A&P Exam 3: Ch. 6, 7, 9

Put the steps of endochondral ossification in the correct order. Cartilage calcifies, and a periosteal bone collar forms. The fetal hyaline cartilage model develops. Secondary ossification centers form in the epiphysis. Bone replaces cartilage except at the epiphyseal plates. The primary ossification center forms in the diaphysis.

2, 1, 4, 5, 3

Physically active people with good nutrition will begin to lose bone mass at age 20. 10. 25. 35

35

Process by which skin produces calcitriol

7-Dehydrocholestrol (from the sun or dietary intake) --> Vitamin D3 --> Calcidiol --> calcitriol

Sunlight contacting the epidermis converts ______ to vitamin D₃, otherwise known as cholecalciferol. Transported via the blood to the liver, ________ is converted to calcidiol. Calcidiol returns to the blood once again where transport to the kidneys then allows the final conversion to ________. Now in the most active form, calcitriol acts to ______ blood calcium by acting on three target organs: 1) small intestines 2) skeleton, and 3) kidneys.

7-dehydrocholesterol, cholecalciferol, calcitriol, increase

When during human development does the process of endochondral ossification begin? 12 weeks after birth. 8th week of embryonic development. 8th-9th month of embryonic development. 3-4 months of age. 10-25 years of age.

8th week of embryonic development.

What causes osteoporosis? Vitamin D deficiency Lack of exercise Low estrogen and testosterone levels All of these cause osteoporosis.

All of these cause osteoporosis

Which part of a synovial joint may be reinforced by ligaments and tendons? Synovial membrane Articular capsule Articular cartilage Menisci and discs

Articular capsule

Indicate the parts of the skeletal system. Bones Hyaline cartilage Fibrocartilage Elastic cartilage Osseous tissue Blood

Bones, Hyaline cartilage, Fibrocartilage, Osseous tissue,

Which step in the formation of calcitriol is regulated by parathyroid hormone? Conversion of 7-dehydrocholesterol to Vitamin D3. Conversion of calcidiol to calcitriol. Conversion of Vitamin D3 to calcidiol. Conversion of calcidiol to cholecalciferol.

Conversion of calcidiol to calcitriol.

Which step in the formation of calcitriol is regulated by parathyroid hormone? Conversion of Vitamin D3 to calcidiol. Conversion of calcidiol to calcitriol. Conversion of calcidiol to cholecalciferol. Conversion of 7-dehydrocholesterol to Vitamin D3.

Conversion of calcidiol to calcitriol.

Indicate whether each bone is a long, short, irregular, or flat bone. Scapula Carpal bone Femur Vertebrae

Flat bone, Short bone, Long bone, Irregular bone

Check all of the bones that are formed by intramembranous ossification. Flat bones of the skull Vertebrae Long bones of the limbs Mandible

Flat bones of the skull, Mandible

Name the area where growth of a hair occurs. Hair bulge Hair bulb Hair shaft

Hair bulb

Parathyroid hormone is released from the __________ glands.

Parathyroid

The type of bone that contains no osteons, but consists of trabeculae composed of parallel lamellae is __________ bone.

Spongy

WORDBANK: Support, Electrolyte balance, Nutrient delivery, Communication, Blood formation, Movement, Protection. The bones of the skeleton provide structure to the body and serve as a _________ to hold up the body and maintain proper positioning of some organs. The skull, pelvis, ribs, vertebral column, and sternum provide __________ to many delicate organs of the body by encasing them in hardened shell-like or caged structures. The ___________ of the entire skeleton or skeletal elements utilizes the anchoring of muscles to attachment sites on the bones, which then serve as levers. Minerals can be stored in the skeleton, which acts as a reservoir, storing or releasing minerals as needed to maintain _________________ throughout the body. Contained within the spongy sections of bones, marrow is responsible for ______________.

Support, Protection, Movement, Electrolyte balance, Blood formation

Select the way in which sweat glands function in homeostasis. Sensory perception Protection Production of vitamin D3 Temperature regulation

Temperature regulation

Just one or two bad sunburns can set the stage for malignant melanoma to develop, even years or decades into the future. True False

True

Signs and symptoms of arthritis do not include joint destruction on the basis of autoimmune injury. specifically, wear and tear changes of the cartilage. a joint that is cold to the touch relative to other parts of the body.

a joint that is cold to the touch relative to other parts of the body.

The cylindrical channel that lies in the center of the osteon is the canaliculus. lamella. perforating canal. central canal.

central canal.

The secondary ossification center in a long bone is located in the diaphysis. metaphysis. periosteum. epiphysis.

epiphysis.

Mechanical stress applied to bone __________ osteoblast activity in bone tissue, and the removal of mechanical stress __________ osteoblast activity. increases; decreases decreases; maintains decreases; increases increases; maintains

increases; decreases

When bone forms by intramembranous ossification, the ossification centers are within spongy bone. elastic cartilage. compact bone. hyaline cartilage. mesenchyme.

mesenchyme.

Osteoporosis can be cured by greatly increasing calcium and vitamin D intake once the signs of osteoporosis appear. medications called bisphosphonates. there is no cure for osteoporosis, but the progress can be slowed by having had a good diet and plenty of exercise while young. a bone transplant.

there is no cure for osteoporosis, but the progress can be slowed by having had a good diet and plenty of exercise while young.

Recall from earlier chapters that cells are organized into _______ which are organized into ______ which, in turn, are organized into ______________.

tissues, organs, organ systems

The skin is classified as an organ, meaning that skin is comprised of: several organ systems working together. two or more tissue types working together. many cells of one type working together.

two or more tissue types working together.

Indicate whether each statement is true or false. 1. Intramembranous ossification is completed by birth. 2. Within the spongy bone that is formed by intramembranous ossification, there are spaces that contain developing red bone marrow. 3. The end products of intramembranous bone formation are bones with outer compact bone surfaces and spongy centers.

False, True, True

Select all the events unique to endochondral ossification. Formation of a medullary cavity Appearance of bone marrow Multiple ossification centers Epiphyseal plate ossification

Formation of a medullary cavity, Epiphyseal plate ossification

True or false: surgical replacement of the damaged joint is the only treatment for osteoarthritis.

False

f you are not getting adequate calcium in your diet, calcitonin will be secreted, which stimulates osteoclasts to resorb bone and thereby increases calcium levels in the blood. T/F

False

Indicate whether each statement is true or false. 1. Endochondral ossification ceases at two years of age. 2. The cartilage model used in endochondral ossification becomes surrounded by perichondrium except in the diaphysis. 3. In long bones, the diaphysis is the site of the primary ossification center. 4. In mature bone, the only cartilage that remains is the articular cartilage on the epiphyses of bones.

False, False, True, True

If calcium levels are low and intramembranous ossification is halted during calcification of osteoid, select all the events that will not occur. Development of ossification centers Formation of trabeculae Osteoblasts become osteocytes Mesenchyme condenses

Formation of trabeculae Osteoblasts become osteocytes

During intramembranous ossification, what replaces woven bone? Mesenchyme Lamellar bone Endochondral bone Hyaline cartilage

Lamellar bone

WORDBANK: Perforating canals, Lacunae, Trabeculae, Medullary Cavities, Canaliculi, Central canals, Osteons The __________ are found deep in the diaphyses of long bones and are filled with yellow marrow in the adult. Located in the middle of osteons, the ________ contain the arterial, venous, and nervous supply of the compact bones. Filled with osteocytes, which are osteoblasts encased in matrix,_________ are found between layers of concentric lamellae. Osteocytes maintain contact with neighboring osteocytes in adjacent lamellae via dendrite-like extensions called _________.

Medullary cavities, Central canals, Lacunae, Canaliculi

Select all that are formed by endochondral ossification. Most bones of the body. Flat bones of the skull. Long bones of upper limb. Long bones (phalanges) of toes.

Most bones of the body, Long bones of upper limb, Long bones (phalanges) of toes.

Does Mrs. JG's presenting complaint of loss of height seem reasonable? No, this is not compatible with what is known about long bone growth and epiphyseal closure. Yes, this is not an uncommon complaint and is due to compression of the vertebrae of the spine. Yes, because of the lack of vitamin D in this condition, the leg bones become soft and will bend.

Yes, this is not an uncommon complaint and is due to compression of the vertebrae of the spine.

Which of these are functions of hair? a: Sensory reception b: Heat retention c: Immune function d: Protection e: Formation of Vitamin D3

a, b, d

Also part of this system are structures including nails, hair, sweat glands, and oil glands. These structures are referred to as the ___________ of the skin.

accessory structures

Bone growth in which the bone increases in diameter is called cancellous bone growth. endosteal growth. appositional growth. interstitial growth. epiphyseal growth.

appositional growth.

Which choice places the steps of intramembranous ossification in correct chronological order? a: Formation of lamellar bone. b: Osteoid undergoes calcification. c: Ossification centers form. d: Formation of woven bone and its periosteum. c - b - a - d b - c - d - a c - b - d - a b - a - c - d a - c - d - b

c - b - d - a

Hyaline cartilage consists of specialized cells called __________ that produce a matrix surrounding themselves. When matrix surrounds these cells, they become __________ that are trapped in lacunae. chondroclasts; chondroblasts chondroblasts; chondroclasts chondrocytes; chondroblasts chondroblasts; chondrocytes

chondroblasts; chondrocytes

The epiphyseal plates in the _________ are the last ones in the body to ossify. radius clavicle tibia humerus femur

clavicle

When making a fist, the fingers are flexed. extended. adducted. hyperextended.

flexed.

Mammary glands are modified _________ and can be found in the _______. Males have _________, but they are only functional in _________ and pregnant women. Mammary glands produce _____ so a mother can _______ a newly born infant.

sweat glands, breasts mammary glands, lactating milk, nourish

The degree of skin pigmentation of a person is related to the amount of vitamin D in a person's diet. the proximity of individual keratinocytes to one another in the epidermis. the degree of melanin clearance in the kidneys. the amount of melanin production by a person's melanocytes.

the amount of melanin production by a person's melanocytes.

Light-skinned people are at greatest risk for malignant melanoma because the decreased amount of melanin allows more UV light penetration into the skin, therefore increasing the risk of cancer development. light-skinned people are notoriously deficient in vitamin D. people of northern European descent have inherited a defective form of melanin that provides little UV protection.

the decreased amount of melanin allows more UV light penetration into the skin, therefore increasing the risk of cancer development.

Which is not a type of synovial joint? Suture Pivot Saddle Ball-and-socket

Suture

Causes of arthritis include infectious agents. autoimmune attack. All of these are correct. wear and tear age-related chagnes of the cartilage. crystal formation in the joint fluid.

All of these are correct.

Which of the following are functions of the skin? Check all that apply. Absorption of oils or lipid-soluble chemical or drugs, such as estrogen or nicotine, through transdermal patches Excretion of sebum that lubricates the skin surface and hair Secretion of the waste product urea during sweating Secretion of water and salt during sweating, which plays a role in electrolyte homeostasis

All are functions of the skin

Which affects osteoblast and osteoclast activity? Gravity Mechanical stress Calcitonin and parathyroid hormone levels Blood calcium level All of the choices are correct.

All of the choices are correct.

Rheumatoid arthritis is a multisystem, autoimmune disease in which the immune system attacks the connective tissue of the body and therefore differs from osteoarthritis. The organs other than the joints affected in rheumatoid arthritis include lungs. All of these are correct. portions of the eye. blood vessels. heart. skin.

All of these are correct.

Some of the age-related changes in the articular cartilage that contribute to osteoarthritis include chondrocyte manufactured matrix becomes less resilient. little cracks in the cartilage allow synovial fluid to enter and damage the local bone. reduced numbers of chrondrocytes in the cartilage. All of these are correct.

All of these are correct.

Given that ultraviolet light exposure is instrumental in the development of malignant melanoma, one can reduce the risk of cancer by using a high SPF sun-screen when outdoors. All of these choices are correct. avoiding or limiting the use of tanning beds. wearing a wide brimmed hat when working in the garden or yard.

All of these choices are correct.

Match the definition with the correct long bone part: WORD BANK: Epiphyseal plate, Red marrow, Medullary cavity, Articular cartilage, Endosteum, Epiphysis, Periosteum, Diaphysis, Yellow marrow. The shaft of the bone The end(s) of long bones Connective tissue membrane covering most of the outer surface Connective tissue membrane lining the inner cavities of bones Hyaline cartilage covering where a bone forms a joint Growth plate between the diaphysis and epiphysis Large cavity within the shaft Connective tissue in that serves as a site of blood cell production Found in the medullary cavity and is mainly adipose tissue

Diaphysis, Epiphysis, Periosteum, Endosteum, Articular cartilage, Epiphyseal plate, Medullary cavity, Red marrow, Yellow marrow.

What explains the dramatic acceleration in lengthwise bone growth at puberty? Increased rate of calcium deposition occurs due to high blood calcium levels. Increased absorption of dietary vitamins and minerals strengthens the matrix. Increased physical activity causes lengthwise growth in response to bone stress. Increased secretion of sex hormones promotes epiphyseal plate growth. Increased activity of osteoclasts occurs in response to parathyroid hormone stimulation.

Increased secretion of sex hormones promotes epiphyseal plate growth.

Achondroplastic dwarfism is a disorder that affects endochondral ossification. Which of the following bones will be affected? Long bones in the fingers and toes. Most bones of the body. The tibia (long bone) of the leg. The humerus (long bone) of the upper limb. All of the choices are correct.

Most bones of the body.

During the process of endochondral ossification, chondrocytes in the cartilage model die. Why does this occur? The developing bone collar secretes enzymes that destroy the chondrocytes. Blood supply to the cartilage is cut off by the developing periosteum. Canaliculi connecting adjacent chondrocyte lacunae fuse. Nutrients cannot diffuse to the chondrocytes through the calcified matrix. Phagocytic osteoclasts in the new bone engulf and destroy the chondrocytes.

Nutrients cannot diffuse to the chondrocytes through the calcified matrix.

WORDBANK: Compact, Organs, Connective, Tissues, Spongy, Epithelial Bones of the skeleton are the primary ______ of the skeletal system. Two types of bone ________ tissue are present in most of the bones in the body: compact bone and spongy bone. The bone tissue that appears white, smooth, and solid is _______ bone whereas, _________ bone appears porous.

Organs, Connective, Compact, Spongy

Select all that are true of bone remodeling. Remodeling occurs at about the same rate everywhere in the skeleton. Osteoclasts are involved in the remodeling process. Bone remodeling is a combination of bone deposition and resorption. Bones are remodeled to accommodate the stresses put on them.

Osteoclasts are involved in the remodeling process. Bone remodeling is a combination of bone deposition and resorption. Bones are remodeled to accommodate the stresses put on them.

If melanin is so important for protection against mutagenic UV exposure, why is it that some people are light skinned and obviously deficient in melanin? People of northern climates historically have had less sun exposure and the decreased skin melanin content is necessary for vitamin D production. UV light interferes with vitamin C production in the skin, so people of southern climates have more melanin in order to insure adequate levels of vitamin C. The ethnic differences in melanin skin content results from purely random mutations and has no particular advantage.

People of northern climates historically have had less sun exposure and the decreased skin melanin content is necessary for vitamin D production.

Hair has important functions beyond just appearance. Which of the following functions are associated with hair? Check all that apply. Absorption of chemical signals. Prevents heat loss from the scalp to the air. Protects the scalp from sunburn and injury. Associated tactile receptors detect light touch.

Prevents heat loss from the scalp to the air. Protects the scalp from sunburn and injury. Associated tactile receptors detect light touch.

Check all that are a function of the integument. Protection from the external environment Prevention of water loss Temperature regulation Movement Immune defense

Protection from the external environment Prevention of water loss Temperature regulation Immune defense

Which of the following is a true statement regarding sebaceous glands? Check all that apply. Sebaceous glands are a form of sudoriferous gland. Sebaceous glands secrete an oily substance called sebum. Sebaceous glands are modified mammary glands. Sebaceous glands are responsible for the oil that coats the hair on your scalp.

Sebaceous glands secrete an oily substance called sebum. Sebaceous glands are responsible for the oil that coats the hair on your scalp.

Match the structure with its protective function (glands, hair, nails, or skin). 1. Protects against abrasion; contains melanin, which absorbs damaging UV light. 2. Protects against abrasion; acts as a heat insulator, protects the eyes against foreign objects. 3. Produce secretions that create an environment unsuitable for some microorganisms. 4. Protect the ends of the fingers and toes from damage; can be used in defense.

Skin, Hair, Glands, Nails

In embryonic and fetal development, skin develops into certain structures from developmental layers. What structures are formed and what layers participate in this development? Check all that apply. Sweat and sebaceous glands develop from the stratum basale of the epidermis and first appear at about 20 weeks on the palms and soles of feet. In the seventh week periderm is formed. During the fetal period, periderm is sloughed off and mixes with sebum from sebaceous glands to produce a waterproof protective coating called vernix caseosa. Hair follicles begin to appear between 15 and 20 weeks of development as hair buds invade the overlying stratum basale of the epidermis. Fingernails and toenails start to form in the twentieth week of development. Fingernail development reaches the tips of the fingers by 32 weeks and toenails are fully formed by about 36 weeks.

Sweat and sebaceous glands develop from the stratum basale of the epidermis and first appear at about 20 weeks on the palms and soles of feet. In the seventh week periderm is formed. During the fetal period, periderm is sloughed off and mixes with sebum from sebaceous glands to produce a waterproof protective coating called vernix caseosa.

When you dive into a cold swimming pool, explain what happens in order to maintain homeostasis. The blood flow from the deeper tissues through the dermis increases in order to keep the skin warm. Blood flow through the dermis does not change, but shivering begins. The body increases the temperature of the blood, thereby maintaining homeostasis. The blood flow from the deeper tissues through the dermis decreases, causing a decreased loss of body heat through the skin.

The blood flow from the deeper tissues through the dermis decreases, causing a decreased loss of body heat through the skin.

What would be the effect on bone growth of insufficient dietary calcium? The epiphyseal plates would ossify earlier in development. There would be no effect, because the body is able to synthesize calcium. The matrix would be softer. There would be increased formation of spongy bone. The bone would be less flexible.

The matrix would be softer.

Check all that are examples of long bones. Ribs Tibia (leg bone) Phalanges (finger bones) Patella (kneecap) Humerus (bone of the arm)

Tibia (leg bone), Phalanges (finger bones), Humerus (bone of the arm)

What is the function of the arrector pili? To initiate secretion of sweat from apocrine glands. To initiate secretion from sebaceous glands. To detect touch and pressure. To shift position of hair follicles.

To shift position of hair follicles.

Contraction of the arrector pili muscles causes the hair follicle to become perpendicular to the skin, resulting in the hair "standing on end." release the hair root. resist extraction. lie at an oblique angle next to the skin.

become perpendicular to the skin, resulting in the hair "standing on end."

Mineralization is a process that extracts ____________ from the blood plasma and deposits it into bone. calcium phosphate both calcium and phosphate neither calcium nor phosphate

both calcium and phosphate

The sweat glands that produce a watery substance and are associated with exercise and stress are the _________ sweat glands, while glands that produce an organic substance that causes body odor are the __________ sweat glands. merocrine, eccrine sebaceous, apocrine eccrine, apocrine holocrine, merocrine

eccrine, apocrine

The restoration of the protective skin barrier is called __________. platelet plug angiogenesis vasodilation epithelialization

epithelialization

The steps in the process of endochondral ossification area: a: Ossification center forms in the diaphysis. b: Cartilage calcifies and a bone collar forms. c: Ossification centers form in the epiphyses. d: Bone replaces cartilage. e: Epiphyseal plates ossify. f: Cartilage model develops. The correct chronological order for these steps is a. - e. - c. - d. - b. - f. a. - c. - b. - d. - e. - f. f. - b. - c. - d. - a. - e. f. - b. - a. - c. - d. - e. b. - c. - f. - a. - e. - d.

f. - b. - a. - c. - d. - e.

The genetic influence on the development of osteoporosis is related to individual variability in our capacity to absorb calcium from our food. genetically mediated hyperactivity of osteclasts. congenital absence of osteoblasts. genetic deficiencies of muscle strength that secondarily affect stress on bones.

individual variability in our capacity to absorb calcium from our food.

The term arthritis does not imply a specific disease. It actually describes inflammation of one or more joints joint destruction on the basis of autoimmune injury. specifically, wear and tear changes of the cartilage.

inflammation of one or more joints

A flat bone of the skull is produced by ___________ ossification.

intramembranous

Exposure to ultraviolet light darkens skin by stimulating synthesis of cyanin. melanin. melatonin. carotene. hemoglobin.

melanin.

In appositional growth of cartilage, osteoblasts replace chondroblasts. cartilage is replaced with another kind of connective tissue. the tissue becomes vascularized in order to grow. chondroblasts within the tissue proliferate and add more matrix from the inside. new chondrocytes and new matrix are added onto the outside of the tissue.

new chondrocytes and new matrix are added onto the outside of the tissue.

Chemical analysis of bone composition from someone with osteoporosis compared with that of normal bone would reveal weaker bones because of decreased bone matrix. no difference because the problem with osteoporosis is one of bone quantity, not its chemical makeup. a lack of adequate calcium. a deficiency in vitamin D.

no difference because the problem with osteoporosis is one of bone quantity, not its chemical makeup.

An osteoblast is an example of an ______ component of bone. inorganic organic

organic

Bone producing cells are... periosteum. osteoblasts. osteons. endosteum. lamellae.

osteoblasts.

The combination of all of the concentric rings of bone built around a single blood vessel is called a(n)... endosteum. periosteum. lamella. osteon. osteoblast.

osteon.

A severe lack of bone density is called __________. osteomyelitis osteoporosis osteomyalgia osteosarcoma

osteoporosis

The process in which white blood cells eat debris and kill bacteria to reduce the risk of infection is called _________. vasodilation phagocytosis fibrin platelet plug

phagocytosis

In an adult, red bone marrow is found in all of the following bones except the ribs. sternum. radius of forearm. vertebrae.

radius of forearm.

Hyaline cartilage serves as a precursor for the formation of long bones in the body. is flexible and composed of elastin. has a double-layered connective tissue sheath covering it called the periosteum. can be found in between vertebrae serving as shock-absorbing discs.

serves as a precursor for the formation of long bones in the body.

This chapter looks at the largest organ (by weight) in the body, called the ______. It is part of the organ system called the ___________ system.

skin, integumentary

Bone remodeling is important for all of the following reasons except changes in bone shape. bone growth. adjustment to physical stress. sodium ion regulation in the body.

sodium ion regulation in the body.

The integument consists of the epidermis, which is composed of _____________, and the dermis, which is composed primarily of ____________ connective tissue. stratified squamous epithelium; dense irregular simple squamous epithelium; dense regular dense irregular connective tissue; dense regular and dense irregular simple columnar epithelium; stratified

stratified squamous epithelium; dense irregular

The layer of the epidermis that includes melanocytes and a single row of columnar cells that undergo mitosis is the stratum spinosum. stratum granulosum. stratum basale. stratum melaneum. stratum corneum.

stratum basale.