A&P Final
What is the most commonly dislocated joint in the body?
Glenohumeral joint
The plasma membrane is selectively permeable. This means
only certain substances can pass through it.
The ventral root of a spinal nerve contains __________.
only motor fibers
Which type of bone cell is a large cell that forms from fusion of several precursor cells?
Osteoclast
Which of the following is correctly matched?
Osteoclast - responsible for reabsorption
Which molecule(s) cause(s) a portion of a DNA molecule to unwind for transcription?
RNA ploymerase
Which type of muscle tissue would cause flexion and extension of the arm?
Skeletal muscle
Which of the following is NOT a component of a negative feedback mechanism?
Stabilizer
Where is cerebrospinal fluid found around the spinal cord?
Subarachnoid space
A passageway connecting neighboring osteocytes in an osteon is a __________.
canaliculus
During resting conditions, _________ is synthesized to store energy.
creatine phosphate
The opposite of depression is __________.
elevation
The lens
focuses light on the retina.
The spaces between developing skull bones that have not ossified are called __________.
fontanels
Membrane-bound receptors
have their receptor sites on the outer surface of the plasma membrane.
Secretion of one hormone by the action of another hormoneis control by __________ stimuli.
hormonal
The reticular formation
is composed ofnuclei scattered throughout the brain stem.
The blink reflex functions to __________.
keep the eyes moist
A sarcomere extends from
one Z disk to an adjacent Z disk.
Muscles exhibit the property of excitability. This means that the muscle
responds to stimulation by the nervous system.
A tennis player goes to the doctor and is told he has a torn rotator cuff. He has injured his __________.
shoulder
The utricle and saccule are involved in
static balance.
The limbic system involves various neural connections between __________.
the cerebrum and diencephalon
Projection fibers will connect
the cerebrum toother parts of the brain and the spinal cord.
In prophase,
the chromosomes condense, shorten, and thicken.
For distant vision,
the ciliary muscles are relaxed.
As an object moves closer to the eye,
the eyes rotate medially.
When you try to focus on the tip of your nose,
the lens becomes more spherical.
If a physician applies eye drops that inhibit muscle fibers controlled by the parasympathetic division, you would expect
the patient's pupil to constrict.
All of the following are typical characteristics of neurotransmitters except
they are released into the bloodstream before reaching the postsynaptic cell.
The gastrocnemius muscle is most likely to be innervated by the __________ nerve.
tibial
The sciatic nerve is composed of the
tibial nerve and the common fibular nerve.
A collection of specialized cells and extra-cellular substances around them is known as a/an __________.
tissue
Cartilaginous joints
unite two bones by means of fibrocartilage or hyaline cartilage.
Reflexes involved in maintaining homeostasis may involve the __________ nerve.
vagus
When repolarization of the plasma membrane is complete, the
original polarity of the cell is restored.
The shoulder is __________ to the elbow.
proximal
Too much acetylcholinesterase causes
rapid degradation of acetycholine.
The minimum energy required to start a chemical reaction
can be lowered by enzymes.
Absence of a cytoskeleton might affect
cell shape
The epidermis
contains no blood vessels.
The H zone
contains only myosin myofilaments.
DNA
contains the sugar deoxyribose.
When the arrector pili muscles contract,
"goose bumps" form on the skin.
Arrange the following to reflect the correct sequence an action potential would follow to reach the olfactory cortex of the brain: (1) Olfactory bulb (2) Olfactory cortex (3) Olfactory epithelium (4) Olfactory tract
3, 1, 4, 2
Sodium has an atomic number of 11 and an atomic mass of 23. Sodium has __________.
12 neutrons and 11protons
Arrange the following in order from the diencephalon downward.(1) Spinal cord(2) Midbrain(3) Medulla(4) Pons
2, 4, 3, 1
An atom has an atomic number of 19 and a mass number of 39. This atom will have __________ neutrons.
20
Arrange the following structures in the order in which they vibrate when a sound wave enters the ear. (1) Auditory ossicles (2) Endolymph (3) Oval window (4) Perilymph (5) Tympanic membrane
5, 1, 3, 4, 2
Arrange the following parts of the neuronal pathway for hearing in the correct sequence. (1) Inferior colliculus (2) Medial geniculate nucleus (3) Superior olivary nucleus (4) Auditory cortex (5) Cochlear nucleus
5, 3, 1, 2, 4
Arrange the events of synaptic transmission in correct sequence. (1) Na+ diffuses into the cell and cause a local potential (2) Neurotransmitter binds with receptor on postsynaptic cell (3) Neurotransmitter diffuses across the synaptic cleft (4) Membrane permeability to Na+ on postsynaptic cell increases (5) Action potential causes release of neurotransmitter
5, 3, 2, 4, 1
Normal blood pH is maintained within a range of
7.35 - 7.45
Which of the following correctly describes myoglobin's special function in muscle tissue?
Acts as a reservoir for O 2
Which pattern of hormone secretion, represented by epinephrine, can have dramatic changes in its concentration and circulating levels?
Acute hormone secretion
Which type of cell contains large amounts of lipids?
Adipocyte
A lack of mitochondria within skeletal muscle fibers would impair which ATP-yielding chemical process?
Aerobic respiration
When skeletal muscle is producing CO2 and water while making ATP, which chemical processes could be active at this time?
Aerobic respiration
Mitochondria
All of the choices are correct.
Plasma membrane phospholipids
All of the choices are correct.
Reflexes function in
All of the choices are correct.
Shannon is a 51-year old woman who is active and rarely complains of joint issues. Which of the following lifestyle choices did she most likely make to protect against joint pain as she aged?
All of the choices are correct.
Which factors can be used to differentiate between eccrine sweat glands and apocrine sweat glands?
All of the choices are correct.
Which of the following statements correctly describes ATP
All of the choices are correct.
What is the building block molecule of a protein?
Amino acid
Which of the following will increase the rate of diffusion?
An increase in the temperature
How do most water-soluble hormones travel in the bloodstream?
As free hormones
LouAnn is being treated for a neurological condition with a specific drug that target neurons deep within the brain. Which glial cell must be bypassed by this drug in order for it to be effective?
Astrocyte
Which of the following is correctly matched with its description?
Axons - conduct action potentials away from the cell body
What is the removal of a tissue sample from patients via surgery or needle to diagnose disease?
Biopsy
Which of the following statements is true concerning substances that have a sour taste?
Both "Substances that taste sour have a low pH" and "Substance that taste sour have high concentrations of H +" are correct.
In which type of bone tissue are osteoblasts and osteoclasts present?
Both "spongy bone" and "compact bone" are correct.
Which of the following will respond to a threshold stimulus with an all-or-none contraction?
Both a single muscle fiber and a single motor unit are correct.
Which of the following statements regarding the sliding filament model is false?
Both actin and myosin myofilaments shorten during contraction.
Which type of muscle tissue is autorhythmic?
Both cardiac and smooth muscle are correct.
The processes of intramembranous and endochondral ossification are similar in several respects. Which of the following statements applies to both intramembranous ossification and endochondral ossification?
Both processesform woven bone.
What will develop when the skin is subjected to excess friction or pressure?
Callus
Which of the following systems carries necessary compounds like oxygen and nutrients throughout the body?
Cardiovascular
An atom of chlorine has 17 protons and 18 neutrons. Which of the following statements is true?
Chlorine has a mass number of 35.
Which of the following structures is found in the nucleus?
Chromosome
Which type of bone tissue is considered dense bone?
Compact bone
What is the large C-shaped mass of white matter that consists of nerve fibers that connect the two cerebral hemispheres?
Corpus callosum
Which type of connective tissue is found in tendons and ligaments?
Dense regular collagenous tissue
What is a disc-shaped structure with especially adhesive glycoproteins around each cell that bind cells to one another?
Desmosomes
Which type of neuronal pathway allows for a stimulus to be transmitted to the most number of cells?
Divergent
Which of the following tissue change occurs when the permeability of blood vessels increases during inflammation?
Edema
Which type of connective tissue is found in the external ears?
Elastic cartilage
Which of the following types of joints is mismatched with its location?
Ellipsoid - between femur and tibia
Which type of gland does not have ducts?
Endocrine
Which of the following organelles may or may not have ribosomes attached?
Endoplasmic reticulum
What is the membrane that lines the medullary cavity?
Endosteum
Hydrocephaly is a condition whereby cerebrospinal fluid accumulates around the brain. Which supportive cells continue CSF production despite it backing up in the subarachnoid space?
Ependymal cells
Name the layer from which fingernails and toenails are derived.
Epidermis
Which pattern of hormone secretion, often observed in steroid reproductive hormones, will fluctuate over a monthly cycle?
Episodic hormone secretion
Indicate the class of tissue that is capable of regeneration, is avascular, and consists of cells that are bound to each other via specialized junctions.
Epithelial tissue
Which type of tissue forms linings or coverings?
Epithelial tissue
Which of the following is true about skeletal muscle?
Every muscle fiber receives a branch of an axon from the nerve.
When you lick frosting off a knife with the tip of your tongue and find the frosting has an orange flavor to it, which cranial nerve is being used to determine the taste of the frosting?
Facial
Which of the following nerves has parasympathetic axons?
Facial
Which type of cell forms protein fibers in connective tissue proper?
Fibroblast
Which structure anchors the thecal sac and conus medullaris to the coccyx?
Filum terminale
Which of the following is NOT a cartilaginous joint?
Fontanelles
Which of the following is a regulatory protein associated with membrane-bound receptor molecules?
G protein
Which of the following is part of a thin myofilament?
Globular (G) actin
The reflex that prevents excessive tension in a muscle is the __________ reflex.
Golgi tendon
Which of the following would be caused by a contraction of smooth muscle?
Goose bumps
Which of the following characteristics is NOT consistent with simple squamous epithelial tissue?
Has good blood supply within it
Predict which hormone would produce longer lasting effects.
Hormone B, which binds to a nuclear receptor
Which type of connective tissue forms most of the skeleton before it is replaced by bone?
Hyaline cartilage
Which of the following is associated with osteoclast reabsorption of bone?
Hydrogen ions form an acid environment in bone matrix.
Which of the following is NOT a direct effect of parathyroid hormone (PTH)?
Increased Ca 2+ uptake by the small intestine
Which of the following is a sympathetic effect?
Increased heart rate
Which of the following occurs when the parasympathetic system is stimulated?
Increased motility of the digestive tract
Which of the following is NOT an intrinsic eye muscle?
Inferior oblique muscle
A swollen, painful area of the skin that is also hot and red are symptoms that accompany which process?
Inflammation
Which of the following structures is part of the vascular tunic?
Iris
Which of the following is correctly matched?
Iris - sphincter pupillae
Lipids are an important component of plasma membranes.
It gives the clearest three-dimensional images.
Each upward movement of the basilar membrane causes the stereocilia of the inner hair cells to bend, opening __________ gates.
K +
Which type of tissue is contractile?
Muscle tissue
Directional terms are important in the study of anatomy. What does "B" represent?
Left
Which of these has the highest H + concentration?
Lemon juice, pH =2.3
Which of these is hydrophobic?
Lipid
Which chemical class of hormone is more likely to need a binding protein for transport in the blood?
Lipid-soluble
Which chemical type of hormone has a longer half-life?
Lipid-soluble
Which of the following statements accurately describes lipids?
Lipids are an important component of plasma membranes.
Which type of cell releases chemicals in response to injury and plays an important role in inflammation?
Mast cell
What is the area where marrow is located?
Medullary cavity
Which of the following cell structures is CORRECTLY matched with its function?
Microtubules - cell support
Which organelle produces most of the cell's energy?
Mitochondrion
Why does inhaling deeply and slowly through the nose help to identify an odor?
More air containing the odor is brought into contact with the olfactory epithelium.
Identify the statement concerning general functional characteristics of muscle that is true.
Muscle tissue shortens forcefully but lengthens passively.
Which of the following is mismatched?
Myosin myofilaments - thin myofilaments
During depolarization of the plasma membrane,
Na + moves rapidly into the cell.
The taste of salts results when __________ diffuses through channels leading to depolarization of the taste cell. Similarly, sour is tasted when __________ lead(s) to the depolarization of taste cells.
Na +, H +
Which of the following structures contains the other four items listed?
Neuromuscular junction
Which of the following events occurs on the postsynaptic membrane?
Neurotransmitter combines with a receptor molecule
To which of the following organic groups does DNA belong?
Nucleic acid
Which of the following is NOT a feature of the retina?
Optic chiasm
Which of the following is true?
Optimal actin and myosin overlap will produce maximal contraction.
Which type of bone cell combines hydroxyapatite and collagen to form extracellular bone matrix?
Osteoblast
Which type of cell forms bone?
Osteoblast
Which type of bone cell gives rise to osteoblasts?
Osteochondral progenitor cell
Which of the organs listed below is not directly innervated by the autonomic nervous system?
Pectoralis major
Which structures connect the cerebellum to the brainstem and allow communication between the cerebellum and other parts of the CNS?
Peduncles
What type of covalent bond is formed between amino acid molecules during protein synthesis?
Peptide bond
Which organelle is a small vesicle containing oxidative enzymes?
Peroxisome
Which type of hormone-receptor action allows insulin to move glucose into cells?
Phosphorylation of intracellular proteins
Identify the correct sequence of the structures as they are involved in activity at a chemical synapse.
Presynaptic terminal; synaptic cleft; postsynaptic membrane
To which of the following organic groups does an enzyme belong?
Protein
Which of the following matrix molecules tends to trap large quantities of water?
Proteoglycan
Which of the following is NOT a function of cerebrospinal fluid?
Provides oxygen to CNS tissue
Which of the following activities is a function of the plasma membrane?
Recognition of bacterial cells by the immune system
Which of the following functions is carried out by both aqueous and vitreous humor?
Refraction of light rays
What is the group of loosely packed nuclei within the length of the brainstem that are involved in cyclic activities such as sleep-wake cycles?
Reticular formation
Sally has just heard a strange noise in her basement. Which of the following is an example of normal autonomic nervous system function during this type of situation?
Sally's heart rate increases preparing for possible activity.
What is formed from granulation tissue?
Scar
Theresa has been diagnosed with a disease that demyelinates the somatic motor neurons. This disease is destroying the __________ associated with neurons that control __________.
Schwann cells; skeletal muscle
Which part of the eye is referred to in the statement "Don't fire until you see the whites of their eyes"?
Sclera
Barney sat on a hot camp stove while on a camping trip. The burn was painful and blistered. What type of burn did Barney experience?
Second degree
Which term describes a small generic membrane-bound structure that transports substances to the plasma membrane for release by exocytosis?
Secretory vesicle
The knee-jerk reflex involves which of the following?
Sensory and motor neurons
What are caveolae?
Shallow invaginations of plasma membrane
Which of the following is NOT an effector controlled by the autonomic nervous system?
Skeletal muscle
Which type of muscle tissue has spindle-shaped cells?
Smooth muscle
When people smoke cigarettes, they damage some of their taste buds. Which type of sense has been damaged by the smoking?
Special
Which of the following is not a lobe of the cerebrum?
Sphenoidal
Which of the following is NOT a means of parasympathetic innervation of effectors?
Spinal nerves
This stratum contains many layers of dead squamous cells.
Stratum corneum
Which layer of the epidermis is found in only a few areas of the body?
Stratum lucidum
The superior and inferior colliculi are located in which of the following portions of the midbrain?
Tectum (roof)
Which of the following descriptions best represents the appearance of the sarcomere during peak contraction?
The H zone is eliminated, and the I bands are very thin.
What is the near point of vision?
The closest point at which an object can be held and seen without appearing blurred
Which of the following statements regarding the temporomandibular (TMJ) joint is correct?
The joint is a combination plane and ellipsoidal joint.
What is it about a cell that identifies it as a target cell for a hormone?
The presence of a receptor specific for that hormone
Which of the following statements applies to the autonomic nervous system (ANS)?
The receptor molecules of the ANS may be muscarinic, nicotinic, or adrenergic.
Which of the following is NOT a property of the myosin head?
They bind to troponin.
Which of the following statements concerning fast-twitch muscle fibers is true?
They split ATP rapidly.
What connects the stereocilia in a hair bundle?
Tip links
Which of the following sensory functions involves neurons in the dorsal root ganglion?
Touch
Which of the following would occur as a result of a single muscle contraction?
Twitch
A physician must administer an anesthesia directly to the CNS via the vertebral column. How many layers of the meninges must be punctured to do so?
Two layers to introduce the anesthesia to the subarachnoid space
Which of the following is NOT a primary odor class?
Umami
Which nerve has branches that extend to the thoracic and abdominal viscera?
Vagus nerve
Which of the following correctly describes the vestibular projection pathway to the brain?
Vestibular nerve - vestibulocochlear nerve - vestibular nuclei - thalamus - cerebral cortex
Which of the following cranial nerves is exclusively sensory?
Vestibulocochlear (VIII)
This is a sagittal section through the abdominopelvic cavity. What serous membrane does "C" represent?
Visceral peritoneum (covers organs)
Which type of cell would have an abundance of lysosomes?
White blood cell, a phagocyte
Rheumatoid arthritis is
a condition that may involve an autoimmune disease.
Osteoporosis is
a disease in adults, especially women, characterized by a reduced amount of bone matrix.
An electrolyte is
a substance that conducts electricity when placed in solution.
Raising an arm to one side of the body to stop a taxi, is an example of __________ of the shoulder.
abduction
Synaptic vesicles in the neuromuscular junction contain
acetylcholine
In __________, carrier molecules move a substance against (up) its concentration gradient.
active transport
Suppose you cup your hands to hold some water. To limit the amount of leaking through your hands, this action would most likely require__________.
adduction of the fingers
Injury to the thalamus would
affect sensoryprojection to the cerebral cortex.
Arthritis is
an inflammation of any joint.
The anterior cruciate ligament prevents __________ displacement of the tibia.
anterior
In _______, ions or molecules move in opposite directions.
antiport
The inferior colliculi
are involved with auditory pathways in the CNS.
Smooth muscle and cardiac muscle are similar in that they both
are under involuntary control.
Association fibers connect
areas of the cerebral cortex within the same hemisphere.
A biaxial joint has movement
around two axes at right angles to one another.
A physician is evaluating the cranial nerve function of a patient. To evaluate oculomotor nerve function, the physician should
ask the patient to follow the movement of an object with her gaze.
When someone taps you on your shoulder, they stimulate the __________ nerve.
axillary
Damage to the vestibular branch of the vestibulocochlear nerve would result in loss of __________.
balance
Ligaments attach
bone to bone.
Spinal nerves C5-T1 make up the __________ plexus.
brachial
The perineurium
bundles axons into fascicles.
White matter is composed of
bundles of myelinated axons.
The gluteal region is commonly known as the __________.
buttock
An example of a saddle joint is the __________ joint.
carpometacarpal
Joints joined together by hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage would be classified as __________ joints.
cartilaginous
Neurotransmitters
cause the production of action potentials in the postsynaptic membrane.
The cerebellum communicates with other parts of the CNS by means of nerve tracts called the __________.
cerebellar peduncles
The energy stored in ATP is a form of ________ energy.
chemical
The pectoral region is the
chest area
The three types of protein fibers found in connective tissue are
collagen, elastin, and reticular fibers.
In the spinal cord, white matter is organized into
columns and thegray matter into horns.
Cells produce and respond to chemical and electrical signals as a means of __________.
communicating
A condition in which stimuli occur so rapidly that there are no intervening relaxations between contractions is called
complete tetanus.
The cerebral medulla
consists of many nerve tracts of white matter beneath the cerebral cortex.
A drug that interferes with the active transport of Ca 2+ from the sarcoplasm back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum would result in
contraction with no relaxation.
The sensory (afferent) division of the peripheral nervous system
conveys action potentials to the CNS.
Articular cartilage
covers the ends of bones in synovial joints.
When a hormone binds to a membrane-bound receptor,
cyclic GMP might be produced to act as an intracellular mediator.
Synovial fluid
decreases friction between bones.
In bright sunlight, the diameter of the pupil __________ due to contraction of the __________.
decreases; sphincter pupillae
The fact that the right side of the brain controls the left side of the body is explained by the
decussation of the pyramids in the medulla.
Connective tissue in tendons is
dense regular collagenous tissue.
The pyramids of the medulla contain __________.
descending motor tracts
The integumentary system has many functions, one of which is
detection of heatand touch.
When blood vessels become surrounded by concentric lamella forming osteons, the bone will grow in __________.
diameter
Humans are able to distinguish several million shades of color because
different proportions of cone cells respond to each wavelength of light.
Steroid hormones
diffuse easily through the plasma membrane.
The movement of oxygen from the alveoli of the lungs into the bloodstream is an example of __________.
diffusion
The sensory root of a spinal nerve is also referred to as __________ root.
dorsal
The branch of a spinal nerve that innervates deep muscles on the dorsal thorax is the __________.
dorsal ramus
In some forms of diabetes, an insensitivity to insulin seems to be present. This insensitivity could be the result of __________.
down-regulation
There are ________ cervical spinal nerves.
eight
A coiled fibrous protein in connective tissue that is stretchy is called __________.
elastin
Synapses in which gap junctions allow ions to diffuse quickly from cell to cell are called __________ synapses.
electrical
If the potential energy in the chemical bonds of the reactants is greater than the potential energy in the chemical bonds of the product,
energy is released by the reaction.
The superficial layer of epithelium of the skin is called the __________.
epidermis
Because it forms covering and lining layers for body structures, __________ tissue has very little extracellular matrix.
epithelial
The four primary tissue types are
epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous.
The auditory tube
equalizes air pressure between the middle ear and outside air.
When acetylcholine binds with nicotinic receptors, the response is __________.
excitatory
The superior colliculi receive input from the
eyes, skin, cerebrum, and inferior colliculi.
Paralysis on the right side of the face could result from damage to the right __________ nerve.
facial
A cell that forms fibrous connective tissue would be called a __________.
fibroblast
The flat bones of the skull develop from __________.
fibrous connective tissue
Taste buds are not associated with __________ papillae.
filiform
The opposite of extension is __________.
flexion
The portion of the cerebellum that is involved in balance and eye movements is the __________.
flocculonodular lobe
The point where light rays cross after passing through a concave lens is referred to as the __________.
focal point
The area of greatest visual acuity is the __________.
fovea centralis
Action potentials are conducted more rapidly when transmission is
from node to node on a myelinated axon.
Adipose tissue
functions as an insulator and a site of energy storage.
Structures that function in intercellular communication include __________.
gap junctions
The joint between a tooth and the mandibular alveolus is an example of a __________.
gomphosis
A delicate connective tissue composed of fibroblasts, collagen, and capillaries is called __________.
granulation tissue
An increase in the number of cells is __________.
growth
Vitreous humor
helps to hold the lens and retina in place.
Parathyroid hormone is released when blood calcium levels decrease. This is an example of control by __________ stimuli.
humoral
A synchondrosis contains __________ cartilage.
hyaline
A group of water molecules are held together by __________ bonds.
hydrogen
In reference to the body temperature in living organisms, the set point can be defined as the
ideal normal value.
The photoreceptor cells are located
in the photoreceptive layer of the retina.
For most chemical reactions, an increase in temperature will cause the reaction rate to
increase
The training regimen of a competitive weight lifter is designed partly to
increase the average number of myofibrils per muscle fiber.
Substance A is added to a solution, resulting in a decrease in the pH of the solution. Substance A __________ the H + concentration; therefore, it is considered a/an __________.
increased; acid
The effects of aging on the skin include all of the following except
increases in sebaceous gland activity.
Increased testosterone levels reduce the secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone from the anterior pituitary. This is an example of
inhibition of hormone release by hormonal stimuli.
The anterior and posterior chambers of the eye are separated by the __________.
iris
The fibrous capsule
is a layer of tissue that is continuous with the periosteum.
An enzyme
is a protein catalyst.
Lamellar bone
is organized intothin sheets of tissue.
Sweat
is produced by a merocrine or apocrine gland.
Each __________ includes a Z disc and extends from each side of the Z disc to the ends of the myosin myofilaments.
isotropic band or I band
The cornea is relatively easy to transplant because
it is easy to access and is avascular.
A by-product of anaerobic respiration in muscle fibers is
lactate
Spaces in the bone matrix that are occupied by osteocytes are __________.
lacunae
Thin sheets of bone matrix are __________.
lamellae
The thumb is __________ to the fifth digit (little finger).
lateral
Smooth, flowing movements are the result of fine motor coordination in the __________ of the cerebellum.
lateral hemispheres
The primary function of osteoblasts is to
lay down bone matrix.
The activity of apocrine sweat glands
leads to body odor.
Cilia and flagella are distinguished from each other on the basis of
length and numbers.
The ligament at the head of the femur is the __________.
ligamentum teres
A myelin sheath is composed primarily of __________.
lipids
A change in resting membrane potential confined to a small area is called a/an __________ potential.
local
A cut through the long axis of an organ is a/an __________ section.
longitudinal
A neutral atom will become a cation if it
loses electrons.
Reticular tissue is found in
lymphatic organs.
Glucose is the
major nutrient for most body cells.
The amount of matter in an object is its __________.
mass
A synchondrosis
may be temporary.
If you pinch your index finger in a door, pain sensations are carried via the __________ nerve.
median
In normal near vision, light is refracted __________ than in distant vision; thus the lens is __________.
more; rounded
If the ventral root of a spinal nerve were cut, the regions innervated by that spinal nerve would experience complete loss of __________.
movement
A thick, sticky secretion produced by goblet cells is called __________.
mucus
The proximal portion of the nail is the __________.
nail root
Sympathetic neurons can serve as __________ stimuli for hormone release from certain endocrine organs.
neural
is a protein catalyst.
nondigestible plant polysaccharide.
Sam adjusts solution A to increase its acidity. This means that the
number of hydrogen ions in the solution has increased.
The connective tissue of __________ adults is less elastic and less flexible.
older
Cells that break down bone are called __________.
osteoclasts
The cell type that is responsible for maintaining bone once it has been formed is the __________.
osteocyte
Cytoplasm is found
outside the nucleus but inside the plasma membrane
All of the following processes can move substances out of a cell EXCEPT __________.
phagocytosis
Macrophages are cells specialized for __________.
phagocytosis
The predominant lipid in the cell membrane is a __________.
phospholipid
The joint between the articular processes of adjacent vertebrae is a __________ joint.
plane
If you stand on tiptoes to reach something high, you are performing __________ at the ankle.
plantar flexion
The sarcolemma is the
plasma membrane of a muscle fiber.
Hydrogen bonds form between molecules containing _________ bonds; the hydrogen bond is between a hydrogen atomof one molecule and a partially_________ charged atom of another.
polar covalent; negatively
Imagine the following scernerio: Blood pressure decreases below normal levels.→ Blood flow to the heart decreases → Heart is unable to pump as much blood.→ Blood pressure decreases even more. This is an example of __________ feedback.
positive
This figure illustrates changes in blood pressure when __________ feedback mechanisms are in control.
positive
Neurotransmitters are released from the __________.
presynaptic terminal
Up-regulation
produces an increase in the sensitivity of the target cell to the hormone.
The sequence of events that produces growth at the epiphyseal plate is
proliferation, hypertrophy, calcification, cell death, ossification, and remodeling.
A DNA nucleotide sequence that signals the beginning of a gene is called a __________.
promoter
The perception of position and movement of body parts is __________.
proprioception
As you are lifting a box, someone places extra weight on top of it. For your muscle to continue contracting and lifting the box, the muscle must
recruit more muscle fibers.
When the voltage of a plasma membrane shifts from +35 mV towards 0 mV, the neuron is __________.
repolarizing
A pivot joint
restricts movement to rotation.
The sleep/wake cycle is influenced by the __________.
reticular formation
Neurons arranged in a circular pathway form __________.
reverberating circuits
Skeletal muscle cells need large numbers of __________ to make the many proteins they contain.
ribosomes
Rhodopsin is found in the __________.
rods
The muscles that hold the humeral head within the glenoid cavity are collectively called the __________.
rotator cuff
A vertical plane that separates the body into right and left portions is called a __________ plane.
sagittal
In order for excitation-contraction coupling to occur, the production of an action potential must occur within the __________ of a muscle fiber.
sarcolemma
T tubules are invaginations of the
sarcolemma
Sensory receptors for balance are found in the __________.
semicircular canals
Adipose tissue in the subcutaneous layer
serves as a storage site for lipids, which can be used for energy.
The growth spurt seen in puberty is triggered by __________.
sex hormones
Maureen is hiking in the cold, and to maintain homeostasis her body begins to
shiver
The glenoid labrum is part of the __________ joint, while the acetabular labrum is part of the __________ joint.
shoulder; hip
In general, the response of target cells to endocrine stimulation is __________ than their response to nervous stimulation.
slower and more prolonged
Olfaction is the sense of __________.
smell
Depolarization of the plasma membrane occurs when there is a rapid influx (inflow) of
sodium ions.
More sound volume is perceived when
sound wave amplitude increases.
Starch is the
storagecarbohydrate in plants.
The sarcoplasmic reticulum
stores Ca 2+.
The proportion of collagen to hydroxyapatite in bone determines the
strength of the bone.
Joints are classified according to the
structure of the joint.
Cerebrospinal fluid fills the __________.
subarachnoid space
Rotating the forearm so that the palm faces anteriorly is called__________.
supination
touch the surface of the patient's eyeball to initiate blinking.
surrounds individual axons and their Schwann cells.
The __________ division of the ANS functions mainly to prepare the body for energy-expending, stressful situations.
sympathetic
The junction between two neurons is a __________.
synapse
Sensory structures that detect taste are __________.
taste buds
Parasympathetic ganglia are called __________ ganglia.
terminal
Most sensory input that ascends through the spinal cord and brainstem projects to the __________.
thalamus
In order for muscle relaxation to occur,
the active sites on actin must be blocked.
A cell is
the basic structural unit of living organisms.
In the sympathetic division of the ANS,
the preganglionic cell body is located in the lateral horn of the spinal cord.
Excitation-contraction coupling begins with
the production of an action potential in the sarcolemma.
The Roman numeral assigned to each cranial nerve reflect
the sequence from anterior to posterior in which they emerge from the brain.
The primary structure of a protein is
the sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain.
The visceral pleura is
the serous membrane that covers the lungs.
The pleural cavity is
the space located between the visceral and parietal pleura.
An example of a long bone would be __________.
the tibia
Axons contain __________.
the trigger zone
A physician is evaluating the cranial nerve function of a patient. To evaluate trigeminal nerve function, the physician should
touch the surface of the patient's eyeball to initiate blinking.
Medial means
toward the middle or midline of the body.
The motor (efferent) division of the peripheral nervous system
transmits impulses from the CNS to effectors, such as skeletal muscle.
A kiss on the cheek would be perceived by impulses from the __________ nerve.
trigeminal
Dentists anesthetize a portion of the __________ nerve to stop pain impulses from the teeth.
trigeminal
A symporter will transport __________ across the plasma membrane.
two different ions or molecules in the same direction
Compared to a somatic reflex, an autonomic reflex utilizes
two motor neurons plus cardiac and smooth muscle and glands as effectors.
Tears
wash foreign objects away from the eye.
Nervous tissue of the CNS that is composed primarily of myelinated axons is often referred to as __________ matter.
white
Aerobic respiration
yields as many as 36 ATP per glucose molecule metabolized.