AMT 280 Final
Which type crack can be detected by magnetic particle inspection using either circular or longitudinal magnetization?
45°
How is a stabilator balanced
A heavy weight on a long arm inside the fuselage to give static balance.
Which of the following is not a characteristic of a metal?
A high (+2000°F) melting point.
The ability of the micrometer to measure to _______________________ inch is based on the fact that it has a spindle threaded with _______________________ threads per inch.
0.001, 40
What is the allowable manufacturing tolerance for a bushing where the outside dimensions shown on the blueprint are: 1.0625 + 0.0025 - 0.0003?
0.0028.
Fractional-size drills start with 1/64 in (_______________________ in) and increase in _______________________-in increments to ___________ in.
0.0156, 1/64, 1
Allen wrenches are made in a variety of sizes from _______________________ inch to __________ inch as measured across the ats.
0.028, 3/4
The basic micrometer unit is made up of three parts, a _______________________ or barrel, a ______________, and a __________________.
Hub, Spindle, Thimble
The leading and lagging of rotor blades is commonly referred to as blade _______________________.
Hunting
A device used for measuring the speci c gravity of liquids is called a
Hydrometer
Between Mach 5 and Mach 10______________
Hypersonic
The _______________________ micrometer consists of a basic micrometer mechanism with _____________ rods of various lengths to provide a range of measurements.
Inside, Extension
The jaws on a slide caliper are formed so that either _______________________ or ___________________________ measurements can be made.
Inside, Outside
Which of the following is not true of titanium?
It is easily worked.
The two kinds of momentum are
Linear and Angular
The ratio of the total load supported by the airplane's wing to the actual weight of the airplane and its contents is referred to as the _____________.
Load Factor
The axis that extends lengthwise through the fuselage from the nose to the tail is the _______________________ axis.
Longitudinal
The stability of an airplane about the lateral axis is _______________________ stability.
Longitudinal
In a canard-equipped aircraft, the forward wing must always stall at a _______________________ angle of attack than the aft wing.
Lower
The ratio of the speed of the aircraft to the speed of sound is referred to as the aircraft's ___________________________.
Mach Number
A bolt with an X inside a triangle on the head is classified as an
NAS close-tolerance bolt.
To prevent air loads distorting the leading edge, most wings have _____ _______, or false ribs, that extend from then front spar forward and are placed between each of the full length former ribs.
Nose Ribs
Three fundamental types of waves formed in supersonic ight are the _______________________ shock wave, the _______ shock wave, and the _______ wave.
Oblique, Normal, Expansion
Aircraft may be type-certi cated into _______________________, _______________________, or _______________ categories.
Normal, Utility, Acrobatic
To use the telescoping gage, the gage with the correct _______________________ must be chosen.
Size Range
The frictional resistance that results when an object is moved through a viscous uid is called _______________________ drag.
Skin Friction
A _______________________ caliper has a scale located on a beam with one _______________________ jaw.
Slide, Fixed
The adjustment mechanism of the adjustable wrench makes __________________ of the wrench more likely.
Slippage
. The _______________________ is a unit of mass with a value of approximately 32.175 lb.
Slug
A unit of mass having a value of approximately 32.175 lb under standard atmospheric conditions is a
Slug
_______________________________________ gages are recommended to accurately measure holes smaller than ____________________ inch.
Small Hole, 1/2
Orthographic Projection
The projections of points on a plane by straight lines at right angles to the plane. Presented without distortion
Standard Designations
AN (Air Force and Navy) MS (Military Standard) NAS ( National Aerospace Standard) NAF ( Naval aircraft factory) AS (Aeronautical Standard)
A bolt with a single raised dash on the head is classified as an
AN corrosion-resistant steel bolt.
What is the difference between monocoque and semi-monocoque construction
Both are sheet metal structures. They are both forms of stressed skin. Monocoque uses a minimum internal structure, a small dent can destroy its ability to support a load. A semi-monocoque structure supports the external skin with formers and stringers
In the metric system the heat unit is called the _______________________.
Calorie
Adjustable lever-wrench pliers provide a powerful clamping force through the action of a __________ and _______________________ _________ mechanism.
Cam, Lever
The curvature of an airfoil from the leading edge to the trailing edge is called the _______________________.
Camber
Which material cannot be heat-treated repeatedly without harmful effects?
Clad aluminum alloy
One process to prevent aluminum alloyed metal corrosion is by _____________. This involves covering the aluminum allow metal with pure aluminum, thin coating, rolled onto the surface.
Cladding
Trim tabs that can be adjusted from the cockpit by means of control wheels, knobs, or cranks are called ___________trim tabs.
Controllable
_______________________ is the process by which heat is transferred through fluids by the movement of matter.
Convection
______________________ ____________ -cutting pliers are designed for cutting of wire,_________________, nails, and other comparatively small soft-metal pins.
Diagonal cotter, pins
The lateral angle of the wing with respect to a horizontal plane is called _______________________.
Dihedral
The factors that primarily affect lateral stability are _______________________ and _______________________.
Dihedral, Sweepback
What are the means of conveying measurements through the medium of drawings?
Dimensions
_______________________ consists of grasping the le at each end and pushing or pulling it across the work to produce a ne nish.
Drawfiling
The energy involved in changing matter from a liquid to a gas, or from a gas to a liquid is called the heat of _______________________.
Evaporation
Four different temperature scales that are used are _______________________, _______________________, _______________________, and _______________________.
Fahrenheit, Celsius, Rankine,Kelvin
The equation F = P × A represents _______________________ equals _______________________ times _______________________.
Force, Pressure, Area
Disadvantages of continuous-roll forming.
Forming shapes by passing a strip of sheet metal through a series of rollers. The amount of deformation through any one pair must be limited to avoid excess work hardening. Not economical unless large quantity of shapes are being produced
The universal force that all bodies exert upon one another is called
Gravity
Combination pliers have jaws capable of _______________________ at or round objects, have light ____________ capability, and a _______________________ joint that makes it possible to enlarge the jaw width.
Gripping, Cutting, Slip
The inherent quality of rotating bodies in which an applied force is manifested 90° in the direction of rotation from the point where the force is applied is called _______________________.
Gyroscopic Precession
Wrenches are sized by the _______________________ they t and are made in _______________________ and _________________ sizes.
Hardware, Fractional
The resistance of a fluid to flow is _______________________.
Viscosity
The resistance of a uid to ow is called _______________________.
Viscosity
Properties of aluminum alloy 7075-T6
Zinc is the major alloying element. Solution heat treated and artificially aged
Unidirectional fiberglass cloth has
a greater number of threads in warp.
The lip _______________________ angle provides clearance between the cutting lip and the rest of the bit.
clearance
The _______________________ of the le is one of the wide at sides. The side opposite the face is called the ________________.
face, back
Bronze is an alloy of copper and
tin
In order to reduce the drag caused by supersonic flow over portions of the wing, small airfoils called _____________________ are installed vertically into the airstream.
vortex generators
_______________________ is an increase in the angle of incidence of the wing from the root to the tip.
washin
Many airplanes are designed with a greater angle of incidence at the root of the wing than at the tip; this characteristic of a wing is called _______________________.
washout
Ceramic cloth is rated as the poorest of the composite fabrics in terms of
weight.
When driving a screw, the _______________________ of the screwdriver blade should not exceed the ______________ of the screwhead.
width, diameter
A ____________________ is a stationary vane, projecting from the upper surface of an airfoil, which is used to prevent the spanwise flow of air.
wing fence
A lifting body produces lift from both the _____________ and the ______________.
wings, fuselage
Flexible lines must be installed
with 5 to 8 percent slack.
A _______________________ is a hinged, pivoted, or sliding airfoil, usually near the trailing edge of the wing.
flap
Files consists of _______________________ metal shapes with a number of _______________________-like teeth cut into them.
hardened, chisel
Grade A fabric must be used if the aircraft
has a never-exceed speed greater than 160 mph.
In order for dye penetrant inspection to be effective, the material being checked must
have surface cracks.
The _______________________ punch has a long straight cylindrical end and is used to ______________ and ______________ various types of pins from shafts or other parts.
pin, drive, remove
When the airfoil decreases from the root to the tip in both thickness and chord, the airfoil is said to have taper in ___________ and ______________.
plan, thickness
The _______________________ tap is used when the hole is _______________________ and it is desired to cut threads nearer the _______________________ than is possible with a taper tap.
plug, blind, bottom
A beam-type torque wrench has a _____________________ that moves across the indicating ________________ in an amount proportional to the force exerted by the wrench.
pointer, scale
The _______________________ tap is used to start cutting threads in a hole.
taper
The _______________________ is the ratio of the tip chord to the root chord.
taper ratio
An airfoil is _______________________ when one or more of its dimensions gradually decreases from the root to the tip.
tapered
The mill le may be _______________________ or _______________________ but has _____________-cut teeth and is used where smooth nishes are desired.
tapered, blunt, single
The curved tooth le has relatively large spaces between the _______________________, which allows the le to be used on _____________ materials without clogging.
teeth, soft
A triangular le, also called a _______________________ le, is _______________________ and double-cut.
three-square, tapered
The Society of Automotive Engineers and the American Iron and Steel Institute use a numerical index system to identify the composition of various steels. The symbol 1020 indicates a plain carbon steel containing an aver- age of
0.20 percent carbon by weight.
A Btu is the amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature of ________ lb of water through ________° F.
1,1
Under standard conditions, temperature decreases at approximately _______________________ for each 1000 ft of altitude.
1.98 c
A hacksaw blade marked 1032 would be _______________________ inches long and have _______________________ teeth per inch.
10,32
The center of pressure is generally located at the ________________ percent chord position.
25
Atmospheric pressure at sea level under standard conditions is _______________________ in of mercury, or _______________________ psi.
29.92, 14.69
What aluminum alloy designations indicate that the metal has been solution heat-treated and artificially aged?
7075-T6
Number-size drills are available in sizes from No. ____________________ (0.0135 in) to a No. ________________ (0.2280 in).
80,1
The aluminum code number 1100 identifies what type of aluminum?
99 percent commercially pure aluminum.
What type of diagram is used to explain a principle of operation, rather than show the parts as they actually appear?
A schematic diagram
Explain the difference between leading edge flaps, slots and slats
A slot is a duct for air to flow from below the wing to the top where it is directed over the surface. A slat extends outward and created a duct to direct high energy down over the surface.
What type of drawing shows the wire size required for a particular installation?
A wiring diagram
Letter-size drills start with _______________________ (0.2340 in) and go to Z (_______________________ in).
A, 0.4130
The rate at which velocity changes is
Acceleration
During autorotation, _______________________ force, not engine force, is driving the rotor.
Aerodynamic
The primary ight control surfaces utilized to provide lateral (roll) control of the aircraft are _______________________.
Ailerons
The primary control surfaces of an airplane include the _______________________, _______________________, and ___________.
Ailerons, Elevators, Rudder
A surfaced body that responds to the relative motion between itself and the air with a useful dynamic reaction is called an _____________________.
Airfoil
An _______________________ is any surface, such as an airplane wing, aileron, or rudder, designed to obtain reaction from the air through which it moves.
Airfoil
An _______________________ is the outline of an airfoil section.
Airfoil Profile
An _______________________ is a cross section of an airfoil parallel to the plane of symmetry or to a specified reference plane
Airfoil Section
The _______________________ of the vibration is the distance from the midpoint of the swing to the point of maximum displacement.
Amplitude
The acute angle formed between the airfoil chord and the relative wind is the _______________________.
Angle of Attack
The _______________________ of a wing is the angle formed by the intersection of the wing chord line and the horizontal plane passing through the longitudinal axis of the aircraft.
Angle of incidence
The heading control for a helicopter is generally the _________________________________________.
Antitorque Petals
Heat Treating
Any thermal process used on metals to develop desired hardness, softness, ductility, tensile strength, or grain structure.
When may shop sketches be used?
Anything from a simple line drawing to a complex and detailed drawing. Used when an illustration is necessary to convey technical information.
Increasing the _______________________ of the wing causes the lift to increase.
Area
The _______________________ of an airfoil of rectangular shape is the ratio of the span to the chord.
Aspect Ratio
A vernier scale is an _______________________ scale that divides the smallest graduation on the _____________ scale into even smaller increments.
Auxiliary, Main
Dissymmetry of lift is compensated for by the design of the rotor, which permits _______________________.
Blade Flapping
_____________ tabs are used when control forces may be excessively high in some airplanes and in order to decrease them, the manufacturer will use this type of tab.
Balance
The _______________________ is the layer of air adjacent to the airfoil surface.
Boundary Layer
The most effective type of wrench to use in turning a nut or the head of a bolt is the ___________________wrench.
Box-end
______________________ wrenches are the most effective for use because they apply pressure to ______________ points on the nut or bolt head.
Box-end, 6
In the English system the unit of heat measurement is called the _______________________.
British Thermal Unit
The _______________________ is the ratio of the distance of the CP from the leading edge to the chord length.
CP-coefficient
Which type of unit cell would exhibit the least amount of ductility?
CPH
A drafting system that replaces pen and paper with a computer system is known as:
CAD
CAD/CAM Uses in aviation
CAD: used to design classic two dimensional drawings or simulate three dimensional objects. CAD assists in the creation of engineering drawings.
_________ wings are those that does not have any external bracing. All the flight loads are carried within the structure.
Cantilever
Weight acts vertically downward from the _______________________
Center of Gravity
Lift acts in a direction perpendicular to the direction of the relative wind from the _______________________.
Center of Pressure
The _______________________ is the point at which the chord of an airfoil section intersects the line of action of the resultant aerodynamic forces.
Center of Pressure
A weight attached to the end of a cord and twirled around will produce a force tending to cause the weight to y outward called _______________________ force
Centrifugal
Before a helicopter takes off and when the rotor is turning in the horizontal position, _______________________ force is the main force acting on the rotor blades.
Centrifugal
an equal and opposite force pulling the weight inward called _______________________ force.
Centripetal
______________________ pliers are similar in appearance and function to the adjustable slip-joint set but have ________________ grooves making up the interlocking joints.
Channel Lock, Curved
_______________________ are graphical representations of airfoil characteristics for various angles of attack.
Characteristic Curves
The _______________________ is a straight line across the airfoil connecting the leading and trailing edges.
Chord
The _______________________ is a measure of how efficiently the wing is changing velocity into lift
Coefficient for lift
The _______________________ control increases or decreases the pitch of all the main-rotor blades simultaneously or collectively.
Collective Pitch
A machine made by combining two or more simple machines is called a _______________________ machine.
Compound
High-speed flight deals with air as though it is a __________________ uid.
Compressible
______________________ is the transfer of energy through a conductor by means of molecular activity and without any external motion.
Conduction
There are three basic methods by which heat is transferred between locations and substances; they are ________, ______ and _______________________.
Conduction, Convection, Radiation
As the blade pitch is increased and power is applied to the rotor the lift force of the blades causes the blade tips to rise above the horizontal plane in an effect that is referred to as blade _______________________.
Coning
The statement that "energy can be neither created nor destroyed; it can only be changed in form" is called the law of _______________________.
Conservation of Energy
The flapping of rotor blades produces what is known as the _______________________, which occurs as the center of mass of the rotor moves closer to the center of rotation when the blades rise.
Coriolis Effect
The ight Mach number at which there is the rst indication of sonic ow is called the _____________________________.
Critical Mach Number
The at chisel has a wide _______________________ edge and is used for cutting _______________________ metal or thin _______________________ stock.
Cutting, sheet, bar
The ______________________________________________ control causes a variation of the blade pitch as each blade rotates through the tip-path plane.
Cyclic-Pitch
The difference between the angles of incidence of the wings of a biplane is called _______________________.
Decalage
Sound intensity levels are measured by a unit called the _____________________________
Decibel
Bernoulli's principle states that as the air velocity increases, the pressure _______________________, and as the velocity decreases, the pressure _______________________.
Decreases, Increases
Air _______________________ decreases as you increase altitude.
Density
An important physical property of a substance is its mass per unit volume, which is referred to as its
Density
The pressure exerted at the bottom of a column of liquid is determined by the _______________________ of the liquid and the _______________________ of the column.
Density, Height
Difference between detail drawing, an assembly drawing, and installation drawing?
Detail Drawing: Will provide, by the use of lines, notes, and symbols, all the specifications needed to make the part Assembly Drawing: Used to show how parts produced in a detail drawing fit together to form a component. Installation Drawing: Shows how a part or component is installed in the aircraft.
Charles' law states that the volume of a gas varies in ______________________________________________ to the absolute temperature.
Direct Proportion
The stability of an airplane about the vertical axis is called _______________________ stability.
Directional
Density varies _______________________ with pressure, with the temperature remaining constant.
Directly
Lift is _______________________ proportional to density.
Directly
The distance of the vibrating point from the midpoint of vibration at any particular time is the _______________________.
Displacement
The difference in airspeed of the advancing and retreating rotor blades on a helicopter is referred to as __________.
Dissymmetry of lift
The component of the resultant force that acts parallel to the relative wind is called _______________________.
Drag
The force that tends to retard or resist the motion of a body through the air is _______________________.
Drag
When the airplane is ying at a constant speed, the thrust must equal the _______________________.
Drag
The Mach number where shock wave air ow separation results in a rapid increase in the airfoil drag coef cient is called the _______________________ Mach number.
Drag Divergence
______________________ pliers are similar in function to needle-nose pliers but have wide and __________________ jaws resembling the bill of a duck. The design provides for a greater ________________ area than the needle-nose.
Duck Bill, flat, gripping
The property that dampens the oscillations set up by a statically stable airplane, enabling the oscillations to become smaller and smaller in magnitude until the airplane eventually settles down to its original condition of ight, is called _______________________.
Dynamic Stability
Many modern general aviation airplanes when loaded near the aft center of gravity have a provision for automatically lowering the nose to prevent an approach-to-landing stall caused by a center of gravity being too far back. This provision is called the ____________ _______ _______.
Elevator Down Spring
The control surfaces that govern the movement of the aircraft around the lateral axis are the _______________________.
Elevators
The tail section of the airplane, including the stabilizers, elevators, and rudder, is commonly called the _______________________.
Empennage
The capacity for doing work is called _______________________.
Energy
T/F One of the major breakthroughs in aircraft structure was made in the latter years of WWI, when wood replaced thin-wall steel tubing in the use for fuselage truss instead of metal.
F
Secondary control surfaces include _______________________,____________________________, and ____________.
Flaps, Trim Tabs, Spoilers
On a biplane during ight, the _______________________ wires are under a high-tension stress.
Flying
The result of Coriolis effect on a rotor is that the advancing blade moves _______________________ and the retreating blade moves _______________________ in respect to the blade attach point.
Forward, Aft
The hacksaw blade should be installed in the frame with the teeth pointing _______________________ allowing cutting action to take place on the _______________________ movement of the saw.
Forward, forward
The number of complete cycles occurring per second is the _______________________ of the vibration.
Frequency
The force that opposes motion between two surfaces that are touching is
Friction
Every lever has a ______________________, an ______________________ arm, and a ______________________ arm.
Fulcrum, Effort, Resistance
The energy needed to change matter from the solid state to the liquid state or from a liquid to a solid is called the heat of ___________.
Fusion
A caliper can be used as a _______________________ when machining a part to size by rst setting it, with the aid of a ____________________, to the desired _______________________.
Gage, Rule, Dimension
The distance between the leading edges of the upper and lower wings of a biplane is called the _______________________.
Gap
The _______________________ law is derived by combining Boyle's law and Charles' law.
General Gas
It is essential that the open-end wrench be precisely made as clearance between the wrench and the ________________ may result in the wrench _______________ and rounding off the corners of the head.
Head, Slipping
The unit for frequency is the _______________________.
Hertz
Above Mach 10 ____________.
High Hypersonic
In _____________ structure, a core of metal, paper, or fiberglass in a cellular structure has sheets of fiberglass or aluminum alloy bonded/glued to the sides. This structure provides both strength and rigidity with light weight.
Honeycomb
Even on small aircraft aerodynamic assistance in the movement of the controls has been used. The simplest form of this method is the _____________ balanced control surface. The overhang, deflects to the opposite side of the fuselage from the mail surface to produce an aerodynamic force that aids the pilot in moving the control surfaced.
Horn
From the pilots point of view, what is the difference between permanent and temporary deformation
If the deformation disappears when the load is removed, it is considered nonpermanent deformation. If the deformation ( wrinkles, stretch marks on body) is permanent the aircraft is no longer airworthy and has been over stressed.
What is meant by the term "Stressed skin structure"
In a stressed skin structure. Loads are carried by the outer skin. Does not require angular shape unlike a truss structure. Can be built with a smooth clean aerodynamic shape.
What is a truss
In a truss construction method, lengths of tubing, called longerons, are welded in place to form a well-braced framework. Vertical and horizontal struts are welded to the longerons and give the structure a square or rectangular shape when viewed from the end.
Which statement regarding aircraft bolts is correct?
In general, bolt grip length should equal the material thickness.
As the heat of an object is increased, the motion of the molecules _______________________.
Increases
The drag that results during the production of lift is called _______________________ drag.
Induced
Total drag may be classi ed into two main types: _______________________ drag and _______________________ drag.
Induced, Parasite
The tendency of matter to remain at rest if at rest, or to continue in motion in a straight line if in motion is de ned as
Inertia
Drag caused by interfering air ows between intersecting parts is called _______________________.
Interference Drag
What type of corrosion attacks grain boundaries of aluminum alloys that are improperly or inadequately heat-treated?
Intergranular
Boyle's law states that the volume of a con ned body of gas varies _______________________ as its absolute pressure, the temperature remaining constant.
Inversly
Which of these metals is inspected using the magnetic particle inspection method?
Iron alloys
Isometric view vs Perspective view
Isometric view has less optical illusion than the perspective view. In Isometric the object appears distorted but shows equal distances on the subject and drawing, making it more clear .
The energy possessed by a body because of its motion is _______________________ energy.
Kinetic
Most airplane airspeed indicators are calibrated in
Knots
Airflow for numbers below the critical Reynolds number is ___________________, and is __________ for numbers above the critical Reynolds number.
Laminar, Turbulant
The axis extending through the fuselage from wing tip to wing tip is the _______________________ axis.
Lateral
_______________________ stability is the stability of an airplane about the longitudinal or roll axis.
Lateral
On damp days air density is _______________________ than it is on dry days.
Less
How is aluminum alloy marked for identification
Letters and numbers in rows about 6 in apart.
List four types of simple machines. _______________________ _______________________ _______________________ _______________________.
Lever, Pulley, Inclined Plane, Gears
The component of the resultant force that acts perpendicular to the relative wind is called _______________________.
Lift
The force created by increased air velocity over an airfoil, which causes a decrease in air pressure on the top of an airfoil, is called ______________________.
Lift
Airfoil features that are collectively known as airfoil characteristics are classified as follows: a. _______________________________________________ b. _______________________________________________ c. _______________________________________________ d. _______________________________________________
Lift Coefficient Drag Coeficcient Lift Drag Ratio Center of pressure position
The four forces acting on an airplane in ight are
Lift, Weight, Thrust, Drag
Why is aluminum alloy a good structure for aircraft.
Lightweight and strong while being corrosion resistant.
The ability of an airplane to be directed along a selected ight path is called _______________________.
Maneuverability
The property of a body that is a measure of the amount of material it contains is
Mass
The ___________ structure in aircraft fuselage construction in which there is virtually no internal framework.
Monocoque
The _______________________ is the chord drawn through the center of area of the airfoil.
Mean Aerodynamic chord
The number of times a machine increases the applied effort force is called the _______________________.
Mechanical Advantage
What type of line is normally used in mechanical drawing or blueprints to represent an edge or object not visible to the viewer?
Medium-weight dashed line.
Soon after the first jet transports became pressurized a new set of structural problem was found. This problem resulted in the breakup of three early 1950's aircraft under then mysterious conditions. Investigations revealed that the cause was __________ ___________, from the flexing of the structure caused by pressurization /depressurization cycles.
Metal Fatigue
Wrinkles observed during the preflight inspections in the top of the wing or the bottom of the horizontal stabilizer and / stretch marks on the bottom of the wing or top of the stabilizer that weren't there during the manufacturing process are good evidence of _______________ ____________, due to overstressed flight and the aircraft is no longer airworthy.
Metal Fatigue
A system of measurement used widely throughout the world called the International System of Units, or SI, is commonly referred to as the
Metric System
A _______________________ depth gage can be used to measure the depth of a _______________________ or slot or the range of travel between two parts.
Micrometer, Hole
What standard has superseded the AN standard
Military Standard
Criteria for grade A fabric
Minimum of 80, and maximum of 84 threads in a warp.
The vernier scale will always have one _______________________ division than an _______________________ length on the main scale.
More, Equal
Types of Lines used for drawings
Most drawings use three widths: Wide, medium, and narrow. Visible Outline: medium-to-wide line which should be the outstanding feature of the drawing. Edges and surfaces that can be seen when an object is viewed directly Invisible outline (Hidden Line): medium width line made of short dashes, represents edges and surfaces behind the surface being viewed. Canter Line: Narrow or thin, alternating long and short dashes. Shows the location of the center of a hole, rod, symmetrical part, or symmetrical section of a part.
The following letters are used in airfoil designation. List the correct meaning for each abbreviation. NACA _______________________________________________ NASA _______________________________________________ GAW _______________________________________________
National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics National Aerodynamic and Space Administration General Aviation Whitcomb
________________________________________ pliers, also known as ________________ pliers, are designed to reach into restricted areas.
Needle Nose, Long Nose
Pure dry air contains about 78 percent _______________________ and 21 percent _______________________.
Nitrogen, Oxygen
In order to get on a screw placed in such a restricted position, it is necessary to use an _______________________ screwdriver.
Offset
Advantages and disadvantages of magnesium?
One of the lightest materials for its strength. More subject to corrosion than other metals.
Which statement is true regarding an orthographic projection?
One-view, two-view, and three-view drawings are the most common.
Where is an AN clevis bolt used in an airplane?
Only for shear load applications
The torque force applied to the rotor shaft of a helicopter to turn the rotor will turn the fuselage of the helicopter in the _______________________ direction, unless measures are taken to prevent it.
Opposite
What is perspective drawing?
Parallel lines are shown as converging. Foreshortening. Various parts of the aircraft are not drawn to true scale
_______________________ drag is the resistance of the air produced by any part of the airplane that does not produce lift.
Parasite
A recessed-cross design known as a ________________ head provides a more _______________ drive than is possible with a straight slot screwdriver and has become a standard for aircraft.
Phillips, Positive
Elasticity vs Plasticity of a material
Plasticity: Ability of a material to be deformed without rupture or failure Elasticity: Ability of a material deform under load and return to its original shape when the load is removed.
If an object is disturbed from equilibrium and has the tendency to return to equilibrium, _______________________ static stability exists.
Positive
The form of energy possessed by a body because of its position or con guration is called _______________________ energy.
Potential
There are two forms of energy: _______________________ energy and _______________________ energy.
Potential and Kinetic
A _______________________ is an instrument for drawing or measuring angles.
Protractor
Why isn't pure aluminum used by itself in aircraft structures. How is it used and why.
Pure aluminum is too weak to be used as an aircraft structure material. It is used as a thin layer on top of aluminum alloy, called cladding. Becoming a strong and corrosion resisting material.
When using open-end wrenches, it is better to _______________________ the wrench rather than to _____________ it as there is less likelihood of _______________________.
Push, Pull
Heat is transferred from the sun to the earth by _______________________.
Radiation
The radius and llet gage can be used to check the _______________________ of a part being fabricated, or to check for _________________ or other deformation of a part in use.
Radius, Stretch
Micrometers are designed for a _______________________ of measurement of _______________________ inch.
Range, 1
What is the purpose of the lay line on flexible hose?
Reflects hose twist
The _______________________ ows opposite the ight direction of the airfoil.
Relative Wind
The total aerodynamic force acting on the wing is called the _______________________.
Resultant
Rotor blade stall begins at the tip of the _______________________ blade and works inward as forward speed increases.
Retreating
The ailerons control _______________________ about the longitudinal axis, the elevators control _________________ about the lateral axis, and the rudder controls _______________________ about the vertical axis.
Roll, Pitch, Yaw
The _______________________ is a vertical control surface that is usually hinged to the tail post aft of the vertical stabi- lizer and designed to apply yawing moments to the airplane.
Rudder
The _______________________ of the rule refers to how the units of length are marked off. The markings are referred to as _______________________.
Scale, Graduations
Most aircraft modern all metal construction in use today use a _________________ form of structure in which an internal arrangement of formers and stringers is used to provide additional rigidity and strength to the skin.
Semi-Monocoque
Tabs that are used primarily on the large main control surfaces that are directly operated by the primary controls of the airplane are called _______________________ tabs.
Servo
The _______________________ of a drill is the part designed to t into the drilling machine and may be a plain cylinder in shape or be ____________________ for use in drill presses.
Shank, tapered
NACA and NASA numbers give information only on the _______________________ of the airfoil, not the size.
Shape
The _______________________ of a le refers to its general outline and cross section. Many les are ______________, which means that they decrease in width and/or thickness from the heel to the point. Files that do not change in cross section are called ___________________ les.
Shape, tapered, blunt
What is a detail view
Shows only the portion of the object but in greater detail than principal view. Larger scale.
The three states of matter are: _______________________, _______________________, and _______________________.
Solid, Liquid, Gas
Define standard
Something established to use as a rule or basis of comparison in measuring or judging.
Shock waves that extend to the ground and are re ected result in _______________________.
Sonic Booms
The __________ heat of a substance is the number of calories required to raise the temperature of 1 g of the substance 1°C or the number of Btu's required to raise 1 lb of the substance 1°F.
Specific
The ratio of the density of a substance to the density of water is called its
Specific Gravity
A measure of how fast something is moving without respect to direction is its
Speed
The rate at which small pressure disturbances spread through the air is called the _______________________________.
Speed of Sound
Lift varies as the _______________________ of the speed.
Square
A special type of elevator that combines the functions of the elevator and the horizontal stabilizer is called a _____________.
Stabilator
The inherent ability of a body, after its equilibrium is disturbed, to develop forces or moments that tend to return the body to its original position is called _______________________.
Stability
The difference in the longitudinal position of the axes of two wings of a biplane is called _______________________.
Stagger
Explain the function of a stall strip and a vortex generator
Stall strips are installed on aircrafts without the stall progression characteristic. They are a small triangular strip placed on the leading edge of the wing in the root area. The stall strip will break the airflow during a high angle of attack, causing the portion of the wing behind the strip to stall while the airflow is still smooth over the aileron. A vortex generator is installed on the top of the wing to stop the separation of air that can cause control buffeting.
The critical angle of attack is also referred to as the _______________________ angle.
Stalling
The initial tendency of an aircraft to return to equilibrium conditions following some disturbance from equilibrium is called _______________.
Static Stability
The legs of the divider are _______________________ and have sharp points. Dividers are designed to _______________ a desired dimension from a _______________________ to a piece of material.
Straight, Transfer, Scale
Another development in the 1920-30's in the structural development of aircraft was a form of construction without truss. It still provided strength and a streamlined form. This new construction was generally known as _____________ -____ structure. Because all of the loads were carried by the _______ itself.
Stressed-Skin, Skin
Below Mach 0.80______________
Subsonic
Between Mach 1.20 and Mach 5.00______________
Supersonic
T/F Pure aluminum does not corrode, it does oxidize, that is it readily unites with oxygen in the air to form a dull - looking film on its surface. This film is tight and prevents any more oxygen reaching the metal.
T
What are the two primary and three secondary stresses an airframe undergoes
Tension: A primary stress that tries to pull a body apart. Compression: Second primary stress, tries to squeeze the part together. Bending Force: Tries to pull one side of a body apart while at the same time squeezing the other side together. Torsion: A twisting force. When a structure is twisted a tensile stress acts diagonally across the member and compressive stress acts at right angles of the tension. Shear forces: Try to slide a body apart
The highest velocity that is reached by a falling object is called its
Terminal
The _______________________ gage is shaped like a T, with one xed arm and one ______________________ arm.
Telescoping, Telescoping
The degree of heat or cold (heat energy) measurable in a body is called _______________________.
Temperature
The speed of sound varies with a change in the air _______________________________.
Temperature
5 Types of Stress
Tension Compression Torsion Shear Bending
What does not take place during the aging process of an aluminum alloy after solution heat treatment?
The material becomes more resistant to corrosion.
What will determine the hardness of steel at ordinary temperatures?
The number of particles of iron carbide in the mixture
The distance between the upper and lower surface of an airfoil is called the _______________________.
Thickness
The _______________________ gage is used to determine the dimension of a gap or the __________________ between two parts.
Thickness, Clearance
A reaction force that is measured in pounds is
Thrust
An aircraft that combines the characteristics of a high performance, fixed wing turboprop with vertical lift capability is known as a ______ _______ aircraft.
Tilt rotor
The purpose of the cyclic-pitch control is to cause the ________________________________ of the main rotor to tilt as required to provide for movement of the helicopter in a desired direction.
Tip-path plane
Why do control surfaces need to be balanced
To avoid control surface flutter
Why is steel tempered after being hardened?
To relieve its internal stresses and reduce its brittleness
Layout refers to the process of _______________________ measurements from a _______________________ to materials from which parts will be fabricated.
Transferring, Drawing
When a helicopter is moving horizontally in flight at more than 15 kn [7.7 m/s], the performance of the main rotor improves due to an effect called _______________________.
Transitional Lift
Between Mach 0.80 and Mach 1.20________________
Transonic
The two different kinds of wave motion are _______________________ and _______________________.
Transverse, Compressional
Small secondary ight control surfaces set into the trailing edges of the primary control surfaces are called _______________________.
Trim Tabs
The open-end wrench will make contact only on _______________________ faces of the bolt or nut.
Two
Purpose of beryllium copper
Used for bearings, bushings, spring washers, diaphragms, ball cages and others when wear resistance, toughness, strength, and elasticity are desired.
Function of Schematic Diagram
Used to explain a system. A Schematic shows the functional location of components within a system.
Purpose of a Block Diagram
Used to simplify the explanation of complex circuits. Mainly used for electronic circuits, but can be used for any type of aircraft system.
The rate at which an object's position changes over time and the direction of the change is its
Velocity
When it is necessary to make measurements smaller than 0.001 in it will be necessary to use a micrometer with a __________ scale.
Vernier
The axis that passes vertically through the fuselage at the center of gravity is the _______________________ axis.
Vertical
Directional stability is accomplished by placing a _______________________ to the rear of the center of gravity on the upper portion of the tail section.
Vertical Fin
Sound is caused by the _______________________ of a substance.
Vibration
In straight and level ight the lift and _______________________ must be equal.
Weight
The pull exerted upon a body by the gravitation of the earth is
Weight
The __________ is a measure of the total surface of the wing
Wing Area
The ratio of the total gross weight of the aircraft divided by the total wing area is called _______________________.
Wing Loading
The fixed airfoils on an aircraft are the _______________________, the _______________________ stabilizer, and the _______________________ stabilizer.
Wings, Vertical
The product of the force applied to an object and the distance the object moves in the direction of the force is called _______________________.
Work
How does the pilot recognize permanent deformation during a pre flight
Wrinkles at the top of the wing or bottom of the horizontal stabilizer.
Which heat-treating process of metal produces a hard, wear-resistant surface over a strong, tough core?
a. Case hardening
To eliminate flutter in control surfaces, it is extremely important that the control surfaces be mass balanced so that their center of gravity does not fall _________ their hinge line. For this reason many surfaces have extensions ahead of the hinge line with lead weights installed.
ahead
A drawing in which all of the parts are brought together as an assembly is called
an installation drawing.
The _______________________ on the drill point vary depending upon the _______________ of the material.
angles, hardness
The tail rotor is often called an _______________________ rotor.
antitourque
A scratch or nick in aluminum alloy tubing can be repaired by burnishing, provided the scratch or nick does not
appear in the heel of a bend in the tube.
A flying wing type aircraft that smoothly transitions the wing and fuselage structures into one another is known as either a ___________ ___________ or a _____________ ____________ ___________ aircraft.
blended wing, blended wing body
(1) A detail drawing is a description of a single part. (2) An assembly drawing is a description of an object made up of two or more parts. Regarding the above statements,
both No. 1 and No. 2 are true.
If it is required to cut threads all the way to the bottom of a hole, the _______________________ tap is used.
bottoming
Combination wrenches are manufactured with a _______________________ wrench on one end and an _____________ wrench on the other end.
box-end,open-end
Torque wrenches must be _______________________ on a periodic basis.
calibrated
The deflection of a flap produces the effect of adding a large amount of _______________________ well aft on the chord.
camber
The _______________________ consists of a steel tool with a _____________________ point.
chisel, hardened
The corrosion protection of stainless steel is provided primarily by
chromium
The center punch has a 90° _______________________ point and is used to make an indentation in metal to _____________ the location of holes to be drilled and to make the drill _______________________ at the correct point.
conical, mark, start
A countersink is a pointed cutting tool designed to produce a _______________________ hole in metal or other materi- als to t the head of a rivet or screw.
conical-shaped
A certain amount of slack must be left in a flexible hose during installation because when under pressure it
contracts in length and expands in diameter.
In the four-digit aluminum index system number 2024, the first digit indicates
copper is the major alloying element.
The _______________________ is a tool designed to bore a second hole that is larger than the rst and __________________ with it.
counterbore, concentric
The principal reason for sweeping a wing is to increase the __________________ of the aircraft.
critical mach #
To _______________________ a material, the tool must be _______________________ than the material to be cut.
cut, harder
The standard socket and the _______________________ socket are similar in design and use except for the amount of bolt clearance provided. Both are available as either a ___________ point or _____________ point socket.
deep, six,twelve
The control cable terminals on most late-model aircraft are swaged and a painted band is placed around the cable adjacent to the terminal in order to
detect slippage of the cable in the ftting.
A torsion-type torque wrench has the torque indicated by a small _______________________ attached to the wrench.
dial gauge
The _______________________ le has a second series of teeth cut at an angle to the rst. The rst set of teeth, called the ____________________, is deeper than the second set, called the __________________.
double cut, overcut, uncut
The basic size of a socket set is determined by the size of the ______________________.
drive
The angle and lip of each cutting lip must be _______________________; if not the result will be _________________ or ______________________ holes.
equal, oversized, distorted
The drawings often used in illustrated parts manuals are
exploded-view drawings.
The _______________________ of a drill bit refers to the _______________________ of the cutting lips into the work and is given in terms of _______________________ per revolution of the bit.
feed, advancement, inches
Cutting speed is stated in terms of _______________________ (fpm).
feet per minute
The body of a drill is the part between the point and shank and includes the spiral _______________________, the ________________________, and the _______________________.
flutes, lands, margins
Nitriding is a process that
forms a hard case on a part to resist wear.
Metric-sized socket wrenches use standard _______________________ drivers.
fractional-size
The core material of Alclad 2024-T4 is
heat-treated aluminum alloy, and the surface
A line used to show an edge that is not visible is a
hidden line.
A pin-_______________________ spanner wrench is designed for use on nuts having holes drilled in the ___________________.
hook, periphery
If too much time is allowed to elapse during the transfer of 2017 or 2024 aluminum alloy from the heat treatment medium to the quench tank, it may result in
impaired corrosion resistance.
The effect of increasing the aspect ratio is principally to reduce _______________________ drag
induced
When used the adjustable wrench should be turned in a direction so that the maximum stress is applied toward the __________ end of the _______________________ jaw.
inner, fixed
The drill point angle has an effect on the _______________________ of the cutting lips. For harder materials a _______________________ lip is desirable and therefore a _______________________ angle.
length, shorter, blunter
The _______________________ is the ratio of the lift to the drag of any body in flight and is a measure of the effectiveness of an airfoil.
lift-drag ratio
While being supported in ight by lift, and propelled through the air by thrust, an airplane is free to revolve or move around three axes, namely the _______________ axis, the ________________ axis, and the _____________________ axis.
longitudinal, lateral, vertical
Aviation snips are designed so that the _______________________ jaw will push the metal out of the way.
lower
The lightest structural metal used in aircraft is
magnesium
The scribe is used for _______________________ accurate lines on metal for _______________________ purposes but should ___________________ be used on pieces of metal that will be installed on the aircraft.
marking, layout, not
An allotropic metal is one that
may have more than one crystalline structure.
An adjustable toggle-type wrench is set at the desired torque value with a _______________________-type adjustment on the handle.
micrometer
Laminated wood is often used in the construction of highly stressed aircraft components. This wood can be identified by its
parallel grain construction.
The _______________________ is used to rotate the socket wrench in a area where only a small amount of handle movement is available.
ratchet handle
An adjustable pin-face spanner wrench is used to turn large nuts that are _______________________ ush with the part in which they are installed and has holes drilled in the _______________________ of the nut for the wrench.
recessed, face
The flat file has a _______________________ cross section that is _______________________ toward the point in both width and thickness.
rectangular, slightly tapered
Aviation snips are made in right-hand and left-hand designs, which refers to the _______________ of the blades.
relative position
If a pure metal is heated above its critical temperature and cooled to room temperature, it will
return to its original structure.
When checking an item with the magnetic particle inspection method, circular and longitudinal magnetization should be used to
reveal all possible defects.
The speed of drill bits are normally measured in terms of _______________________ (rpm).
revolutions per minute
The _______________________ of the le is the sharp pointed end and is designed for a _________________.
tang, handle
Six terms used to describe the coarseness of cut are (from most coarse to nest) _______________________, coarse, _____________________, second-cut, _______________, and dead-smooth.
rough, bastard, smooth
One method of classifying hammers is by the _______________________ of the _______________________ end.
shape, peen
A pipe wrench has jaws fitted with _______________________ hardened-steel teeth designed to grip _____________ or ___________________.
sharp, pipes,rods
The prick punch resembles the center punch in appearance except it has a _______________________ point. It is used during _______________________ work to precisely mark _______________________ locations.
sharper, layout, center
The supercritical airfoil design prevents the rapid pressure rise normally associated with a more cambered airfoil and in turn delays and softens the onset of _______________________ on the upper surface of a wing.
shock waves
A _______________________ is a movable auxiliary airfoil attached to the leading edge of the wing, which, when closed, falls within the original contour of the wing and which, when opened, forms a slot.
slat
A _______________________ is a nozzle-shaped passage through a wing designed to improve the airflow conditions at high angles of attack and slow speeds.
slot
A general rule of thumb is that a _________________ speed and _______________________ feed are used for hard materials.
slow, heavy
An adjustable-hook _______________________ wrench is designed for use with large nuts having ______________ cut in the periphery into which the hook may be inserted.
spanner, notches
The tool used for boring holes is the _______________________, or _______________________, drill.
spiral, twist
A device designed to reduce the lift on a wing is called a _______________________.
spoiler
A _______________________ is a triangular strip mounted on the leading edge of the wing for the purpose of disrupting the airflow at high angles of attack.
stall strips
Aircraft bolts with a cross or asterisk marked on the bolt head are
standard steel bolts.
A fiber-type, self-locking nut should never be used on an aircraft if the bolt is
subject to rotation.
Surface cracks in aluminum castings and forgings may usually be detected by
the use of dye penetrants and suitable developers.
The first step in reading a rule is to know the _______________________ of the _______________________ on the rule.
value, graduations
