A&P Chapter 9 Test 2

Which type or types of joints connect the fingers and toes with the metacarpals and metatarsals? a synovial joint a biaxial joint an ellipsoidal joint

All of the listed responses are correct.

Which type(s) of joints connect(s) the fingers and toes with the metacarpals and metatarsals? A synovial joint An ellipsoidal joint A biaxial joint

All of the listed responses are correct.

It seems like we hear about hip fractures occurring often in elderly people. Why are hip fractures likely in this strong joint?

Weight distribution is not aligned along the shaft of the femur.

What is a diarthrosis?

a freely movable joint

If the nucleus pulposus breaks through the outer fibrocartilage ring of the intervertebral disc, this condition is called ____________.

a herniated disc

What is a meniscus?

a pad of fibrocartilage within a synovial joint

A bursa is __________ that decreases friction within a synovial joint.

a sac of synovial fluid

An immovable joint is called __________.

a synarthrosis

What is a suture an example of?

a synarthrosis

A movement away from the longitudinal axis of the body in the frontal plane is __________.

abduction

Movement away from the midline of the body, as viewed in the anatomical position.

abduction

Spreading your toes apart is __________.

abduction

What is the term for the movement away from the longitudinal axis of the body?

abduction

Which of the following describes movement away from the longitudinal axis of the body in the frontal plane?

abduction

In a shoulder separation, the __________.

acromioclavicular joint undergoes partial or complete separation

If you run your fingers along the superior surface of the shoulder joint, you will feel a process called the __________.

acromion

If you run your fingers along the superior surface of the shoulder joint, you will feel the process called the __________.

acromion

Movement toward the axis or midline of the body, as viewed in the anatomical position.

adduction

Even though the specific cause may vary, arthritis always involves damage to the __________.

articular cartilages

Even though the specific cause varies, arthritis always involves damage to the __________.

articular cartilages

A joint.

articulation

The popliteal ligaments extend between the femur and the heads of the tibia and fibula, reinforcing the __________.

back of the knee joint

What type of joint is the shoulder joint?

ball-and-socket

Which type of synovial joint is the most freely movable and performs all combinations of angular and rotational movements?

ball-and-socket

The shoulder and hip joints are examples of __________.

ball-and-socket joints

Which of the following describes an articulation that allows movement along two axes?

biaxial

Match the joint with the characteristic motion ellipsoidal

biaxial joint

Match the joint to their classification synostosis

bony fusion

When the nucleus pulposus is compressed by the adjacent vertebrae, causing distortion of the anulus fibrosus into the spinal canal, the result is a __________.

bulging disc

A fluid-filled pocket containing synovial fluid found in joints to protect where a tendon or ligament rubs against a bone is a __________.

bursa

A fluid-filled pocket containing synovial fluid that is found in joints and protects where a tendon or ligament rubs against a bone is a __________.

bursa

A small sac filled with synovial fluid that cushions adjacent structures and reduces friction.

bursa

Which of the following are small pockets filled with synovial fluid that are found where a tendon or ligament rubs against other tissues?

bursae

Match the joint to their classification symphysis

cartilaginous amphiarthrosis

Match the joint to their classification synchondrosis

cartilaginous synarthrosis

A movement at a synovial joint in which the distal end of the bone moves in a circular direction, but the shaft does not rotate.

circumduction

A characteristic decrease in height with advanced age may result from __________.

decreased water content of the nucleus pulposus in an intervertebral disc

Flexion is defined as movement that __________.

decreases the angle between articulating elements

Inferior (downward) movement of a body part.

depression

A synovial joint.

diarthrosis

Which of the following organ systems is responsible for providing calcium and phosphate minerals required for bone growth?

digestive system

What is the term for the condition that results when articulating bone surfaces are subjected to severe stress and are forced out of normal condition?

dislocation

Which of the following joints is correctly matched with its joint type?

distal tibia and fibula articulation: cartilaginous

Upward movement of the foot through flexion at the ankle.

dorsiflexion

Movement in a superior, or upward, direction.

elevation

What two movements are carried out when you open and close your mouth?

elevation and depression

The metacarpal and metatarsal bones articulate with the fingers and the toes, respectively. This creates what type of synovial joint?

ellipsoid

Which of the following is an example of a synchondrosis?

epiphyseal plate

A turning outward.

eversion

An increase in the angle between two articulating bones; the opposite of flexion.

extension

Match the term with the correct definition hyperextension

extension past anatomical position

Structures that are associated with a synovial joint but are commonly superficial to the joint capsule and that help protect the articular cartilage are ____________.

fat pads

The type of tissue that comprises the outer ring of the intervertebral disc is _______.

fibrocartilage

Match the joint to their classification syndesmosis

fibrous amphiarthrosis

Match the joint to their classification gomphosis

fibrous synarthrosis

Which of the following ligaments does NOT connect the tibia and the femur? Posterior cruciate ligament Fibular collateral ligament Tibial collateral ligament Anterior cruciate ligament

fibular collateral ligament

A movement that decreases the angle between two articulating bones; the opposite of extension.

flexion

Which of the following describes movement that reduces the angle between two articulating bones?

flexion

The hip and shoulder are multiaxial joints that permit what types of movement?

flexion and extension, adduction and abduction, circumduction, and rotation

Movements of the vertebral column are limited to __________.

flexion and extension, lateral flexion, and rotation

The type of joint that involves flat or slightly curved joint surfaces and that allows slight nonaxial movement is a ________ joint.

gliding

The type of joint that allows flexion, lateral flexion, and rotation of the vertebral column is a ____________.

gliding joint

Intervertebral articulations are __________.

gliding joints that permit small movements

The fibrous joint that holds a tooth in the bony socket of the jawbone is a ____________.

gomphosis

The type of synarthrosis that binds each tooth to the surrounding bony socket is a __________.

gomphosis

When the nucleus pulposus breaks through the annulus and enters the vertebral canal, the result is a(n) __________.

herniated disc

What type of joint is the elbow?

hinge

Which joint includes structures such as the acetabulum, ligamentum teres, and iliofemoral ligament?

hip

Extension of a body part past the anatomical position.

hyperextension

The movement that allows you to gaze at the ceiling is __________.

hyperextension

You are standing in the anatomical position. You extend one leg behind you. What is that motion called?

hyperextension

Match the term with the correct definition extension

increasing the angle between articulating elements

Match the term with the correct definition adduction

moving toward the longitudinal axis of the body, restoring anatomical position

Match the joint with the characteristic motion gliding

nonaxial joint

The gelatinous central region of an intervertebral disc.

nucleus pulposus

The soft, gelatinous core of the intervertebral disc is called the __________.

nucleus pulposus

The term for a partial dislocation of the radial head from the annular ligament is called __________.

nursemaid's elbow

What is the special movement of the thumb that enables it to grasp and hold an object?

opposition

Match the following accessory structure of this joint with their functions meniscus

pad of fibrocartilage that may channel the flow of synovial fluid

Referring to the sole of the foot; muscles; plantar reflex.

plantar

Ankle extension; toe pointing.

plantar flexion

The movement illustrated by a ballerina pointing her toes is __________.

plantar flexion

The movement in which the palm is moved to face posteriorly is _______.

pronation

The opposing movement of supination is __________.

pronation

The rotation of the forearm that makes the palm face posteriorly.

pronation

Match the following accessory structure of this joint with their functions fat pad

protects articular cartilage and acts as packing material for the joint

Movement anteriorly in the horizontal plane.

protraction

You can make a scary face by grabbing your bottom lip with your top teeth. When you do this, your mandible moves in an anterior direction. This is an example of __________.

protraction

You can make a scary face by grabbing your upper lip with your bottom teeth. When you do this, your mandible moves in an anterior direction. This is an example of __________.

protraction

The amphiarthrotic articulation that allows limited movement between the two pubic bones is the __________.

pubic symphysis

The amphiarthrotic articulation that limits movements between the two pubic bones is the __________.

pubic symphysis

Match the following accessory structure of this joint with their functions bursae

reduce friction and act as shock absorbers

Match the term with the correct definition flexion

reducing the angle between articulating elements

Movement posteriorly in the horizontal plane.

retraction

A general term used to describe pain in muscles, tendons, bones, or joints.

rheumatism

Pain and stiffness affecting the skeletal and/or muscular system may be caused by __________.

rheumatism

Pain and stiffness affecting the skeletal system and/or muscular system may be caused by __________.

rheumatism

Which of the following is an autoimmune disease affecting the joints?

rheumatoid arthritis

A pivot joint permits __________.

rotation only

The carpometacarpal joint at the base of the thumb is an example of a __________.

saddle joint

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of synovial joints? articular cartilages short fibers connecting two bones a fluid-filled joint cavity accessory structures such as bursae and fat pads

short fibers connecting two bones

With what joint is the term rotator cuff associated?

shoulder

Which joint permits the greatest range of motion of any joint in the body?

shoulder joint

When a ligament is stretched to the point at which some of the collagen fibers are torn, the resulting injury is called a __________.

sprain

When a ligament is stretched to the point that some of the collagen fibers are torn, the resulting injury is called a __________.

sprain

The rotation of the forearm such that the palm faces anteriorly.

supination

Match the following accessory structure of this joint with their functions intracapsular ligaments

support the wall of the joint from inside the capsule

What is the term for an immovable joint that holds together the flat bones of the skull?

suture

A fibrous amphiarthrosis, such as that between adjacent vertebrae or between the pubic bones of the coxal bones.

symphysis

Joints, or articulations, are classified on the basis of their degree of movement. From the following selections, choose the list that identifies the joints in this order: no movement, slightly movable, freely movable.

synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis, diarthrosis

A fibrous joint that is slightly movable is called a ____________.

syndesmosis

A fluid-filled chamber in a synovial joint.

synovial cavity

The substance secreted by synovial membranes that lubricates joints.

synovial fluid

A freely movable joint where the opposing bone surfaces are separated by synovial fluid; a diarthrosis.

synovial joint

Which type of joint is freely movable?

synovial joint

The distal end of the tibia articulates with the __________ to form a synovial __________ joint.

talus; hinge

The structures that pass across or around a joint, limiting range of motion and providing support, are __________.

tendons

In a shoulder separation, __________.

the acromioclavicular joint undergoes partial or complete separation

In the hip joint, the arrangement that keeps the head of the femur from moving away from the acetabulum is __________.

the articular capsule enclosing the femoral head and neck

Match the joint with the characteristic motion ball-and-socket

triaxial joint

Your hand is pronated when __________.

your palm faces backward

Why is the elbow joint quite stable? The bony surfaces of the humerus and ulna interlock. The capsule is reinforced by stout ligaments. The articular capsule is very thick.

All of the listed responses are correct.

Which of the following statements about the elbow and knee is true?

Both the elbow and knee are hinge joints.

Which of the following are small pockets filled with synovial fluid and are found where a tendon or ligament rubs against other tissues?

Bursae

You are hiking in the mountains and the trail goes around the side of the mountain. The trail slopes outwards such that your feet are tilted and one foot is below the other. What are the movements to position your feet that let you walk on the tilted trail?

Inversion and eversion

Which of the following is NOT a function of synovial fluid? Lubrication Shock absorption Joining the bones together Nutrient supply

Joining the bones together

Fibrocartilage pads are important in stabilizing which joint?

Knee

What is the term for the pad of fibrocartilage found between opposing bones in some synovial joints?

Meniscus

What is responsible for the dynamic nature of the skeleton and its continual remodeling?

Osteoblast and osteoclast activity

What are the two types of joints that allow rotation?

Pivot joints and ball-and-socket joints

If you are standing on your tiptoes to reach something on the upper shelf, what movement are you doing with your feet?

Plantar flexion

What structure is NOT part of a synovial joint but may still support it? Fat pads Fibrous capsule Ligaments Tendons

Tendons

Which ligaments connect the bodies of the vertebrae together?

The anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments

Which of the following joints is NOT classified as a synovial hinge joint?

The atlantoaxial articulation

In a ball and socket shoulder joint, what structure is the ball and what is the socket?

The ball is the head of the humerus and the socket is the glenoid cavity.

Which of the following statements about the knee is FALSE? The knee is a biaxial hinge joint. The cruciate ligaments are intracapsular ligaments that stabilize the femur. The bones that articulate with the knee joint are the femur, tibia, and fibula.

The bones that articulate with the knee joint are the femur, tibia, and fibula.

The elbow joint is much more stable than the shoulder joint. Which of the following is NOT a cause for the stability in the elbow joint?

The elbow has a cuff of muscular tendons stabilizing the joint.

What is the unique compromise of the articulations in the appendicular skeleton?

The stronger the joint, the more restricted the range of motion.

Why are the elbow and knee called hinge joints?

They permit angular movement in a single plane.

All the sutures of the skull are synarthrotic joints.

True

The only saddle joint in the human body is in the thumb.

True

What mechanism allows standing for prolonged periods without continually contracting the extensor muscles?

A slight lateral rotation of the tibia tightens the anterior cruciate ligament and joins the meniscus between the tibia and femur.

What is the function or functions of synovial fluid that fills the joint cavity? It acts as a shock absorber. It nourishes the chondrocytes. It provides lubrication.

All of the listed responses are correct.

Which part or parts of the vertebral column do NOT contain intervertebral discs? sacrum coccyx first and second cervical vertebrae

All of the listed responses are correct.

You have been called to the whiteboard in geometry class, and told to draw a circle, 1 foot in diameter, on the board. What movement would you be doing with your arm to draw the circle?

Circumduction

Which of the following organ systems is responsible for providing the minerals, calcium, and phosphate required for bone growth?

Digestive system

What is the term for the condition that results when articulating bone surfaces are subjected to severe stress and are forced out of their normal positions?

Dislocation

When you are doing pushups and you start in the prone position, what movement of the elbow joint is performed to raise your body up?

Extension

Rotation and circumduction describe the same motion.

False

The only joint in the human body that allows for complete, 360-degree rotational movement is the articulation between C1 and C2.

False

The pubic symphysis and the articulations between vertebral bodies are examples of two synovial joints.

False

What is the structural classification of the joints that form when the bones of the cranium grow and articulate as a structure in an infant?

Fibrous joints

There are structures that prevent excessive movement and stabilize the joint. Which structure does NOT help stabilize a synovial joint?

Synovial fluid

Joints, or articulations, are classified on the basis of their degrees of movement. From the following selections, choose the group of terms that identifies the joints in this order: no movement, slightly movable, freely movable.

Synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis, diarthrosis

Which joint results from the fusion of two bones?

Synostosis

A freely movable diarthrotic joint is always what type of structural joint?

Synovial

Match the following accessory structure of this joint with their functions tendons

although not part of the articulation, pass around the capsule and limit the range of motion

A joint (articulation) that permits a small degree of independent movement; see interosseous membrane and pubic symphysis.

amphiarthrosis

What is the term for a slightly movable joint?

amphiarthrosis

A slightly movable joint is called __________.

an amphiarthrosis

A symphysis is an example of __________.

an amphiarthrosis

A syndesmosis is an example of __________.

an amphiarthrosis

The joint between the atlas and the occipital bone is an example of __________ joint.

an ellipsoid

What is the tough outer layer of fibrocartilage found in the intervertebral discs?

annulus fibrosus

A cartilage or bone shaped like a ring; also spelled annulus.

anulus

What is the term for rheumatic diseases that affect the synovial joints?

arthritis

Bones that participate in a synovial joint have ________ cartilage at the end of each bone.

articular

The dense collagen fiber sleeve that surrounds a joint and provides protection and stabilization; also called joint capsule.

articular capsule

The cartilage pad that covers the surface of a bone inside a joint cavity.

articular cartilage

The joint surfaces of the bones of a synovial joint are covered with _______________.

articular cartilage

Match the following accessory structure of this joint with their functions extracapsular ligaments

interconnects articulating bones and passes outside capsule

A fibrocartilage pad between the bodies of successive vertebrae that absorbs shocks.

intervertebral disc

The annulus fibrosus and nucleus pulposus are structures that are associated with __________.

intervertebral discs

Vertebrae are separated by pads of fibrocartilage called __________.

intervertebral discs

A turning inward.

inversion

A twisting motion that turns the sole of the foot inward is __________.

inversion

Abduction and adduction are movements that _________.

involve only the appendicular skeleton

An area where adjacent bones interact; also called articulation.

joint

Fibrocartilage pads are important is stabilizing which joint?

knee

Which joint includes the patella?

knee

A lip or rim.

labrum

A dense band of connective tissue fibers that attaches one bone to another.

ligament

The correct term to identify a dislocated joint is __________.

luxation

A fibrocartilage pad between opposing surfaces in a joint.

meniscus

What is the term for a pad of fibrocartilage found between opposing bones in some synovial joints?

meniscus

If an articulation permits only angular movement in the forward/backward plane, or prevents any movement other than rotation around its longitudinal axis, it is __________.

monaxial

Match the joint with the characteristic motion hinge

monoaxial joint

Match the term with the correct definition abduction

movement away from the longitudinal axis of the body

Match the term with the correct definition circumduction

movement in a loop

The ligamentum flavum is a ligament that connects __________.

the laminae of adjacent vertebrae

A complete dislocation of the knee is extremely unlikely because of __________.

the seven major ligaments that stabilize the knee joint

Which of the following joints permits the greatest range of motion in the body?

the shoulder