A&P Chapters 1-4
characteristics of cancer
1 hyperplasia- uncontrolled cell division (cells activate telomerase - continually rebuilds chromosomes so that cells are not signaled to stop dividing) 2 dedifferentiation- cells lose many of the specialized structures/functions 3 invasiveness- cells break through boundaries (basement membranes) that separate cell layers within some organs 4 angiogenesis- cells induce extension of blood vessels (nourish cells and remove wastes 5 metastasis- cells spread (metastasize) to other tissues; cand etach from their original mass and move from their place of origin, into bloodstream or lymphatic system
elastic connective tissue
Dense connective tissue Description- Many folds allow for expansion. Ground substance- Gel Fiber types- Elastic Cell types- Fibroblast Location- Lung tissue and aorta
dense regular connective tissue
Description- Fibers run parallel. The tissue looks like old wallpaper. Ground substance- Gel Fiber types-Collagen Cell types- Fibroblast Location- Tendons and ligaments Function- Connects different tissues.
blood
Description- Fully covered in dots. Ground substance- Plasma Fiber types- Fibrin Cell types- erythrocytes and leukocytes Location- Within blood vessels
skeletal muscle
Description- Layers with thin separation Characteristics- excitable, striated and voluntary. Location- Biceps and Triceps
hyaline cartilage
Description- Most abundant and weakest. No fibers can be seen because of refractive index of light. Ground substance- Solid Fiber types- Collagen Cell types- Chondrocyte Location- Fetal skeleton and embryonic skeleton.
dense irregular connective tissue
Description- Randomly oriented fibers. Ground substance- Gel Fiber types- Collagen Cell types- Fibroblast Location- Fasciae and joint capsules
fibrocartilage
Description- Strongest. Ground substance- Solid Fiber types- Collagen Cell types- Chondrocyte Location- Meniscus of knee and intervertebral discs
cardiac muscle
Description- Thick layers with many nuclei. The tissue is light in color.Slim lines between fibers are interclated discs. Characteristics- Excitable and non-voluntary. Location- Heart only.
elastic cartilage
Description- Very large lacunae. Ground substance- Solid Fiber types- Collagen Cell types- Chondrocyte Location- Auricle and larynx
neuron
Found in brain, spinal cord, nerves - transmit signals
compact bone
Ground substance- Solid Fiber types- Collagen Cell types- Osteocyte Location- Bones
areolar connective tissue
Loose connective tissue Description- Loose, unorganized, spacious tissue. Ground substance- Gel Fiber types- Collagen fibers Cell types- Macrophages and fibroblasts Location- Everywhere. Beneath the dermis. Most abundant. Attaches skin to underlying tissues and organs.
reticular connective tissue
Loose connective tissue Description- Thin branching structures. Similar to areolar but less open space and more noticable framework. Ground substance- Gel Fiber types- Reticular fibers Cell types- Reticular cells and lymph cells Location- Liver and spleen
Physiology
Study of how the body and its body parts work and function
What occurs if the structure of a body part changes ?
The function changes
simple columnar epithelium
These large epithelial cells are specialized for absorption, and are commonly found in areas where there is considerable wear and tear, such as the digestive tract.
adipose tissue
aka FAT, beneath skin, around kidneys and eyeballs, abdominal membranes. Function: Protective cushion, insulation to preserve body heat, stores energy, cells are called adipocyte
Functions of the Nervous system
allow body to respond to inside and outside stimuli
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
appear "stratified" but really a single layer with nuclei at various levels giving the appearance of layered cells. Usually ciliated (tiny, hair-like projections for sweeping materials along a surface). Contains goblet cells. - Function: secretion and cilia-aided movement - Location: lining air passages like the trachea and tubes of the reproductive system
mucous membrane
body membrane: lines all body cavities that open to the exterior; composed of various epithelial tissue (mostly stratified squamous or simple columnar) resting on loose connective tissue; wet or moist membrane continuously bathed in secretions
serous membrane
body membrane: lines body cavities that are closed to the exterior; composed of a layer of simple squamous epithelium resting on a thin layer of areolar connective tissue; membranes work in pairs parietal and visceral (next to the organ) and secrete serous fluid in between the two layers; organs can slide easily across the cavity walls and each other with a minimum of friction
synovial membrane
body membrane: lines joints and small sacs of connective tissue called bursea and tendon sheaths in order to cushion and lubricate during activity; composed of connective tissue only
cutaneous membrane
body membrane: skin; superficial epidermis is composed of a stratified squamous keratinizing epithelium while underlying dermis is dense, fibrous connective tissue; exposed to air and is a dry membrane
Components of the Skeletal system
bones, cartlidges, ligaments and joints
Components of the Nervous System
brain, spinal cord, nerves and sensory receptors
malignant
cancerous
Levels of Structural organization sequence
chemical level, cellular level, tissue level, organ level, organ system level and organism level
Organ
composed of two or more tissue types and performs a specific function for the body
compact bone
connective tissue: composed of osteons or haversian systems; osteons form concentric circles throughout it; has osteonic canal or haversian canal (extends through middle of osteon, contains blood vessels)
elastic cartilage
connective tissue: elastic fibers dominate the matrix and weave through the chondrocytes; found in ears, end of nose, epiglottis
dense irregular connective tissue
connective tissue: fibers extend in various directions; found in skin and round bone and cartilage
dense regular connective tissue
connective tissue: fibers extend parallel to each other; found in tendons and ligaments
blood
connective tissue: has living cells; plasma is the fluid matrix that contains fibers that come into action during clotting; transports gases, nutrients, wastes, etc.
bone
connective tissue: matrix (intercellular material) is filled with mineral salts and collagen fibers; durable and hard; has osteocytes (secrete bone matrix, embedded in chambers called lacunae); 2 types
cartilage
connective tissue: more solid than connective tissue proper; has a matrix of protein fibers and thickened ground substance; has chondrocytes (cartilage cells that maintain the matrix, embedded in small chambers called lacunae); has perichondium (dense connective tissue that surrounds the cartilage and is vascular; materials diffuse from perichondrium to chondrocytes); 3 types
hyaline cartilage
connective tissue: most abundant type of cartilage; matrix is dominated by chondroitin sulfate and collagen; sparsely distributed chondrocytes in matrix; found in the upper portion of the respiratory tract (trachea and bronci), ends of bones and ribs, skeleton of a fetus
dense connective tissue
connective tissue: protein fibers are packed closely together with little ground substance
fibrocartilage
connective tissue: solid, flexible matrix containing primarily collagen fibers; collagen fibers are dark, wavy lines that weave around the chondrocytes; found in joints and intervertebral discs
Tissue
consist of similar cells that have a common function
body membranes
cover surfaces, line body cavities, and form protective sheets around organs
Componets of the Endocrine system
endocrine glands : parathyroids, adrenals, thymus, pancreas, pineal, ovaries and testes
Tissue types
epithelial, connective, muscular and neuronal
nonkeratinized
epithelium: cells with visible nuclei along free surface of tissue
cuboidal
epithelium: cube-shaped
squamous
epithelium: flat
columnar
epithelium: greater in height than width
stratified
epithelium: multiple layers
stratified squamous
epithelium: multiple layers of cells, with cells along free edge flattened in shape; superficial layer of the skin, mouth, and throat (friction) - protection
transitional
epithelium: multiple layers of spherical or irregularly shaped cells; lines inside walls of urinary bladder and ureter - permits stretching
simple squamous
epithelium: singer layer of flat cells; lines inside wall of blood vessels, forms walls of capillaries and lung air sacs - absorption by diffusion, filtration, osmosis; secretion
simple
epithelium: single layer
simple columnar
epithelium: single layer of column-shaped cells; lines inside walls of stomach and intestines - protection, secretion, absorption, moving of mucus w/ cilia
simple cuboidal
epithelium: single layer of cube-shaped cells; forms walls of ducts in skin glands and kidney tubules - secretion, absorption
pseudostratified columnar
epithelium: single layer of irregularly shaped cells that appear multi-layered, often with cilia; lines inside walls of larynx, trachea, and bronchi - protection
glandular
epithelium: specialized epithelium that manufacture and secrete products
keratinized
epithelium: thick sheet of dead cells with no visible nuclei along free surface of tissue
organ level of organization
extremely complex functions become possible
stratified squamous epithelium
flat, scale-like selectively permeable - filtration/diffusion provide protection against: abrasion/friction, rubbing, caustic chemicals, water loss and infection Found: lining of the esophagus - protection of the esophagus from stomach acid, throat, skin, layrynx, anus,vagina, inferior urethra, non-keratinized, mucousal cell layer
stratified squamous epithelium
flat, scale-like selectively permeable - filtration/diffusion provide protection against: echanical friction - rubbing and physical trauma from external sources Found: lining of the esophagus - protection of the esophagus from stomach acid, non-keratinized, mucousal cell layer
exocrine glands
glands that empty products into ducts. the ducts transport products to the body surface or into a cavity. (salivary glands, oil glands in skin, sweat glands)
endocrine glands
glands that secrete products into the extracellular space, where the products diffuse into the bloodstream. (pituitary gland, thyroid gland, adrenal glands)
Organ system
group of organs that cooperate to accomplish a common purpose
smooth muscle
in hollow organs, stomach - involuntary
reticular connective tissue
loose connective tissue Description- Thin branching structures. Similar to areolar but less open space and more noticable framework. Ground substance- Gel Fiber types- Reticular fibers Cell types- Reticular cells and lymph cells Location- Liver and spleen
reticular tissue
loose connective tissue; contains reticular fibers; makes a 3D network for support in the liver and spleen
adipose tissue
loose connective tissue; has adipocytes (specialized fibroblasts that contain large deposits of fat); has minimal intercellular material; functions include storing energy as fat, being an insulating pad between organs, being a shock absorber
areolar tissue
loose connective tissue; most common connective tissue; all 3 protein fibers present in a fluid ground substance; has fibroblasts (cells that produce fibers and ground substance) and macrophages (white blood cells); functions include being a structural anchor to body parts; found between skin and muscles, surface of organs, filling spaces between organs
Functions of the Muscalur system
mobility, manupilation of environment around it
cardiac muscle
muscle tissue: alternating light/dark cross markings called striations, branched, joined end to end, intricate networks, single nucleus, intercalated disc where cells touch, cannot stimulate a muscle cell to contract, found in heart, controls involuntary movements
skeletal muscle
muscle tissue: long, threadlike, alternating light/dark cross markings called striations, many nuclei, can stimulate a muscle cell to contract, found in muscles that attach to bones, controls voluntary movements
smooth muscle
muscle tissue: no striations, short, spindle-shaped cells, single/central nucleus, cannot stimulate a muscle cell to contract, found in walls of hollow internal organs, controls involuntary movements
neurons
nerve tissue: branching cells that have cell processes (axons and dendrites) that may be quite long and extend from the nucleus-containing body
neuroglial cells
nerve tissue: special supporting cells that protect, support, and insulate the neurons
benign
noncancerous (could be a cyst- solid fibrous mass of connective tissue called fibroadenoma)
Functions of the Skeletal system
protective function, formation of blood cells, storehouse of minerals
Organism
represents the highest level of structural organization and consists of the 11 organs systems
simple squamous epithelium
single layer (simple) of very thin, flattened cells (squamous). Function: diffusion and filtration. Found in air sacs of lungs, walls of capillaries.
simple cuboidal epithelium
single layer, cube-shaped cells. Function: Secretion and absorption. Found: Lining of kidney tubules, ducts of glands, covering surface of ovaries
simple ciliated columnar epithelium
single layer, elongated cells with their nuclei in about the same position in each cell (usually near the basement membrane). Protection, secretion, absorption. Found in the lining of digestive tract and uterous - contains scatter goblet cells functioning in the secretion of mucus - some columnar cells (involved in absorption) have tiny finger-like processes from their free surface called microvilli (increases surface area)
Components of the Muscalur system
skeletal muscles
The cell
smallest unit of life and varies in size and shape
Relationship between Anatomy and Physiology
structure determines what function can occur,
Anatomy
study of structure and shape of body parts and their relationship to one another
Integumentary system
the external covering of the body, the skin
transitional epithelium
thick, layered cuboidal cells. "Stretchable" tissue, also forms barrier to block diffusion. Found: lining of urinary bladder.
epithelial tissue
tissue: cells are avascular (closely packed together, little or no intercellular material between adjacent cells); major roles include secretion, absorption, protection, and synthesizing hormones; covers external body surfaces and lines inner walls of cavities and organs; has basement membrane (attachment) and free surface (exposed side); classified by shape and layer
connective tissue
tissue: cells are vascular (widely scattered with large amounts of nonliving intercellular material); contains ground substance (protein-sugar molecules and protein fibers); functions include supporting body structures and gluing tissues and organs in place; contains two types of cells: one maintains intercellular material and one protects tissue from infections; has great capacity for growth and repair
nerve tissue
tissue: composed of two major cell populations
muscle tissue
tissue: highly specialized to contract in order to produce movement of some body parts
elastic fibers
type of protein fiber in connective tissue; elasticity (ability to stretch) and extensibility (ability to return to original shape); found in skin
reticular fibers
type of protein fiber in connective tissue; resists physical stress; least abundant of all the fibers
collagenous fibers
type of protein fiber in connective tissue; thick, wavelike strands; resists stretching; has great tensile strength; composed of most abundant protein in the body (found in tendons, scar tissue)
Function of integumentary sytem
waterproofs and protects, helps regulate body temperature and communicates to the body through temperature, pressure and pain receptors
