A&P--CHEMISTRY
Anion
- an atom that has GAINED electrons - negatively charged
Cation
- an atom that has LOST electrons - positively charged
Products
- found in front of → - yields or produces
Radical Ion
a charged group of atoms that stay together & act as one single unit in a chemical reaction (a/k/a Plolyatomic Ion)
What is the smallest, lightest,a nd simpliest element known?
hydrogen
Polytomic Ion
a charged group of atoms that stay together & act as one single unit in a chemical reaction (a/k/a Radical Ion)
When 2 pair of electrons are shared, it forms what?
a double covalent bond
When 4 electrons are shared, it forms what?
a double covalent bond
Formula
a group of symbols that represent all the elements present in a compound or molecule
What does the → (arrow) do in a chemical equation?
indicate the direction of a reaction
covalent bond
involves the SHARING of electrons between combining atoms
The combination of 2 or more atoms is a?
MOLECULE
What does the word hydrogen mean?
"water-former" also water producer
Ion
- a charged atom - either positive or negative charge - must have lost or gained electrons
molecule
- a combo of 2 or more atoms - can be the same atoms or different elements that form a compound
Oxidation
- addition of oxygen - increasein Oxidation number - a loss of electrons (remember to increase the oxidation number we must lose electrons)
What are all the characterics of Hydrogen?
- it is Element # 1, Group 1 - is in its Gaseous state @ room temperature - smallest, lightest & simpliest element known - means "water-former" or water producer - when isolated from other substances it exists as a pair of hydrogen atoms linked together by a vovalent bond - pure molecular hydrogen is a colorless, odorless, tasteless Gas
Catalyst
- substance(s) added to a reaction to alter its rate or change the speed of the reaction - never USED in a reaction; it will come into a reaction & cause things to happen & still be left in tact after the reactions is complete
Reactants
- substances behind the → -goes through reactions or is reacting
What is chlorine most ofter used for?
1) Bleaching 2) Disinfectant
single covalent bond
2 electrons or 1 pair of electrons
double covalent bond
4 electrons or 2 pairs of electrons
triple covalent bond
6 electrons or 3 pairs of electrons
An atom that has gained electrons is called a(an)?
ANION
An ion with a negative charge is a(an)?
ANION
An atom that has gained electrons is call a(an)?
ANTION
Elements are made up of very small units of matter called?
ATOMS
Know the names & formulas for the required polyatomic/radical ions
Ammonium NH₄ Sulfate SO₄ Hydroxide OH Sulfite SO₃ Nitrate NO₃ Phosphate PO₄ Nitrite NO₂ Phosphite PO₃
What does Cl or Cl₂or 2Cl or 2CL₂ mean?
Cl - 1 molecule of Chlorine Cl₂- 1 molecule of Chlorine and 2 atoms 2Cl - 2 molecules of Chlorine 2CL₂- 2 molecules of Chlorine and 2 atoms
An atom that has lost electrons is a(an)?
CATION
Ions which are positively charged are a(an)?
CATION
The combination of 2 or more elements is a?
COMPOUND
What is the formula that tells us there are 2 combined atoms of copper?
CU₂
What is the most familiar halogen?
Chlorine
What are the most typical members of the halogen family?
Chlorine, Bromine, Fluorine, & Iodine
What is the term for those elements that combine with 2 atoms together in order to be stable?
Diatomic
Where are the hologens found on the periodic table?
Group 7
Consider the following compound: NaHCO₃
How many atoms of Na are there? 1 How many atoms of H are there? 1 How many atoms of C are there? 1 How many atoms of O are there? 3 How many molecules of the compound are there? 4
Consider the following compound: 2Na₃CO³
How many atoms of Na are there? 2 How many atoms of C are there? 3 How many atoms of O are there? 3 How many modecules of the compound are there? 2
What is the first element to appear on the Periodic Table?
Hydrogen
What is the most abundant element in the UNIVERSE?
Hydrogen
When ions are formed, they are attempting to take on the electronic configuation of what?
Intert Gas
What is always found as a component or organic compounds such as amino acids, enzymes, & proteins?
Nitrogen
The electrical charge formed when an atom loses or gains electrons is the?
Oxidation number
What is the most abundant element on EARTH?
Oxygen
A charged group antoms that stay together and act as a single unit in a chemical reaction is what?
POLYATOMIC or RADICAL IONs
Ionic Bond
TRANSFER of electrons from one atom to another
A group of symbols that represents all of the elements present in a compount is?
a FORMULA
What is formed when nitrogen based compounds combine with formaldehyde?
a protein coagulate
When 2 electrons are shared, it forms what?
a single covalent bond
What 1 pair of electrons are shared, it forms what?
a triple covalent bond
When 3 pairs of electrons are shared, it forms what?
a triple covalent bond
A "charged" atom is called?
an ION
An atom that has either a positive or a negative charge is called?
an ION
An atom that has lost or gained electrons is?
an ION
Diatomic molecules
atoms held together in a molecule by chemical bonds
What was the example given for rapid oxidation?
burning of wood
How does an ion get its charge?
it has to lose or gain an ELECTRON
What is the following called: Fe + CuSO₄+ Cu?
it's a chemical equation
What are compounds that contain oxygen called?
oxides
What term applies to those elements which combine several atoms together in order to be stable?
polyatomic ion or radical ion
Combustion
rapid oxidation
What was the example given for slow oxidation?
ruthing of metal
Oxidation number
the ELECTRICAL charge formed when an atom loses or gains electrons
Ionization
the breaking apart of a compound into ions when placed into a solution
Rapid oxidation
the oxidation of a substance at a relatively high temperature
slow oxidation
the oxidation of a substance at a relatively low temperature
Putrefaction
the slow oxidation of organic matter caused by ANAEROBIC bacteria (needs no air)
Decay
the slow oxidation of organice matter cased by AEROBIC bacteria (needs air)
kindling point
the temperature at which a substance bursts into flames producing heat & light
How is the arrow in a chemical equation read?
used as an equal sign to indicate the direction of the reaction
Where does the oxidation number come from?
when an atom loses or gains electrons.
