A&P exam 1
__________ synthesize(s) carbohydrates and put(s) finishing touches on proteins synthesized at __________. The Golgi complex; rough ER Ribosomes; smooth ER Smooth ER; rough ER Smooth ER; the Golgi complex The Golgi complex; smooth ER
The Golgi complex; rough ER
Which of these molecules is hydrophobic? glucose protein disaccharide cholesterol amino acid
cholesterol
integrins binds materials or cells in the ____ matrix and use them to move through space
extracellular
True or false. both the nucleus and the mitochondrion are surrounded by a two layer membrane
true
True or false. ribosomes re made of proteins and RNA
true
non polar bonds means there is equal sharing of electrons; polar bonds have ____ sharing
unequal
What do facilitated diffusion and active transport have in common? Both are examples of carrier-mediated transport. Both involve transport of a solute up its concentration gradient. Both involve transport of a solute down its concentration gradient. Both involve the use of energy provided by ATP. Neither require ATP to function.
Both are examples of carrier-mediated transport.
__________ play an important role in cell division, and they are made of __________. Nucleoli; microfilaments Centrioles; microtubules Mitochondria; microtubules Inclusions; centrosomes Ribosomes; intermediate filaments
Centrioles; microtubules
True or False. C atoms cannot bond with each other, so they bond with H, O, and N forming chains and rings
False
True or False. dynamic equilibrium can be described as having a certain set point for a given variable where internal conditions remain constant at this point
False
True or False. negative feedback is a self-amplifying chain of events that tends to product rapid change in the body
False
True or False. the pH of blood plasma is approximately 7.4 which is slightly acidic
False
when table salt, sodium chloride, is placed in water ____ Ionic bonds between Na+ and Cl- are broken Na+ and Cl- form polar covalent bonds with each other Na+ and Cl- become separated by their Van der Waals forces Na+ and Cl- form ionic bonds with each other Na+ and Cl- form hydrogen bonds with water
Ionic bonds between Na+ and Cl- are broken
Which of the following lists examples of body structures from the simplest to the most complex? Mitochondrion, connective tissue, protein, stomach, adipocyte (fat cell) Protein, adipocyte (fat cell), stomach, connective tissue, mitochondrion Protein, stomach, connective tissue, adipocyte (fat cell), mitochondrion Mitochondrion, connective tissue, stomach, protein, adipocyte (fat cell) Protein, mitochondrion, adipocyte (fat cell), connective tissue, stomach
Protein, mitochondrion, adipocyte (fat cell), connective tissue, stomach
RNA plays a role in which of the following? Transferring hereditary information from cell to cell when cells divide Synthesizing lipids Copying instructions from DNA Synthesizing proteins Synthesizing proteins and copying instructions from DNA
Synthesizing proteins and copying instructions from DNA
Which of the following gives a cell structural support, determines the shape of a cell, and directs the movement of substances through a cell? The plasma membrane The cytoskeleton The nucleus The Golgi complex Cholesterol
The cytoskeleton
Which of these is an example of active transport? Facilitated diffusion of K+ Diffusion of oxygen from a place of high concentration to a place of lower concentration Transport of Na+ from a place of low concentration to a place of higher concentration Transport of glucose down its concentration gradient Transport of Cl- following its concentration gradient
Transport of Na+ from a place of low concentration to a place of higher concentration
True or false. ligand-gated ion channels are membrane proteins that open or close in response to the binding of a chemical
True
An enzyme is substrate-specific because of the shape of its __________. secondary structure alpha chain receptor active site terminal amino acid
active site
water lubricates organ surfaces and their surrounding pleura
adhesion
Intramolecular bonding of polypeptide chains produces numerous ____ _____ and beta sheets
alpha helices
each atom can have a slight ____
charge
water ionizes and can be incorporated into other molecules
chemical reactivity
water molecules cling to each other
cohesion
The breakdown of starch by digestive enzymes into glucose molecules is a(n) __________ reaction. decomposition exchange anabolic reduction synthesis
decomposition
decreased rate of diffusion
decreased concentration gradient approaching diffusional equilibrium destruction of alveoli in the lungs
polarity deals with the _____ of electrons between the atoms
electrons
these charges dictate how each atom will share the ____
electrons
a substrate binds to a receptor site forming the ______ complex and releases products following catalysts of the chemical reaction
enzyme-substrate
True or False. Histology is the study of structures that can be observed without a magnifying lens
false
which of these is hydrophobic? fat glucose water K+ Cl-
fat
in humans, only the male gametes posess a ___
flagellum
____ is a monosaccharide, wheareas ____ is a polysaccharide glucose; starch galactose; maltose lactose; glycogen cellulose; glucose fructose; sucrose
glucose; starch
In the glycocalyx, __________ act like identification tags that enable the body to distinguish its own cells from foreign and diseased cells. cholesterol molecules glycoproteins phospholipids cell-adhesion molecules lipoproteins
glycoproteins
a physiological ____ is a different in chemical concentration, electrical charge, physical pressure, temp, or other variable gradient, imbalance, barrier, feedback system, solution
gradient
We live in an ever-changing environment outside of our body, yet our internal conditions remain relatively stable. This is called __________. metastasis homeostasis responsiveness evolution adaptation
homeostasis
Amylase is a digestive enzyme that breaks starches down into sugars through __________ reactions. hydrolysis anabolic endergonic dehydration synthesis
hydrolysis
Most transmembrane proteins have ___________ regions facing the intra- and extracellular fluid, and __________ regions embedded in the phospholipid bilayer. hydrophobic; hydrophilic lipophilic; lipophobic hydrophilic; hydrophilic hydrophobic; hydrophobic hydrophilic; hydrophobic
hydrophilic; hydrophobic
water diffusion through a ____ cell membrane is made easier by membrane proteins called aquaporins
hydrophobic
Increased rate of diffusion:
increased temperature decreased molecular weight increased membrane surface area increased membrane permeability decreased cell height- creating flatter cell villi and microvilli in the intestinal epithelium increased synthesis of channel proteins
a ___ ____ channel allows a constant flow of sodium through the plasma membrane down its own electrochemical gradient
leaky sodium
a _____ channel allows for discriminatory permeability of solutes only at designated times
ligand-regulated
the movement of water from an area of ___ solute concentration to an area of ___ solute concentration describes osmosis
low; high
What organelle is most active in causing programmed cell death? Mitochondrion Nucleus Centriole Lysosome Rough endoplasmic reticulum
lysosome
cells used for absorption typically utilize ____ to maximize surface area
microvilli
Muscle cells contain numerous ____ to serve their high demand for ATP mitochondria inclusions lysosomes ribosomes Golgi vesicles
mitochondria
the movement of mucus, egg cells, and cerebrospinal fluid is caused by the wave-like beating of ____ across the cell's surface
motile cilia
Blood glucose concentration rises after a meal and stimulates the pancreas to release the hormone insulin. Insulin travels in the blood and stimulates the uptake of glucose by body cells from the bloodstream, thus reducing blood glucose concentration. This is an example of _________. integration control positive feedback negative feedback set point adjustment dynamic equilibrium
negative feedback
During exercise, one generates excess heat and the body temperature rises. As a response, blood vessels dilate in the skin, warm blood flows closer to the body surface, and heat is lost. This is an example of __________. dynamic equilibrium, negative feedback, integration control, set point adjustment, positive feedback
negative feedback
In a covalent bond, the bond can be either polar or _____
non polar
nearly every human cell has a single ______ whose unction is not completely understood
nonmotile primary cilium
Cellular membranes are permeable to _________, but impermeable to ___________. proteins; nutrients phosphates; wastes nutrients; wastes wastes; nutrients nutrients; proteins
nutrients; proteins
movement away from high solvent concentration or towards high solute concentration describes ____
osmosis
Water flows through a selectively permeable membrane in a process called __________, but water molecules cross the membrane more easily through channels of transmembrane proteins called __________. osmosis; water pumps osmosis; aquaporins osmosis; uniport filtration; water pumps filtration; aquaporins
osmosis; aquaporins
because of the inability of RBCs and albumin to pass through the filtration membrane of the renal corpuscle, they exert a small amount of _____ on the tubular fluid towards the glomerulus
osmotic pressure
White blood cells engulf bacteria by means of _____ pinocytosis contransport phagocytosis active transport receptor-medicated endocytosis
phagocytosis
The most abundant molecules in the plasma membrane are __________. cholesterol molecules proteins glycolipids prostaglandins phospholipids
phospholipids
The plasma membrane is mostly made of molecules that have hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails. These molecules are called _________. phospholipids proteoglycans glycoproteins glycolipids lipoproteins
phospholipids
amino acids link together end-to-end forming the _____ structure of proteins
primary
macrophages reach out with thin filamentous ____ to snare bacteria and cell debris and "reel them in: to be digested by cell
pseudopods
ATP is consumed when __________ transfer solutes from one side of the membrane to the other. cell-adhesion molecules channels receptors cell-identity markers pumps
pumps
more than one globular or fibrous protein subunit now interact to produce ____ structure, which results from ionic, hydrophilic, and hydrophobic interactions
quaternary
insulin, a hydrophilic compound, binds to a ____ site on the cell's extracellular, causing activation of a second messenger system on the cell's interior
receptor
chemical properties of amino acids groups within a sequence interact with one another in ____ protein structure resulting in hydrogen bonding and chain folding
secondary
The term _____________ refers to a membrane that allows some things to pass through it, but not others. selectively permeable carrier-mediated phospholipid bilayer glycocalyx specificity
selectively permeable
circulating plasma antibodies recognize a ____ _____ as "self" and thus do not initiate an immune response
self glycoprotein
the brush border of the ____ is comprised of microvilli
small intestine
Among other functions, hepatocytes (liver cells) are specialized for detoxifying drugs or other chemicals. Hepatocytes have large amounts of __________. cilia DNA microtubules smooth endoplasmic reticulum centrioles
smooth ER
molecules must be dissolved in water to move freely and react
solvency
True or false. all amino acids have both carboxyl and an animo group attached to a central carbon
true
globular and fibrous shapes are created with _____ structure of proteins caused by further folding due to disulfide bridges, hydrophobicity and Van der Waals forces
tertiary
a high heat capacity helps maintain the internal body temperature
thermal stability
True or false. Na+-K+ ATPase is a counter transport antiport carrier, which always requires energy. Group starts
true
The sodium-potassium (Na+-K+) pump transports both sodium and potassium __________ their concentration gradients in a process called ____________. down; countertransport down; active transport up; cotransport up; facilitated transport up; active transport
up; active transport