A&P final

There are ____ pairs of cranial nerves and ____ pairs of spinal nerves

12;31

place the following parts of a reflex arc in the correct order beginning with sensory receptor 1) motor neuron 2) interneuron 3) effector 4) sensory neuron 5) sensory receptor`

5,4,2,1,3

During depolarization of the plasma membrane,

Na+ moves rapidly into the cell

Schwann cells differ from oligodendrocytes in which of the following ways?

Schwann cells form a myelin sheath around a portion of only one axon, while oligodendrocytes can surround portions of several axons

action potentials at the chemical synapse

travel from presynaptic terminal to postsynaptic membrane.

brain waves associated with information processing or problem solving are _ waves

beta

Neurons that have a single axon and a single dendrite are

bipolar

which structure ultimately regulates the passage of materials from the blood into the cerebrospinal fluid and the brain?

blood-brain-barrier

An inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) can result from the ________.

both "influx of Cl-" and "outflow of K+" are correct

The function of acetylcholinesterase is to

break down acetylcholine in the synapse

absolute refractory period

completion of repolarization before another action potential

Axons

have a distal portion that branches to form the presynaptic terminals

when two or more presynaptic neurons synapse with a single postsynaptic neuron in the CNS, a ___ pathway is formed

convergent

due to dual innervation of the heart,

heart rate can increase under sympathetic regulation or decrease under parasympathetic regulation, meeting the demands of the body

Secretion of one hormone by the action of another hormone is control by _______ stimuli.

hormonal

Blood chemistry changes are examples of _ stimuli, whereas sympathetic nervous system impulses are examples of _ stimuli for hormone release

humoral; neural

There are _ cervical spinal nerves

eight

what role does oxytocin play in lactation?

ejection of milk

sympathetic stimulation of the postganglionic cells of the adrenal medulla causes the release of

epinephrine and norepinephine

when acetylcholine binds with nicotinic receptors, the response is -

excitatory

which of the following is not a type of cell found in the pancreas?

gamma cells

Identify the statement that best differentiates gray matter and white matter

gray matter consists of cell bodies and dendrites, whereas white matter consists mostly of myelinated axons

which of the following brain areas serve as the major control center for the autonomic nervous system and endocrine system

hypothalamus

Urine volume ____ when ADH secretion decreases.

increases

growth hormone

increases amino acid uptake in cells

The stalk that connects the hypothalamus to the hypophysis (or pituitary gland) is the

infundibulum

When blood sugar levels decrease,

insulin secretion decreases; glucagon secretion increases.

In an EPSP there is a

local depolarization

the embryonic origin of the posterior pituitary gland is

nervous tissue from the area of the hypothalamus

sympathetic neurons can serve as _ stimuli for hormone release from certain endocrine organs

neural

the membranes of all postganglionic neurons in autonomic ganglia have

nicotinic receptors

Clusters of gray matter deep within the brain are called

nuclei

in the CNS, clusters of gray matter containing cell bodies are called _

nuclei

Vision is dependent upon

photoreceptors

the adrenal medulla

plays a role in the adaptation of the body for physical activity

which of the following is NOT a function of cerebrospinal fluid?

provides oxygen to CNS tissue

the hypothalamus

regulates the secretory activity of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland

A neurotransmitter is released at a synapse. Which of the following occurs?

an action potential is produced in the postsynaptic membrane

A stimulus either causes an action potential or it doesn't. This is called

an all or none response

The middle, thin, spider-like meninx is the

arachnoid mater

association fibers connect

areas of the cerebral cortex within the same hemisphere

which type of chemical messenger stimulates the cell that originally secreted it?

autocrine

the junction of a neuron with another cell is a

synapse

compared to a somatic reflex, an autonomic reflex utilizes

two motor neurons plus cardiac and smooth muscle and glands as effectors

in ___ a cell increases the number of hormone receptors and becomes more sensitive to the hormone

up-regulation

The motor root of a spinal nerve is also referred to as the

ventral

sympathetic fibers leave the spinal cord in the

thoracic and lumbar regions

In order for local potentials to trigger an action potential, the membrane must reach a level called the ______.

threshold

Each voltage gated Na+ channel has two voltage sensitive gates: an activation gate and an inactivation gate. Which of the following would occur during depolarization?

Both activation and inactivation gates are open

decreased sensitivity to a continued stimulus is called

adaptation

The type of brain waves observed in an individual who is awake but in a quiet resting state with eyes closed are _____ waves.

alpha

Continuous conduction of action potentials means that

an action potential in one site generates local currents causing depolarization to threshold at the adjacent site

cerebrospinal fluid is produced by the _ and is reabsorbed by the _

choroid plexus; arachnoid granulation

Tracts of white matter that connect the right and left hemispheres are composed of

commissural

a state of conscious awareness of stimuli received by sensory receptors is called _

perception

the rate of secretion of parathyroid hormone increases when

serum Ca2+ levels decrease

When two action potentials arrive simultaneously at two different presynaptic terminals that synapse with the same postsynaptic neuron,

spatial summation occurs

The endoneurium

surrounds individual axons and their schwann cells

preganglionic fibers from the thoracic and lumbar segments of the spinal cord are part of the _ division of the ANS

sympathetic

projection fibers will connect

the cerebrum to other parts of the brain and the spinal cord.

If the charge difference across the plasma membrane is decreased,

the membrane potential is more positive

what is about a cell that identifies it as a target cell for a hormone?

the presence of a receptor specific for that hormone

the cerebral gyri increase

the surface area of the cortex.

the cerebral aqueduct connects

the third ventricle to the fourth ventricle