body C2 has the dens of the superior surface of its body
annulus fibrosus
Composed of fibrocartilage, it is the outer portion/ring of the intervertebral disc
rib cage
Consists of 12 pairs of ribs and the anterior costal cartilage
pectoral girdle
Consists of the clavicle and scapula; reside along the superior and posterior thoracic cage; support the upper limb, particularly the humerus and are sites of muscle attachment
how does the acetabula differ in males and females
Female acetabula are generally farther apart and pointed more anteriorly than those of males. This affects gait patterns, giving many women a "swaying" walk.
fossa example
Humerus -distal portion with olecranon fossa
arcuate line
Marks where ilium forms part of pelvic brim; runs from auricular surface along body of ilium
greater and lesser tubercles
On humerus, attachments for muscles that move the arm and shoulder (proximal end)
what's a good way to remember the location of the radius and ulna
PU! pinky - ulna
olecranon
The posterior, proximal projection from the ulna; commonly known as the "elbow"
how does the pubic arch differ in males and females
The pubic arch in females tends to have an angle between 90° and 100°, whereas the male pubic arch has a narrower angle of 60°-70°. If an investigator has only a single pelvic bone, the angle of the pubic arch can still be estimated by holding the bone against a mirror and measuring the angle in the reflection.
radial neck
The slender segment of the radius between the head and the radial tuberosity.
nemonic to remember the tarsal bones
This College Needs Me In Lab Classes
the articulation between the acromion of the scapula and the lateral portion of the clavicle
acromioclavicular (AC) joint
what joint does the acromial end of the clavicle form
acromioclavicular joint
the spine of the clavicle terminates in the enlarged ___.
acromion
purpose of the mucous membranes in the paranasal sinuses
air flowing through the nasal cavity passes through the small openings into the sinuses, where the mucous membranes filter, warm, and humidify the air
sinuses
air-filled membrane lined spaces
greater sciatic notch
allows blood vessels and the large sciatic nerve to pass from the pelvis posteriorly into the thigh
supraorbital foramen
allows the passage of blood vessels (supraorbital artery) and nerves to the forehead
formanen lacerum
allows the passage of small blood vessels and nerves
supraorbital foramen location
along the middle of the supraorbital margin
articulations containing fibrocartilage are found
between the vertebrae and two pelvic bones
scaphoid carpal bone
boat shaped; articulates with the radius
bones have a number of surface features (depressions, openings, and projections) known as
bone markings
contained in axial skeleton
bones of the skull, vertebral column, and the thoracic cage
pelvis
bowl shaped bony structure formed by the two coal bones ad the sacrum
how to remember the number of vertebrae
breakfast at 7 (cervical) lunch a 12 (thoracic) dinner at 5 (lumbar)
vertebral foramen
canal through which spinal cord passes
the short bones of the wrist are called
carpals
the wrist/hand consist of the
carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges
the wrist is also called the ___
carpus
divisions of the cranial base
divided into 3 indentations/fossae -anterior -middle -posterior
vertebral arch
composed of pedicles, laminae, and a spinous process, it represents the junction of all posterior extensions from the vertebral body -inferior side of pedicles curve up creating a deep inferior vertebral notch -superior side of pedicles curve up creating a superior vertebral notch -the pedicles merge into the laminae which enclose the posterior part of the vertebral foramina
patellar ligament
connects the tibial tuberosity to the quadriceps tendon -inserts into the tibia and secures there patella over the anterior knee
near the acromial end of the clavicle we the ___, which is the site of muscle attachment
conoid tubercle
thoracic cage
consists of -sternum -12 pairs of ribs -thoracic vertebrae
appendicular skeleton
consists of the bones of the upper and lower limbs and the pectoral and pelvic girdles
transverse process of cervical vertebrae
contain transverse foramina
mastoid region of temporal bone
contains the thick projection called mastoid process which is posterior and lateral to the styloid process
the anterior surface of the scapula features a hook-shaped projection called ___
coracoid process
the concave internal surface of the shaft contains a groove called the ___. what is the function of this?
costal groove, along which blood vessels and nerves travel
the 8 cranial bones form
cranial cavity
cranial cavity consists of a superior portion, called ___ and an inferior portion, called ___
cranial vault; cranial base
tiny nerves that detect smell pass through the ___ from the nasal cavity to the brain
cribriform (olfactory) foramen
intercondylar fossa of femur
deep depression located between the two condyles and beneath the popliteal surface
bone markings that allow blood vessels and nerves to travel along a bone, or provide a place where two bones can articulate (form a joint)
depressions
cervical curvature
develops when a child begins to hold up its head
lumbar curvature
develops when baby begins to walk
the metacarpals articulate with the ___ proximally and the ___ distally
distal carpal bones; bones of the fingers
medial and lateral malleolus
distal ends of the tibia and fibula that become the medial and lateral ankle bones
interosseous membrane
distributes the force borne by the bones more equally, reducing the load on each bone
oral cavity
houses teeth, the tongue, and structures such as certain salivary glands
nasal cavity
houses the scenery receptors for smell
The largest and strongest bone of the upper limb, and the only bone of the brachium, or arm, is the ___
humerus
the arm consists of the
humerus
tubercle example
humerus -deltoid tuberosity
head example
humerus -head
epicondyle example
humerus -medial epicondyle
the radius and ulna articulate with the ___ at their proximal ends and with the ___ at their distal ends
humerus; carpal bones
skeletal cartilages are composed of
hyaline and fibrocartilage
causes of scoliosis
idiopathic (80% of cases) -unknown cause congenital -caused by deformities present at birth neuromuscular -caused by abnormalities or trauma to the nerves and muscles around the vertebral column)
how does a hyoid aid in forensics
if this bone is broken it indicates that a crime victim was strangled
the superior boundary of the ala of the ilium is the ___
iliac crest
crest example
ilium -iliac crest
the five long bones of the hand are called
metacarpals
what animal do the lumbar vertebrae look like?
moose
spinous process of cervical vertebrae
most are fork-shaped; C1 lacks a spinous process
what is the function of the cartilage on the anterior portion of the ribs
mostly composed of hyaline e cartilage which gives the rib cage some flexibility during movement and breathing
what joint does the sternal end of the clavicle form
sternoclavicular joint
purpose of bones in the appendicular skeleton
structured largely for motion and act primarily as levers and supportive structures ti which muscles attach
the medial side of the ulnar head has a small ___
styloid process
Inferior to the coracoid process on the scapula is a broad indentation called ___
subscapular fossa
what muscle attaches to the subscapular fossa
subscapularis muscle
parts of the ilium
superior flared ala inferior body
what is found between the greater and lesser wings of the sphenoid bone
superior orbital fissure
crista galli
superior projection of the cribriform plate to which membranes that surround the brain attach
superior and inferior pubic rami
superior pubic ramus contributes to the acetabulum both rami form parts of the boundary of the obturator foramen
the two parietal bones for the ___ and part of the ___ of the cranial vault
superior wall; lateral wall
the area superior to the spine of the clavicle is called the ___while the area inferior to the spine is the ___
supraspinous fossa; infraspinous fossa
The junction between the proximal epiphysis and the diaphysis is a region called the ___
surgical neck
