A&P final
There are ____ pairs of cranial nerves and ____ pairs of spinal nerves
12;31
place the following parts of a reflex arc in the correct order beginning with sensory receptor 1) motor neuron 2) interneuron 3) effector 4) sensory neuron 5) sensory receptor`
5,4,2,1,3
During depolarization of the plasma membrane,
Na+ moves rapidly into the cell
Schwann cells differ from oligodendrocytes in which of the following ways?
Schwann cells form a myelin sheath around a portion of only one axon, while oligodendrocytes can surround portions of several axons
action potentials at the chemical synapse
travel from presynaptic terminal to postsynaptic membrane.
brain waves associated with information processing or problem solving are _ waves
beta
Neurons that have a single axon and a single dendrite are
bipolar
which structure ultimately regulates the passage of materials from the blood into the cerebrospinal fluid and the brain?
blood-brain-barrier
An inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) can result from the ________.
both "influx of Cl-" and "outflow of K+" are correct
The function of acetylcholinesterase is to
break down acetylcholine in the synapse
absolute refractory period
completion of repolarization before another action potential
Axons
have a distal portion that branches to form the presynaptic terminals
when two or more presynaptic neurons synapse with a single postsynaptic neuron in the CNS, a ___ pathway is formed
convergent
due to dual innervation of the heart,
heart rate can increase under sympathetic regulation or decrease under parasympathetic regulation, meeting the demands of the body
Secretion of one hormone by the action of another hormone is control by _______ stimuli.
hormonal
Blood chemistry changes are examples of _ stimuli, whereas sympathetic nervous system impulses are examples of _ stimuli for hormone release
humoral; neural
There are _ cervical spinal nerves
eight
what role does oxytocin play in lactation?
ejection of milk
sympathetic stimulation of the postganglionic cells of the adrenal medulla causes the release of
epinephrine and norepinephine
when acetylcholine binds with nicotinic receptors, the response is -
excitatory
which of the following is not a type of cell found in the pancreas?
gamma cells
Identify the statement that best differentiates gray matter and white matter
gray matter consists of cell bodies and dendrites, whereas white matter consists mostly of myelinated axons
which of the following brain areas serve as the major control center for the autonomic nervous system and endocrine system
hypothalamus
Urine volume ____ when ADH secretion decreases.
increases
growth hormone
increases amino acid uptake in cells
The stalk that connects the hypothalamus to the hypophysis (or pituitary gland) is the
infundibulum
When blood sugar levels decrease,
insulin secretion decreases; glucagon secretion increases.
In an EPSP there is a
local depolarization
the embryonic origin of the posterior pituitary gland is
nervous tissue from the area of the hypothalamus
sympathetic neurons can serve as _ stimuli for hormone release from certain endocrine organs
neural
the membranes of all postganglionic neurons in autonomic ganglia have
nicotinic receptors
Clusters of gray matter deep within the brain are called
nuclei
in the CNS, clusters of gray matter containing cell bodies are called _
nuclei
Vision is dependent upon
photoreceptors
the adrenal medulla
plays a role in the adaptation of the body for physical activity
which of the following is NOT a function of cerebrospinal fluid?
provides oxygen to CNS tissue
the hypothalamus
regulates the secretory activity of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland
A neurotransmitter is released at a synapse. Which of the following occurs?
an action potential is produced in the postsynaptic membrane
A stimulus either causes an action potential or it doesn't. This is called
an all or none response
The middle, thin, spider-like meninx is the
arachnoid mater
association fibers connect
areas of the cerebral cortex within the same hemisphere
which type of chemical messenger stimulates the cell that originally secreted it?
autocrine
the junction of a neuron with another cell is a
synapse
compared to a somatic reflex, an autonomic reflex utilizes
two motor neurons plus cardiac and smooth muscle and glands as effectors
in ___ a cell increases the number of hormone receptors and becomes more sensitive to the hormone
up-regulation
The motor root of a spinal nerve is also referred to as the
ventral
sympathetic fibers leave the spinal cord in the
thoracic and lumbar regions
In order for local potentials to trigger an action potential, the membrane must reach a level called the ______.
threshold
Each voltage gated Na+ channel has two voltage sensitive gates: an activation gate and an inactivation gate. Which of the following would occur during depolarization?
Both activation and inactivation gates are open
decreased sensitivity to a continued stimulus is called
adaptation
The type of brain waves observed in an individual who is awake but in a quiet resting state with eyes closed are _____ waves.
alpha
Continuous conduction of action potentials means that
an action potential in one site generates local currents causing depolarization to threshold at the adjacent site
cerebrospinal fluid is produced by the _ and is reabsorbed by the _
choroid plexus; arachnoid granulation
Tracts of white matter that connect the right and left hemispheres are composed of
commissural
a state of conscious awareness of stimuli received by sensory receptors is called _
perception
the rate of secretion of parathyroid hormone increases when
serum Ca2+ levels decrease
When two action potentials arrive simultaneously at two different presynaptic terminals that synapse with the same postsynaptic neuron,
spatial summation occurs
The endoneurium
surrounds individual axons and their schwann cells
preganglionic fibers from the thoracic and lumbar segments of the spinal cord are part of the _ division of the ANS
sympathetic
projection fibers will connect
the cerebrum to other parts of the brain and the spinal cord.
If the charge difference across the plasma membrane is decreased,
the membrane potential is more positive
what is about a cell that identifies it as a target cell for a hormone?
the presence of a receptor specific for that hormone
the cerebral gyri increase
the surface area of the cortex.
the cerebral aqueduct connects
the third ventricle to the fourth ventricle