A&P exam 1

__________ synthesize(s) carbohydrates and put(s) finishing touches on proteins synthesized at __________. The Golgi complex; rough ER Ribosomes; smooth ER Smooth ER; rough ER Smooth ER; the Golgi complex The Golgi complex; smooth ER

The Golgi complex; rough ER

Which of these molecules is hydrophobic? glucose protein disaccharide cholesterol amino acid

cholesterol

integrins binds materials or cells in the ____ matrix and use them to move through space

extracellular

True or false. both the nucleus and the mitochondrion are surrounded by a two layer membrane

true

True or false. ribosomes re made of proteins and RNA

true

non polar bonds means there is equal sharing of electrons; polar bonds have ____ sharing

unequal

What do facilitated diffusion and active transport have in common? Both are examples of carrier-mediated transport. Both involve transport of a solute up its concentration gradient. Both involve transport of a solute down its concentration gradient. Both involve the use of energy provided by ATP. Neither require ATP to function.

Both are examples of carrier-mediated transport.

__________ play an important role in cell division, and they are made of __________. Nucleoli; microfilaments Centrioles; microtubules Mitochondria; microtubules Inclusions; centrosomes Ribosomes; intermediate filaments

Centrioles; microtubules

True or False. C atoms cannot bond with each other, so they bond with H, O, and N forming chains and rings

False

True or False. dynamic equilibrium can be described as having a certain set point for a given variable where internal conditions remain constant at this point

False

True or False. negative feedback is a self-amplifying chain of events that tends to product rapid change in the body

False

True or False. the pH of blood plasma is approximately 7.4 which is slightly acidic

False

when table salt, sodium chloride, is placed in water ____ Ionic bonds between Na+ and Cl- are broken Na+ and Cl- form polar covalent bonds with each other Na+ and Cl- become separated by their Van der Waals forces Na+ and Cl- form ionic bonds with each other Na+ and Cl- form hydrogen bonds with water

Ionic bonds between Na+ and Cl- are broken

Which of the following lists examples of body structures from the simplest to the most complex? Mitochondrion, connective tissue, protein, stomach, adipocyte (fat cell) Protein, adipocyte (fat cell), stomach, connective tissue, mitochondrion Protein, stomach, connective tissue, adipocyte (fat cell), mitochondrion Mitochondrion, connective tissue, stomach, protein, adipocyte (fat cell) Protein, mitochondrion, adipocyte (fat cell), connective tissue, stomach

Protein, mitochondrion, adipocyte (fat cell), connective tissue, stomach

RNA plays a role in which of the following? Transferring hereditary information from cell to cell when cells divide Synthesizing lipids Copying instructions from DNA Synthesizing proteins Synthesizing proteins and copying instructions from DNA

Synthesizing proteins and copying instructions from DNA

Which of the following gives a cell structural support, determines the shape of a cell, and directs the movement of substances through a cell? The plasma membrane The cytoskeleton The nucleus The Golgi complex Cholesterol

The cytoskeleton

Which of these is an example of active transport? Facilitated diffusion of K+ Diffusion of oxygen from a place of high concentration to a place of lower concentration Transport of Na+ from a place of low concentration to a place of higher concentration Transport of glucose down its concentration gradient Transport of Cl- following its concentration gradient

Transport of Na+ from a place of low concentration to a place of higher concentration

True or false. ligand-gated ion channels are membrane proteins that open or close in response to the binding of a chemical

True

An enzyme is substrate-specific because of the shape of its __________. secondary structure alpha chain receptor active site terminal amino acid

active site

water lubricates organ surfaces and their surrounding pleura

adhesion

Intramolecular bonding of polypeptide chains produces numerous ____ _____ and beta sheets

alpha helices

each atom can have a slight ____

charge

water ionizes and can be incorporated into other molecules

chemical reactivity

water molecules cling to each other

cohesion

The breakdown of starch by digestive enzymes into glucose molecules is a(n) __________ reaction. decomposition exchange anabolic reduction synthesis

decomposition

decreased rate of diffusion

decreased concentration gradient approaching diffusional equilibrium destruction of alveoli in the lungs

polarity deals with the _____ of electrons between the atoms

electrons

these charges dictate how each atom will share the ____

electrons

a substrate binds to a receptor site forming the ______ complex and releases products following catalysts of the chemical reaction

enzyme-substrate

True or False. Histology is the study of structures that can be observed without a magnifying lens

false

which of these is hydrophobic? fat glucose water K+ Cl-

fat

in humans, only the male gametes posess a ___

flagellum

____ is a monosaccharide, wheareas ____ is a polysaccharide glucose; starch galactose; maltose lactose; glycogen cellulose; glucose fructose; sucrose

glucose; starch

In the glycocalyx, __________ act like identification tags that enable the body to distinguish its own cells from foreign and diseased cells. cholesterol molecules glycoproteins phospholipids cell-adhesion molecules lipoproteins

glycoproteins

a physiological ____ is a different in chemical concentration, electrical charge, physical pressure, temp, or other variable gradient, imbalance, barrier, feedback system, solution

gradient

We live in an ever-changing environment outside of our body, yet our internal conditions remain relatively stable. This is called __________. metastasis homeostasis responsiveness evolution adaptation

homeostasis

Amylase is a digestive enzyme that breaks starches down into sugars through __________ reactions. hydrolysis anabolic endergonic dehydration synthesis

hydrolysis

Most transmembrane proteins have ___________ regions facing the intra- and extracellular fluid, and __________ regions embedded in the phospholipid bilayer. hydrophobic; hydrophilic lipophilic; lipophobic hydrophilic; hydrophilic hydrophobic; hydrophobic hydrophilic; hydrophobic

hydrophilic; hydrophobic

water diffusion through a ____ cell membrane is made easier by membrane proteins called aquaporins

hydrophobic

Increased rate of diffusion:

increased temperature decreased molecular weight increased membrane surface area increased membrane permeability decreased cell height- creating flatter cell villi and microvilli in the intestinal epithelium increased synthesis of channel proteins

a ___ ____ channel allows a constant flow of sodium through the plasma membrane down its own electrochemical gradient

leaky sodium

a _____ channel allows for discriminatory permeability of solutes only at designated times

ligand-regulated

the movement of water from an area of ___ solute concentration to an area of ___ solute concentration describes osmosis

low; high

What organelle is most active in causing programmed cell death? Mitochondrion Nucleus Centriole Lysosome Rough endoplasmic reticulum

lysosome

cells used for absorption typically utilize ____ to maximize surface area

microvilli

Muscle cells contain numerous ____ to serve their high demand for ATP mitochondria inclusions lysosomes ribosomes Golgi vesicles

mitochondria

the movement of mucus, egg cells, and cerebrospinal fluid is caused by the wave-like beating of ____ across the cell's surface

motile cilia

Blood glucose concentration rises after a meal and stimulates the pancreas to release the hormone insulin. Insulin travels in the blood and stimulates the uptake of glucose by body cells from the bloodstream, thus reducing blood glucose concentration. This is an example of _________. integration control positive feedback negative feedback set point adjustment dynamic equilibrium

negative feedback

During exercise, one generates excess heat and the body temperature rises. As a response, blood vessels dilate in the skin, warm blood flows closer to the body surface, and heat is lost. This is an example of __________. dynamic equilibrium, negative feedback, integration control, set point adjustment, positive feedback

negative feedback

In a covalent bond, the bond can be either polar or _____

non polar

nearly every human cell has a single ______ whose unction is not completely understood

nonmotile primary cilium

Cellular membranes are permeable to _________, but impermeable to ___________. proteins; nutrients phosphates; wastes nutrients; wastes wastes; nutrients nutrients; proteins

nutrients; proteins

movement away from high solvent concentration or towards high solute concentration describes ____

osmosis

Water flows through a selectively permeable membrane in a process called __________, but water molecules cross the membrane more easily through channels of transmembrane proteins called __________. osmosis; water pumps osmosis; aquaporins osmosis; uniport filtration; water pumps filtration; aquaporins

osmosis; aquaporins

because of the inability of RBCs and albumin to pass through the filtration membrane of the renal corpuscle, they exert a small amount of _____ on the tubular fluid towards the glomerulus

osmotic pressure

White blood cells engulf bacteria by means of _____ pinocytosis contransport phagocytosis active transport receptor-medicated endocytosis

phagocytosis

The most abundant molecules in the plasma membrane are __________. cholesterol molecules proteins glycolipids prostaglandins phospholipids

phospholipids

The plasma membrane is mostly made of molecules that have hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails. These molecules are called _________. phospholipids proteoglycans glycoproteins glycolipids lipoproteins

phospholipids

amino acids link together end-to-end forming the _____ structure of proteins

primary

macrophages reach out with thin filamentous ____ to snare bacteria and cell debris and "reel them in: to be digested by cell

pseudopods

ATP is consumed when __________ transfer solutes from one side of the membrane to the other. cell-adhesion molecules channels receptors cell-identity markers pumps

pumps

more than one globular or fibrous protein subunit now interact to produce ____ structure, which results from ionic, hydrophilic, and hydrophobic interactions

quaternary

insulin, a hydrophilic compound, binds to a ____ site on the cell's extracellular, causing activation of a second messenger system on the cell's interior

receptor

chemical properties of amino acids groups within a sequence interact with one another in ____ protein structure resulting in hydrogen bonding and chain folding

secondary

The term _____________ refers to a membrane that allows some things to pass through it, but not others. selectively permeable carrier-mediated phospholipid bilayer glycocalyx specificity

selectively permeable

circulating plasma antibodies recognize a ____ _____ as "self" and thus do not initiate an immune response

self glycoprotein

the brush border of the ____ is comprised of microvilli

small intestine

Among other functions, hepatocytes (liver cells) are specialized for detoxifying drugs or other chemicals. Hepatocytes have large amounts of __________. cilia DNA microtubules smooth endoplasmic reticulum centrioles

smooth ER

molecules must be dissolved in water to move freely and react

solvency

True or false. all amino acids have both carboxyl and an animo group attached to a central carbon

true

globular and fibrous shapes are created with _____ structure of proteins caused by further folding due to disulfide bridges, hydrophobicity and Van der Waals forces

tertiary

a high heat capacity helps maintain the internal body temperature

thermal stability

True or false. Na+-K+ ATPase is a counter transport antiport carrier, which always requires energy. Group starts

true

The sodium-potassium (Na+-K+) pump transports both sodium and potassium __________ their concentration gradients in a process called ____________. down; countertransport down; active transport up; cotransport up; facilitated transport up; active transport

up; active transport