A&P--CHEMISTRY

Anion

- an atom that has GAINED electrons - negatively charged

Cation

- an atom that has LOST electrons - positively charged

Products

- found in front of → - yields or produces

Radical Ion

a charged group of atoms that stay together & act as one single unit in a chemical reaction (a/k/a Plolyatomic Ion)

What is the smallest, lightest,a nd simpliest element known?

hydrogen

Polytomic Ion

a charged group of atoms that stay together & act as one single unit in a chemical reaction (a/k/a Radical Ion)

When 2 pair of electrons are shared, it forms what?

a double covalent bond

When 4 electrons are shared, it forms what?

a double covalent bond

Formula

a group of symbols that represent all the elements present in a compound or molecule

What does the → (arrow) do in a chemical equation?

indicate the direction of a reaction

covalent bond

involves the SHARING of electrons between combining atoms

The combination of 2 or more atoms is a?

MOLECULE

What does the word hydrogen mean?

"water-former" also water producer

Ion

- a charged atom - either positive or negative charge - must have lost or gained electrons

molecule

- a combo of 2 or more atoms - can be the same atoms or different elements that form a compound

Oxidation

- addition of oxygen - increasein Oxidation number - a loss of electrons (remember to increase the oxidation number we must lose electrons)

What are all the characterics of Hydrogen?

- it is Element # 1, Group 1 - is in its Gaseous state @ room temperature - smallest, lightest & simpliest element known - means "water-former" or water producer - when isolated from other substances it exists as a pair of hydrogen atoms linked together by a vovalent bond - pure molecular hydrogen is a colorless, odorless, tasteless Gas

Catalyst

- substance(s) added to a reaction to alter its rate or change the speed of the reaction - never USED in a reaction; it will come into a reaction & cause things to happen & still be left in tact after the reactions is complete

Reactants

- substances behind the → -goes through reactions or is reacting

What is chlorine most ofter used for?

1) Bleaching 2) Disinfectant

single covalent bond

2 electrons or 1 pair of electrons

double covalent bond

4 electrons or 2 pairs of electrons

triple covalent bond

6 electrons or 3 pairs of electrons

An atom that has gained electrons is called a(an)?

ANION

An ion with a negative charge is a(an)?

ANION

An atom that has gained electrons is call a(an)?

ANTION

Elements are made up of very small units of matter called?

ATOMS

Know the names & formulas for the required polyatomic/radical ions

Ammonium NH₄ Sulfate SO₄ Hydroxide OH Sulfite SO₃ Nitrate NO₃ Phosphate PO₄ Nitrite NO₂ Phosphite PO₃

What does Cl or Cl₂or 2Cl or 2CL₂ mean?

Cl - 1 molecule of Chlorine Cl₂- 1 molecule of Chlorine and 2 atoms 2Cl - 2 molecules of Chlorine 2CL₂- 2 molecules of Chlorine and 2 atoms

An atom that has lost electrons is a(an)?

CATION

Ions which are positively charged are a(an)?

CATION

The combination of 2 or more elements is a?

COMPOUND

What is the formula that tells us there are 2 combined atoms of copper?

CU₂

What is the most familiar halogen?

Chlorine

What are the most typical members of the halogen family?

Chlorine, Bromine, Fluorine, & Iodine

What is the term for those elements that combine with 2 atoms together in order to be stable?

Diatomic

Where are the hologens found on the periodic table?

Group 7

Consider the following compound: NaHCO₃

How many atoms of Na are there? 1 How many atoms of H are there? 1 How many atoms of C are there? 1 How many atoms of O are there? 3 How many molecules of the compound are there? 4

Consider the following compound: 2Na₃CO³

How many atoms of Na are there? 2 How many atoms of C are there? 3 How many atoms of O are there? 3 How many modecules of the compound are there? 2

What is the first element to appear on the Periodic Table?

Hydrogen

What is the most abundant element in the UNIVERSE?

Hydrogen

When ions are formed, they are attempting to take on the electronic configuation of what?

Intert Gas

What is always found as a component or organic compounds such as amino acids, enzymes, & proteins?

Nitrogen

The electrical charge formed when an atom loses or gains electrons is the?

Oxidation number

What is the most abundant element on EARTH?

Oxygen

A charged group antoms that stay together and act as a single unit in a chemical reaction is what?

POLYATOMIC or RADICAL IONs

Ionic Bond

TRANSFER of electrons from one atom to another

A group of symbols that represents all of the elements present in a compount is?

a FORMULA

What is formed when nitrogen based compounds combine with formaldehyde?

a protein coagulate

When 2 electrons are shared, it forms what?

a single covalent bond

What 1 pair of electrons are shared, it forms what?

a triple covalent bond

When 3 pairs of electrons are shared, it forms what?

a triple covalent bond

A "charged" atom is called?

an ION

An atom that has either a positive or a negative charge is called?

an ION

An atom that has lost or gained electrons is?

an ION

Diatomic molecules

atoms held together in a molecule by chemical bonds

What was the example given for rapid oxidation?

burning of wood

How does an ion get its charge?

it has to lose or gain an ELECTRON

What is the following called: Fe + CuSO₄+ Cu?

it's a chemical equation

What are compounds that contain oxygen called?

oxides

What term applies to those elements which combine several atoms together in order to be stable?

polyatomic ion or radical ion

Combustion

rapid oxidation

What was the example given for slow oxidation?

ruthing of metal

Oxidation number

the ELECTRICAL charge formed when an atom loses or gains electrons

Ionization

the breaking apart of a compound into ions when placed into a solution

Rapid oxidation

the oxidation of a substance at a relatively high temperature

slow oxidation

the oxidation of a substance at a relatively low temperature

Putrefaction

the slow oxidation of organic matter caused by ANAEROBIC bacteria (needs no air)

Decay

the slow oxidation of organice matter cased by AEROBIC bacteria (needs air)

kindling point

the temperature at which a substance bursts into flames producing heat & light

How is the arrow in a chemical equation read?

used as an equal sign to indicate the direction of the reaction

Where does the oxidation number come from?

when an atom loses or gains electrons.