A&P Chapters 1-4

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characteristics of cancer

1 hyperplasia- uncontrolled cell division (cells activate telomerase - continually rebuilds chromosomes so that cells are not signaled to stop dividing) 2 dedifferentiation- cells lose many of the specialized structures/functions 3 invasiveness- cells break through boundaries (basement membranes) that separate cell layers within some organs 4 angiogenesis- cells induce extension of blood vessels (nourish cells and remove wastes 5 metastasis- cells spread (metastasize) to other tissues; cand etach from their original mass and move from their place of origin, into bloodstream or lymphatic system

elastic connective tissue

Dense connective tissue Description- Many folds allow for expansion. Ground substance- Gel Fiber types- Elastic Cell types- Fibroblast Location- Lung tissue and aorta

dense regular connective tissue

Description- Fibers run parallel. The tissue looks like old wallpaper. Ground substance- Gel Fiber types-Collagen Cell types- Fibroblast Location- Tendons and ligaments Function- Connects different tissues.

blood

Description- Fully covered in dots. Ground substance- Plasma Fiber types- Fibrin Cell types- erythrocytes and leukocytes Location- Within blood vessels

skeletal muscle

Description- Layers with thin separation Characteristics- excitable, striated and voluntary. Location- Biceps and Triceps

hyaline cartilage

Description- Most abundant and weakest. No fibers can be seen because of refractive index of light. Ground substance- Solid Fiber types- Collagen Cell types- Chondrocyte Location- Fetal skeleton and embryonic skeleton.

dense irregular connective tissue

Description- Randomly oriented fibers. Ground substance- Gel Fiber types- Collagen Cell types- Fibroblast Location- Fasciae and joint capsules

fibrocartilage

Description- Strongest. Ground substance- Solid Fiber types- Collagen Cell types- Chondrocyte Location- Meniscus of knee and intervertebral discs

cardiac muscle

Description- Thick layers with many nuclei. The tissue is light in color.Slim lines between fibers are interclated discs. Characteristics- Excitable and non-voluntary. Location- Heart only.

elastic cartilage

Description- Very large lacunae. Ground substance- Solid Fiber types- Collagen Cell types- Chondrocyte Location- Auricle and larynx

neuron

Found in brain, spinal cord, nerves - transmit signals

compact bone

Ground substance- Solid Fiber types- Collagen Cell types- Osteocyte Location- Bones

areolar connective tissue

Loose connective tissue Description- Loose, unorganized, spacious tissue. Ground substance- Gel Fiber types- Collagen fibers Cell types- Macrophages and fibroblasts Location- Everywhere. Beneath the dermis. Most abundant. Attaches skin to underlying tissues and organs.

reticular connective tissue

Loose connective tissue Description- Thin branching structures. Similar to areolar but less open space and more noticable framework. Ground substance- Gel Fiber types- Reticular fibers Cell types- Reticular cells and lymph cells Location- Liver and spleen

Physiology

Study of how the body and its body parts work and function

What occurs if the structure of a body part changes ?

The function changes

simple columnar epithelium

These large epithelial cells are specialized for absorption, and are commonly found in areas where there is considerable wear and tear, such as the digestive tract.

adipose tissue

aka FAT, beneath skin, around kidneys and eyeballs, abdominal membranes. Function: Protective cushion, insulation to preserve body heat, stores energy, cells are called adipocyte

Functions of the Nervous system

allow body to respond to inside and outside stimuli

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

appear "stratified" but really a single layer with nuclei at various levels giving the appearance of layered cells. Usually ciliated (tiny, hair-like projections for sweeping materials along a surface). Contains goblet cells. - Function: secretion and cilia-aided movement - Location: lining air passages like the trachea and tubes of the reproductive system

mucous membrane

body membrane: lines all body cavities that open to the exterior; composed of various epithelial tissue (mostly stratified squamous or simple columnar) resting on loose connective tissue; wet or moist membrane continuously bathed in secretions

serous membrane

body membrane: lines body cavities that are closed to the exterior; composed of a layer of simple squamous epithelium resting on a thin layer of areolar connective tissue; membranes work in pairs parietal and visceral (next to the organ) and secrete serous fluid in between the two layers; organs can slide easily across the cavity walls and each other with a minimum of friction

synovial membrane

body membrane: lines joints and small sacs of connective tissue called bursea and tendon sheaths in order to cushion and lubricate during activity; composed of connective tissue only

cutaneous membrane

body membrane: skin; superficial epidermis is composed of a stratified squamous keratinizing epithelium while underlying dermis is dense, fibrous connective tissue; exposed to air and is a dry membrane

Components of the Skeletal system

bones, cartlidges, ligaments and joints

Components of the Nervous System

brain, spinal cord, nerves and sensory receptors

malignant

cancerous

Levels of Structural organization sequence

chemical level, cellular level, tissue level, organ level, organ system level and organism level

Organ

composed of two or more tissue types and performs a specific function for the body

compact bone

connective tissue: composed of osteons or haversian systems; osteons form concentric circles throughout it; has osteonic canal or haversian canal (extends through middle of osteon, contains blood vessels)

elastic cartilage

connective tissue: elastic fibers dominate the matrix and weave through the chondrocytes; found in ears, end of nose, epiglottis

dense irregular connective tissue

connective tissue: fibers extend in various directions; found in skin and round bone and cartilage

dense regular connective tissue

connective tissue: fibers extend parallel to each other; found in tendons and ligaments

blood

connective tissue: has living cells; plasma is the fluid matrix that contains fibers that come into action during clotting; transports gases, nutrients, wastes, etc.

bone

connective tissue: matrix (intercellular material) is filled with mineral salts and collagen fibers; durable and hard; has osteocytes (secrete bone matrix, embedded in chambers called lacunae); 2 types

cartilage

connective tissue: more solid than connective tissue proper; has a matrix of protein fibers and thickened ground substance; has chondrocytes (cartilage cells that maintain the matrix, embedded in small chambers called lacunae); has perichondium (dense connective tissue that surrounds the cartilage and is vascular; materials diffuse from perichondrium to chondrocytes); 3 types

hyaline cartilage

connective tissue: most abundant type of cartilage; matrix is dominated by chondroitin sulfate and collagen; sparsely distributed chondrocytes in matrix; found in the upper portion of the respiratory tract (trachea and bronci), ends of bones and ribs, skeleton of a fetus

dense connective tissue

connective tissue: protein fibers are packed closely together with little ground substance

fibrocartilage

connective tissue: solid, flexible matrix containing primarily collagen fibers; collagen fibers are dark, wavy lines that weave around the chondrocytes; found in joints and intervertebral discs

Tissue

consist of similar cells that have a common function

body membranes

cover surfaces, line body cavities, and form protective sheets around organs

Componets of the Endocrine system

endocrine glands : parathyroids, adrenals, thymus, pancreas, pineal, ovaries and testes

Tissue types

epithelial, connective, muscular and neuronal

nonkeratinized

epithelium: cells with visible nuclei along free surface of tissue

cuboidal

epithelium: cube-shaped

squamous

epithelium: flat

columnar

epithelium: greater in height than width

stratified

epithelium: multiple layers

stratified squamous

epithelium: multiple layers of cells, with cells along free edge flattened in shape; superficial layer of the skin, mouth, and throat (friction) - protection

transitional

epithelium: multiple layers of spherical or irregularly shaped cells; lines inside walls of urinary bladder and ureter - permits stretching

simple squamous

epithelium: singer layer of flat cells; lines inside wall of blood vessels, forms walls of capillaries and lung air sacs - absorption by diffusion, filtration, osmosis; secretion

simple

epithelium: single layer

simple columnar

epithelium: single layer of column-shaped cells; lines inside walls of stomach and intestines - protection, secretion, absorption, moving of mucus w/ cilia

simple cuboidal

epithelium: single layer of cube-shaped cells; forms walls of ducts in skin glands and kidney tubules - secretion, absorption

pseudostratified columnar

epithelium: single layer of irregularly shaped cells that appear multi-layered, often with cilia; lines inside walls of larynx, trachea, and bronchi - protection

glandular

epithelium: specialized epithelium that manufacture and secrete products

keratinized

epithelium: thick sheet of dead cells with no visible nuclei along free surface of tissue

organ level of organization

extremely complex functions become possible

stratified squamous epithelium

flat, scale-like selectively permeable - filtration/diffusion provide protection against: abrasion/friction, rubbing, caustic chemicals, water loss and infection Found: lining of the esophagus - protection of the esophagus from stomach acid, throat, skin, layrynx, anus,vagina, inferior urethra, non-keratinized, mucousal cell layer

stratified squamous epithelium

flat, scale-like selectively permeable - filtration/diffusion provide protection against: echanical friction - rubbing and physical trauma from external sources Found: lining of the esophagus - protection of the esophagus from stomach acid, non-keratinized, mucousal cell layer

exocrine glands

glands that empty products into ducts. the ducts transport products to the body surface or into a cavity. (salivary glands, oil glands in skin, sweat glands)

endocrine glands

glands that secrete products into the extracellular space, where the products diffuse into the bloodstream. (pituitary gland, thyroid gland, adrenal glands)

Organ system

group of organs that cooperate to accomplish a common purpose

smooth muscle

in hollow organs, stomach - involuntary

reticular connective tissue

loose connective tissue Description- Thin branching structures. Similar to areolar but less open space and more noticable framework. Ground substance- Gel Fiber types- Reticular fibers Cell types- Reticular cells and lymph cells Location- Liver and spleen

reticular tissue

loose connective tissue; contains reticular fibers; makes a 3D network for support in the liver and spleen

adipose tissue

loose connective tissue; has adipocytes (specialized fibroblasts that contain large deposits of fat); has minimal intercellular material; functions include storing energy as fat, being an insulating pad between organs, being a shock absorber

areolar tissue

loose connective tissue; most common connective tissue; all 3 protein fibers present in a fluid ground substance; has fibroblasts (cells that produce fibers and ground substance) and macrophages (white blood cells); functions include being a structural anchor to body parts; found between skin and muscles, surface of organs, filling spaces between organs

Functions of the Muscalur system

mobility, manupilation of environment around it

cardiac muscle

muscle tissue: alternating light/dark cross markings called striations, branched, joined end to end, intricate networks, single nucleus, intercalated disc where cells touch, cannot stimulate a muscle cell to contract, found in heart, controls involuntary movements

skeletal muscle

muscle tissue: long, threadlike, alternating light/dark cross markings called striations, many nuclei, can stimulate a muscle cell to contract, found in muscles that attach to bones, controls voluntary movements

smooth muscle

muscle tissue: no striations, short, spindle-shaped cells, single/central nucleus, cannot stimulate a muscle cell to contract, found in walls of hollow internal organs, controls involuntary movements

neurons

nerve tissue: branching cells that have cell processes (axons and dendrites) that may be quite long and extend from the nucleus-containing body

neuroglial cells

nerve tissue: special supporting cells that protect, support, and insulate the neurons

benign

noncancerous (could be a cyst- solid fibrous mass of connective tissue called fibroadenoma)

Functions of the Skeletal system

protective function, formation of blood cells, storehouse of minerals

Organism

represents the highest level of structural organization and consists of the 11 organs systems

simple squamous epithelium

single layer (simple) of very thin, flattened cells (squamous). Function: diffusion and filtration. Found in air sacs of lungs, walls of capillaries.

simple cuboidal epithelium

single layer, cube-shaped cells. Function: Secretion and absorption. Found: Lining of kidney tubules, ducts of glands, covering surface of ovaries

simple ciliated columnar epithelium

single layer, elongated cells with their nuclei in about the same position in each cell (usually near the basement membrane). Protection, secretion, absorption. Found in the lining of digestive tract and uterous - contains scatter goblet cells functioning in the secretion of mucus - some columnar cells (involved in absorption) have tiny finger-like processes from their free surface called microvilli (increases surface area)

Components of the Muscalur system

skeletal muscles

The cell

smallest unit of life and varies in size and shape

Relationship between Anatomy and Physiology

structure determines what function can occur,

Anatomy

study of structure and shape of body parts and their relationship to one another

Integumentary system

the external covering of the body, the skin

transitional epithelium

thick, layered cuboidal cells. "Stretchable" tissue, also forms barrier to block diffusion. Found: lining of urinary bladder.

epithelial tissue

tissue: cells are avascular (closely packed together, little or no intercellular material between adjacent cells); major roles include secretion, absorption, protection, and synthesizing hormones; covers external body surfaces and lines inner walls of cavities and organs; has basement membrane (attachment) and free surface (exposed side); classified by shape and layer

connective tissue

tissue: cells are vascular (widely scattered with large amounts of nonliving intercellular material); contains ground substance (protein-sugar molecules and protein fibers); functions include supporting body structures and gluing tissues and organs in place; contains two types of cells: one maintains intercellular material and one protects tissue from infections; has great capacity for growth and repair

nerve tissue

tissue: composed of two major cell populations

muscle tissue

tissue: highly specialized to contract in order to produce movement of some body parts

elastic fibers

type of protein fiber in connective tissue; elasticity (ability to stretch) and extensibility (ability to return to original shape); found in skin

reticular fibers

type of protein fiber in connective tissue; resists physical stress; least abundant of all the fibers

collagenous fibers

type of protein fiber in connective tissue; thick, wavelike strands; resists stretching; has great tensile strength; composed of most abundant protein in the body (found in tendons, scar tissue)

Function of integumentary sytem

waterproofs and protects, helps regulate body temperature and communicates to the body through temperature, pressure and pain receptors


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