A&P Final Exam
transitional epithelium
***it facilitates stretch(certain organs need to be able to stretch and recoil as certain liquids flow through them) -cells change in shape from bottom to top -have horizontal cells sitting on top of everything else -function: surface dome shaped and under its cubed or columned -location: liner ureters, bladder
Lumbar Vertebrae (L1-L5)
*-Massive Bodies* -Transverse process . is thin and tapered -Spinous process short, flat, hatched-shaped -Vertebral foramen triangular, small -SMALL TRANSVERSE PROCESS
pivot joint
- 1 bone will rotate within a ring (formed by ligament) -subination and pronation -exm: proximal radioulnarjoint
cell membrane
- 2 layers of phospholipids -with cholesterol
Cervical Vertebrae (C1-C7)
- The smallest and lightest vertebrae - The first two are the atlas and axis -C1 and C2 are unique -C3-C7 is oval shaped, spinous processes are split (fork) large triangular vertebral foramen -HAVE TRANSVERSE FORAMEN
main categories of connective tissue
- connective tissue -caritlage -bone -bloos
Skull
- formed by 2 sets of bone -cranial and facial
how to make bone
- osteoblasts begin by secreting the osteoid -then mineralizes -calcifies (hard)
number of cell layers
-1 layer is simple -2 or more layer is stratified
saddle joint
-1 looks like saddle and other is what it rests on -VERY RARE -exm: carpometacarpal joint
zygomatic bones
-2 -cheek bones -forms a joint with temporal bone to form zygomatic arch
temporal bone
-2 bones -inferior lateral spects of skull 3 major parts: 1)squamous 2)tympanic 3)petrous
Body cholesterol
-2 categories: LDL, HDL -LDL~low density lipoprotein -HLH~ high density lipoprotein
knee joint
-2 joints: patellofemoral and tibiofemoral joint -single synovial cavity -largest most complex joint of body
structure of skin
-2 layers. - Epidermis (outer), superficial, avascular (no blood pumped directly to it) -Dermis , deep, connective tissue, vascular
solution
-2 or more compounds that are mixed physically or dissolved together -ex: salt water
classification of bones
-206 bones in the human skeleton -divided into 2 part: axial and apendicular
squamous cell carcinoma
-2nd most common type -metastasize -stratum spinous - scaly and reddish
upper limb
-30 bones arm: humerus forearm: radius(thumb side) and ulna(pinky side) hand: 8 carpal bones in wrist, 5 metacarpal bones in palm, 14 phalanges in the fingers
shoulder
-360 degree mobility -synovial joint -made of clavicle, scapula, humerus -ball and socket joint(between humerus and glenoid cavity of scapula)
thin skin
-4 layers, covers most of body --stratum basale -stratum spinosum -stratum granulosum -stratum corneum
thick skin
-5 layers of tissue -stratum basale -stratum spinosum -stratum granulosum -stratum lucidum (ONLY IN THICK ) -stratum corneum -hands and feet
stratum granulosum
-5 layers thick -cells begin to toughen -package keratin in granules -by exocytosis it's dumped on cell surface (Keratin coat) -cells above this layer die
characteristics of synovial joints
-6 general features -have bursae and tendon sheaths (prevent friction) -allow movement
how nerve fires at molecular level
-6 steps -pump proteins binds ATP -3 potassium out 2 sodium in -establishes sodium pump
Types of joints
-6 types -structure of joints dictates what id does -
tarsus
-7 tarsal bones -form posterior half -3 cuneiform -navicular -cuboid -talus -calcaneus
Osteoporosis
-A condition in which the body's bones become weak and break easily. -caused by thyroid problems -low calcium intake
Rickets disease
-A softening and weakening of bones in children -vitamin D defeincy
Substrate
-A specific reactant acted upon by an enzyme -like a lock and key -name: end in -ase -ex: amino acid
jaundice
-A yellowing of the skin and eyes -due to high bilirubin levels -liver problems
3rd degree burn
-All three layers have been effected -hypodermis
gap junctions
-Allow communication between cells -in heart muscle; have special gap function: that allow flow of electricity
Resting (quiescent) zone
-Area of cartilage of epiphyseal plate that is relatively inactive -Function: attach plate to end of long bone (glue)
6 general features of synovial joints
-Articular cartilage: hyaline cartilage covering ends of bones ;Function: cushion -Joint (synovial) cavity: small, fluid filled space -Articular (joint) capsule: encloses joint cavity in 2 layers -Synovial fluid: friction reducer -Different types of reinforcing ligaments= ACL/PCL -Nerves and blood vessels: detect pain, monitor joint position
octet rule
-Atoms gain or lose electrons to obtain 8 in outer shell -anything other than Hydrogen and Helium -exm: Oxygen always forms 2 bonds to have 8 electrons
psoriasis
-Autoimmune skin disease. -abnormal skin patches -flaky red itchy patches of skin -body attacks itself -thought to be genetic
sphenoid bone
-Bone that joins all of the bones of the cranium together -sphenoidal sinuses, sella turcica -makes back of occipital cavity -optic nerve, and muscle attachment -function: supplies eyes and other structures
osteogenesis imperfecta
-Brittle bone disease -Genetic -lack of collagen
cervical vertebrae
-C1-C7 forms neck -
Endosteum
-CT membrane -covers internal bone surface (spongy and trabeculae) -lines canals -contains osteogenic cells (compact bond)
Phagocytosis
-Cell eating -solid form eating -eat something and packaged into vesicle and sent off to other place
cirrhosis
-Chronic disease of the liver -function of organ is lost
annulus fibrosus
-Composed of fibrocartilage -it is the outer portion of the intervertebral disc. -HArd
ligament
-Connects bone to bone -function: stabilizes the joint
glenohumeral ligament
-Connects humerus to the glenoid cavity
Nucleus
-Control center of the cell -contains genetic info(DNA and RNA) -double membrane -center structure called nucleolus
What does epithelial tissue do?
-Covers some parts of the body -2 forms: covering and lining, glandular
nucleic acid
-DNA and RNA(polymers) -building blocks called nucleotides -Nucleotide: built from N base and a sugar(a ring) and a phosphate group
RNA role
-DNA decoding mechanism -regulatory role in gene reading
DNA replication
-DNA double helix is unwinded -enzyme that makes it happen
chromatin
-DNA exist in lots of different forms -semi compact DNA
S phase
-DNA replication -synthesis
flexion
-Decreases the angle of a joint
C2 Axis
-Has no body -HAS A KNOB LIKE STRUCTURE CALLED DENS -hooks up underneath C1 to allow the shaking head "No"
Brefeldin A
-Inhibits Golgi function -death
How to build a protein
-Linking amino acids together to form peptide bonds -Called polypeptide a chain
postnatal bone growth
-Long bones grow lengthwise by interstitial (longitudinal) growth of epiphyseal plate -Bones increase thickness through appositional growth -Bones stop growing during adolescence
Calcitonin
-Lowers blood calcium levels -regulates enzyme activity of osteoblasts
simple columnar epithelium
-Made up of a single layer of tall cells that fit closely together -rectangular -location: digestive tract(stomach to rectum) function: absorption and secretion, some have cilia
negative feedback
-Maintains a steady state. -works to reduce effect of stimulus ex: body temp regulation
Ribosomes
-Makes proteins -built of nucleic acid called rRNA -found in free or membrane bound
inorganic components of bone
-Mineral salts -65% of mass (calcium) -makes it tough -other 35% is collagen fibers
anucleate
-No nucleus -red blood cell
quadriceps tendon
-Origin: Muscles of Quadriceps Femoris -Insertion: Base of Patella
Fibrous layer
-Outermost layer -dense avascular connective tissue -holds it together and forms ligaments -wraps bone
condyloid joint
-Oval, or condyle is received into a cavity -Movement: flexion, extension, hyperextension, adduction, abduction, -NO ROTATION -EXM: knuckles
scapulothoracic
-PERTAINING TO THE SCAPULA AND CHEST -not a true joint
liver
-Produces bile -on right side
supination and pronation
-Special movements of the radius and ulna
calcification zone
-Surrounding cartilage matrix calcifies - chondrocytes die and deteriorate
retraction
-TMJ -mandible is pulled toward neck
protraction
-TMJ -mandible juts out
Adenine
-The base that pairs with Thymine in DNA -hydrogen bonds with it
fibula
-The lateral and smaller bone of the lower leg -articulates proximally and distally with tibia (inferior and superior tibiofibular joint) -Function: not weight bearing, has several muscles originating from it
glenohumeral joint
-The synovial ball-and-socket joint of the shoulder -main joint
hypotonic cell
-Water enters a cell when the solution surrounding the cell is -water moves to higher solute concentration -outside of cells has lower concentration
Osteocytes
-a bone cell in lacunae -no longer divide -maintain bone health -communicate info for bone remodeling to occur
sodium pump
-a carrier protein that uses ATP to actively transport sodium ions out of a cell and potassium ions into the cell -regulates water balance in your body
catalyst
-a converter -if not there in body nothing will work -increase speed in reaction; allows million per minute
carbs
-a lot of carbon and hydrogens -includes sugars and starches
Canaliculi
-a small channel or duct -allow communication
Superior (cranial)
-above something -toward the head ex: head superior to abdomin
ends in blast cells
-actively makes all of ECM -fluids and fibers -makes connective tissue -exm: osteoblasts found in bone
gross anatomy of bone
-all bones have dense outer layer
shoulder muscles
-allow rotation -stabilize shoulder joint -known as rotator cuff
plane joint
-allows only gliding movement -opposed surfaces are flat or almost flat -***exm: intercarpal joint
elastic connective tissue
-allows stretch and recoil -walls of large arteries -location: bronchial tubes, walls
NH2
-amino group -chopped off by liver when in amino acid -turned into NH3 in the liver (which is toxic) -liver converts NH3 into urea because it's not toxic -comes out as pee
lacuna
-an empty space or missing portion
fissure
-an opening; a groove; a split
supraspinatus
-anterior -majority of clavicle
ACL attaches
-anterior tibia -prevents sliding and hyperextension
Tetracycline
-antibiotic -blocks attachment of tRNA to ribosome
loose connective tissue
-areolar, adipose, reticular -primarily fluid -function: serve as fat
membrane bound ribosomes
-attached to membrane of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) -make protein
rheumatoid arthritis
-autoimmune disease -immune system attacks joints and causes breakdown -no known cause -no cure -chronic -inflammatory
LDL cholesterol
-bad cholesterol -raises blood cholesterol -delivers cholesterol in blood -made in liver and goes out into blood
basement membrane is made of
-basal lamina(top) and reticular lamina(bottom) -connective point
callus ossification
-becomes bone -hard callus formation -hard callus of spongey bone
Inferior (caudal)
-below something -toward the tail ex: naval is inferior to the chin
Chemical bonds
-between atoms -2 or more atoms are called molecules . called electron
patellofemoral joint
-between patella and patellar surface of femur -plane joint -allows gliding motion during knee flexion
tibiofemoral joint
-between tibia and femur -hinge joint -allows flexion, extension, and some rotation when knee os partly flexed
what does penicilin do?
-blocks the active site of an enzyme that many bacteria use in making cell walls -pokes hole in cell wall of bacteria that lets body kill it easily
cyanosis
-bluish discoloration of the skin - low oxygen in blood
greenstick fracture
-bone breaks incompletely -breaks on one side but not other -common in children
Osteoblasts
-bone forming cells -secrete bone matrix
hinge joint
-bones are specifically molded to each other -allows movement in 1 plane only -exm: elbow joint
Syndesmosis
-bones connected by ligaments -longer than sutures -movement varies -short fibers= little/no movement exm: inferior tibiofibular joint -longer fibers= larger movement exm: interosseous membrane
cartilaginous joints
-bones held together by cartilage -no cavity -not very movable -2 types: 1)synchondroses 2)symphyses
facial bone
-bones of the head that have no direct contact with the brain or meninges -cavitites for sense organs will sit (eyes, taste, smell) -frame work for face
callus
-bony healing tissue forms around broken bone
Osteoclasts do what?
-break down bone -use enzyme
decomposition reaction
-break down of a large molecule into smaller ones
Hydrolysis
-break down of water molecules -adds OH to 1 and H to other
ends in clast cells
-breakdown tissues
cancer
-broad set of disease -disease of cell cycle -uncontrollable growth -stops function of the normal cell/organ
nerve tissue
-built of neurons -organ system: brain and spinal cord -31 pairs of nerves are the organs -communicate
centrosome
-built out of 2 centrioles -complex protein structure -function: microtubule organization center -moves chromosomes during mitosis
carcinoma
-cancer in epithelial cells (covers things)
leukaemia
-cancer of blood -cancer of bone marrow
Basal cell carcinoma
-cancer to stratum basal - least malignant (less likely to spread) -most common, caused by sun
saturated fats
-carbon tails are saturated with hydrogen -typically solids in body -bad in human body -clogs arteries and causes heart disease
2 major routes of metastasis
-cardio vascular system (blood) -lymphatic system (fluid found in lymphatic system)
synchondroses
-cartilaginous joint -made of hyaline -typically immovable -Location: between ribs (intercostal)
medullary cavity is
-cavity within the shaft of the long bones filled with bone marrow -lined by endosteum
Pinocytosis
-cell drinking -liquid lik
depolarization
-cell flips charges -makes inside slightly positive
Interphase
-cell is doing its normal thing -3 sub-phases(G1, S, G2)
interphase
-cell is doing normal activity -routine activities -nuclear DNA in chromatin like state so it can be read -many sub-phases
Cytoskeleton
-cell skeleton -roles: maintain shape of cell and facilitate movement of things -build of 3 fiber life proteins called filaments
Fibroblasts
-cell that builds protein fibers -most common
tissue level
-cells build tissues -group of cells performing together ex: blood is tissue
specialized contacts
-cells joined by special junctions -forms sheets
nucleus pulposus
-center of the intervertebral disc -soft; jelly like -shock resistance
axial skeleton
-center piece of body -skull -spine -ribcage
bone canals
-central (Harversian) canal: nerves arteries and veins that feed osteon tissue -perforating (Volkmann's)canals: supply and feed spongy bone
curvatures of the vertebral column
-cervical-posterior, thoracic-anterior, lumbar-posterior, sacral-anterior
Prophase
-chromatin condenses into chromosomes (visible) -nucleus disappears
metaphase
-chromosomes line up in middle -at cells equator (metaphase plate) -getting ready to split them
pectoral girdle
-clavicle (attached to sternum and attach to acromium)and scapula attach upper limbs to axial skeleton ***-Greatest degree of mobility in human body - offers mobility -attachment for muscles
glycocalyx
-coating of surface of cell -sugar molecules linked to fats -has various functions -main functions: identification tags -exm: tissue acception
gene transcription
-codes gene into message -T to A
eccrine gland basic anatomy
-coiled, tubular structure - secretes sweat (exocytosis); 99% water, salt, antibodies (immune system) -location: palms, soles, forehead
common knee injuries
-collateral ligaments - cruciate ligaments -cartilages (menisci) -treatment is surgery
hematoma
-collection of blood outside of vessels -painful -inflammation
mucosa
-collective layer of tissue that lines hollow organs in body -mucus membrane -makes mucus -built of 3 layer: epithelium, basement membrane(glue), and lamina propria(extra layer of tissue that separates), under that connective tissue -location: trachea, stomach, small or large intestine
membrane proteins
-come in 2 categories -completely wedged into membrane = integral protein -on edge of membrane= peripheral protein
osteroarthritis
-common -break down of bone in older age -irreversible -by 85 half of Americans develop
nervous tissue
-communication -location: brain, spinal cord, nerves
Polysaccharides are
-complex carbohydrates -stored in times if need -stored in liver, and muscles
protein
-comprise 20-30% cell mass -functions->structurial,chemical(enzymes->contraction(muscles)
ligamentum flavum
-connects adjacent vertebrae; strong & elastic -also acts as glue
tendon
-connects muscle to bone -Function: movement
mitotic spindle
-controls chromosome movement during mitosis -physically separates
2 types of epithelium
-covering -glandular
fascia
-covering of dense regular -attaches and stabilizes -encloses and separates muscles and other organs
integumentary system
-covering/skin -hair -sweat glands -sebaceous glands -9-11 pounds
cutaneous membrane (skin)
-covers exposed surface of body -built of epidermis(squamous epithelial) and dermis (connective tissue) -dry and waterproof
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
-creates lipids or fat (cholesterol) -no ribosomes -site of detox of substances -storage for calcium
Covering and Lining Membranes
-cutaneous, mucous, serous
fibrosis
-damage is too severe that the body can't repair it all the way -epithelia never comes back -big damage
Beta Blockers
-decrease heart rate and dilate arteries by blocking beta receptors -targets receptors
hypodermis
-deep to skin, vascular -anchors skin to muscles
ethmoid bone
-deepest in skull -minor portion of orbital cavity -forms cribiform plate -nasal conchae
stratum basale
-deepest layer of epidermis -attached by basement membrane -single row of mitotic stem cells -where skin is created -takes 25-45 as the reach the surface
Bone (osseous tissue)
-dense -forms bony skeleton -supportive connective tissue. -contains specialized cells. -mineralized (rock like)
recticular layer
-dense irregular - 80% dermal thickness -where hair follicles are
Cartilage anatomy
-dense network of collagen fibers embedded in gel like substance -consistency of plastic -bear weight retaining greater ____ than bone
3 classes of carbs
-depend on complexity -all sugars are in rings and usually end in -ose 1. monosaccharide-1 ring 2. disaccharide -2 rings9sucrose) 3. polysaccharide-many rings (glycogen)
What is a gene?
-determines the protein -sequence of DNA that codes for protein
Peroxisomes
-detoxifies free radicals -get rid of metabolic waste products -done with enzymes
electrochemical gradient simple
-difference in electrical charges created by chemicals -function:
osmosis
-diffusion of water -move water from high solute to low solute concentration: solution with higher solute it has less water -ex: flow occurs when water concentration is different ; -amount of particles in a solute allows pasport water
Dislocation
-displacement of a bone from its joint -graded base on degree of dislocation
base
-dissociates in water -releases OH- hydroxide ion -pH 7 and up -raises the pH
Functions of the foot
-distributes weight over the entire foot -there are 3 arch's in the foot -acts as a spring
nasal septum
-divides nasal cavity
elastic fiber
-elastic properties -long thin
valence electrons
-electrons in the outermost shell -found in orbitals
nonpolar covalent bond
-electrons shared equally -no opposite ends
tendon sheath
-elongated bursa that wraps around a tendon -hot dog in a bun -reduce friction
sesamoid bones
-embedded within tendon or muscle -encased in tendon or muscle -patella
DNA polymerase
-enzyme that copies DNA -reads one series of bases and add another one to it (A-T ; G-C)
dehydration synthesis
-enzyme will go and remove OH from 1 and a H from the other -water goes out -removal of water
types of tissue
-epithelial - connective -muscle -nervous
sweat glands
-everywhere except reproductive structures -2 types: eccrine and apocrine -contain glandular epithelium (secretion)
anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments
-extend through the length of the spinal column and bind the bodies of the vertebrae together -glue -support and prevent hyperextension or hyperflexion bending
Articular (joint) capsule
-external fibrous layer: strengthens joints keep joint together (dense connective tissue) -inner synovial membrane: covers internal joint surfaces and makes synovial fluid (makes fluid)
adipose
-fat tissue -cells are adipocytes(fat cells) -nucleus pushed to side by large fat droplet -located: structure underneath the dermas (hypodermis) all skin on body
CT Proper: Dense Regular
-fibers as main matrix -tough rope like
other types of connective cells
-fibroblasts
G2
-final growth and divide -checking -prep for division
squamous
-flat
radius
-flat circle head -touches distal head of humerus -attaches with capitulum
shape of cell under microscope
-flat or circular is squamous -cuboidal-cube shape -columnar- rectangular
simple epithelium
-flat slightly rounded -function: absorbs, secretes, and filters things
aponeuroses
-flat, sheet-like tendons -made of dense regular connective tissue
Golgi apparatus
-flattened hollow sacs 1.received 2.modified 3.shipped of
Endoplasmic Reticulum
-flattened hollow tubes -2 varieties: rough and smooth
Depolarization
-flip charge of plasma membrane -which creates action potential= electricity -how nerves fire -this is electrochemical gradient used for muscle and neuron function
blood
-fluid connective tissue -matrix of blood is liquid called plasma -red blood cells -white blood cells -platelets -main function: transportation
Cristae
-folds in the inner membrane of mitochondria -increases amount of surface area necessary to cram enzymes to create energy
Principle of Complementarity
-form fits function -form will make since as to why it does what it does -what something does depends on the way it is built
parietal bones
-form part of the superior and lateral surfaces of the cranium -4 suture marks
Ossification (osteogenesis)
-formation of bone begins in 2nd month -bone growth occurs until 25 -then stops and remodeling and repair lifelong
hydrogen bond
-formed between H atom (slightly positive) and a negative atom (usually O) -holds 3 dimensional shapes together
pelvic girdle (pelvis)
-formed by 2 large bones(coxal) and sacrum -attach lower limbs to axial skeleton -transmit weight of upper body to lower limbs -3 fused bones form 1 coxal bone
fibrous joints
-formed by dense fibrous connective tissue -no cavity -highly immovable(most) -3 types: 1)sutures 2)syndesmoses 3) gomphmoses
epithelial tissue
-forms boundaries -covers things -secretion of thins -absorbs things -filters things
paranasal sinuses
-found in frontal , ethmoid (air cells), sphenoidal, and maxillary sinuses -hollow spaces in bones
synovial joints
-freely movable joints -has a cavity -most complex -bones separated by fluid-filled joint cavity-most movable in the body Location: knee, shoulder, elbow
sacrum
-fuse with coccyx at the bottom -
areolar connective tissue
-gel like ,atrix with all 3 fibers -most widely distributed in body -makes 20% of derma (skin) -underneath ALL epithelia -makes lamina propria -universal packing tissue
DNA
-genetic info -built by nucleotide; only 4 of them -double helix -2 backbones made of sugar and phosphate of nucleotide -in middle of helix is the bases
regeneration
-gets repaired fully -no scar
hematoma formation
-giant blood clot around the area
gliding movement
-glide over one another -flat -EXM: intercarpal joints, intertarsal joints, between articularprocess of vertebrae
movements of synovial joints
-gliding, angular movements, rotation -how they move is based on the muscle attachment to bone or CT -origin: attachment to immovable bone -insertion: attachment to movable bone
HDL
-good cholesterol -removes and returns cholesterol back into liver
solvent
-greater quantity that dissolves the solute -ex: usually a liquid
Bone structure
-gross(macroscopic) -microscopic -chemical
function of mitosis
-growth -repair
appositonal growth
-growth in width -caused by physical activities -body adds extra rings (lamellae) to bone
epiphyseal plate
-growth plate -stop growing
cilia
-hairs
intermediate filamet
-hasintermediate size -rope like appearance -another ocmponent of cyoskeleton
True ribs (1-7)
-have a direct attachment to the sternum via cartilage -touch transverse process
function of internal ear?
-hearing and balance
sutures
-held together by fibrous connective tissue -rigid -in middle age sutures ossify and fuse(25) -immovable joints -Function: protects brain and allows expansion
ligamentum nuchae
-helps keep the head erect -extends from tuberance to spinous process of the 7th
Acetabulum
-hip socket -what head of femur attaches to
Why is glycogen important?
-human storage major form of sugar stores in liver -plants: store starch made from glucose
What can freely pass through the membrane?
-if it's small and uncharged it typically passes through
X-ray
-images dense(bone and teeth) structures and shows white -uses x rays to image things -hollow things show up black -also used for tumors and TB
slime layer
-in bacteria -covers surface in slimy film
Cartilage
-in between blood and bone -qualities between connective tissue and bone -tough and flexible ***-no nerves
T1-T12
-increase in size
angular movement
-increase or decrease angle of 2 bones -flexion, extension, hyperextension
sinusiitis
-infection of mucosal tissue -leads to in-chronic inflammation
Bursitis
-inflammation of a bursa
arthritis
-inflammation of a joint -causes pain, swelling, and stiffness chronic forms: osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gouty arthritis
Tendonitis
-inflammation of a tendon -typically caused by overuse
eczema
-inflammatory skin disease -characterized by redness, blisters, scabs, and itching
inflammation
-influx of fluid -red -swollen -pain -sets stage for healing and repair -ends in -itis (inflammatory disease)
Ventral (anterior)
-infront of something -towards the front of the bofy -breastbone is anterior to the spine
Intracapsular
-inside joint capsule - ACL(anterior) and PCL (posterior)
3 elements of connective tissue
-interstitial fluid (microscopic fluid between cells) -fibers(proteins) blood doesn't have this -cells
smooth muscle
-involuntary -no visible striations -sheet like structure , spindle shape -propels substances or objects -location: walls of hollow organs
cardiac muscle
-involuntary muscle -controls blood -branching striated -in walls of the heart -cardiomyocyte- heart muscle cell
salts
-ionic compounds -formed from ionic bonds
dense irregular tissue
-irregularty arranged collaged fibers with few fibroblasts ????-location: - withstands pulling in many directions
Cells of the Epidermis
-keratinized squamous epithelium -new one once a month
patella
-knee bone -bone in quadriceps tendon that protects knee joint
what can't freely pass through membrane
-large and charged -needs a specific protein
major cavities in cranium
-large cranial cavity -2 orbital cavity (hollow space for organs to sit in) -oral cavity -nasal cavity -cavity for ear
organic molecules
-large molecules made of carbon -called polymer -built from repeating small blocks called monomers -ex: glycogen = polymer -built by synthesis reaction -broken down by hydrolysis
bursa
-large sac filled with fluid -prepatellar bursa
Thoracic Vertebrae (T1-T12)
-larger than cervical -heart shaped -long, sharp -circular -body is larger -ribs touch in 2 parts -FORAMEN IS CIRCLE
Microtubules
-largest -tube like structure -role: how chromosomes move during mitosis and cell division
femur
-largest bone in the bone -articulates at the proximal end of the acetabulum -major structures: head, fovea capitis, greater trochanter, lesser trochanter, lateral epicondyle, medial epicondyle, patellar surface
humerus
-largest bone of arm -articulates at proximal end with glenoid cavity of scapula -articulates inferiority with radius and ulna
Scoliosis
-lateral curvature of the spine; -S-shaped curvature -typically develomenttal defects
hypo-
-less -below -under
cell cycle
-life cycle of cell -series of changes from made to it copies itself
elevation
-lifting a body part superiorly -exm: shrugging shoulders
serous membrane
-line closed cavities (typically) -mesothelium is the type of tissue it is made of
endothelium
-lines blood vessels -specialized type of squamous epithelia -heart
Triglycerides
-lipid -fatty acids (3 of them) -with head group called glycerol linked -role in body: only fat used for energy
basis structure of plasma membrane
-lipid bilayer -2 layers of membrane -cholesterol 20% -membrane proteins (purple blobs) exm: receptor based proteins -sugar groups on outside of cell is glycocalyx
bursae
-little bags filled with synovial fluid -reduce friction -Location: in shoulder joint
organelles
-little organs -apart of cytoplasm -each have membrane around them
skeletal muscle
-long -parallel cell -voluntary, (bone movement) -in skeletal muscle(abs) -role: movement
endochondral ossification
-long bones and most of skeleton -formed from hyaline cartilage models
Ethmoid structures
-long narrow shelf bone -warms air -humidifies
pseudostratified columnar epithelium
-looks like more than 1 layer but is ONLY 1 layer -hair on surface (cilia) -makes mucus ; movement of mucus -have goblet cell location: trachea
depression
-lowering a body part -opening jaw
L1-L5
-lumbar -transverse processes start to go away because there is no rib attachment -receives stress so bodies are massive
location of simple epithelia
-lungs -kidneys
types of RNA
-mRNA -tRNA - rRNA
all proteins
-made from 20 types of amino acid -sequence of amino acid dictates what type it is
leg
-made of 2 parallel bones -connected by interosseous membrane -tibia receives weight of the body
fibrocartilaginous callus
-made of cartilage (hyaline) -cartilage surrounds it -initial tissue that comes in
Homeostasis
-maintain a biological balance -stable environment -root of disease when homeostasis doesn't work anymore
ends in cyte cells
-maintain health of connective tissue
Cartilage
-makes bones -acts as shock absorbers -Function: acts as cushiom
nucleoli
-makes ribosomes -usually 1 per cell
occipital bone
-makes up most of posterior wall -function:touches parietal, sphenoid, temporal bone -major structures: foranem magnum, occipital condyle, externaloccipital protuberance, other mucles
brush border
-many simple cuboidal and columnar epithelium have them -cytoplasm ridges -function: increase something to allow something to happen in your body -increases surface area that food and drink come in contact with -location: GI tract (stomach)
functions of plasma membrane
-mechanical barrier -selective permeability -electrochemical gradient - communication -cell signaling
nuclear envelope
-membrane around nucleus
mRNA
-messenger RNA -code from DNA is transcribed
petrous
-middle and external ear cavity -house special senses in form of hearing
osteogenic cells
-mitotically active stem cells -location: p
Phospholipids
-modified triglycerides -same carbon skeleton -2 fatty acid tails -phosphate head group -head group is polar [interact with water not a fat] -tail groups are non polar [fat {don't interact with water}]
mucous membrane
-moist mucus secreting membrane -in all hollow tubes of body (digestive, respiratory, urogenital tracts) -3 layers: epi, basement membrane, lamia prop
hyaline cartilage
-most abundant -location: all major joint surface lined with this, everywhere in body -make joints, nose, trachea -makes ribcage hold is cartilage
hyaline cartilage is
-most abundant -makes up respiratory system
stratified squamous epithelium
-most abundant in body -look at top layer -location: epidermis of skin, gums -makes your skin and lines oral cavity of mouth
prepatellar bursitis
-most likely to get inflammed -front of patella
apendicular skeleton
-movement -limbs -girdles(attachment points
abduction
-movement away from the midline -frontal plane
Adduction
-movement toward the midline -frontal plane
vesicular transport
-moving things around in vesicle -used for : large molecules or particles -requires energy -comes in different types
stratified cuboidal epithelium
-multiple layer of cubes; very rare in body -line the ducts of lots of glands; such as breast glands, salivary glands, and sweat glands -function: protection
muscle fiber
-muscle cell -myocyte
facilitated diffusion
-need a protein to move it -used for larger and charged -will bind and help move in or out of cell
ions
-need them to function properly -most important one is Sodium
bone has
-nerves -blood vessels
cutaneous sensations
-nervous system -only in skin -skin had HIGHEST sensory receptors
C1 Atlas
-no body or spinous process -2 holes on the side (Transverse foramen) -movement for nodding head "YES" -forms with occipital condyle
spongy bone filled with
-no osteons -filled with marrow (red and white)
hyoid bone
-not a bone of the skull -lies anterior neck inferior to mandible [upper part of larynx] -DOES NOT TOUCH ANY OTHER BONE OF BODY -held in place by ligaments and muscles -Function: site of attachment for muscles of swallowing and speech and works as protection of trachea
mitotic phase
-nuclear division -hormone regulated
Percentage of cancer
-number 1 killer: reproductive cancer -Men: prostate -Women: breast -Lung cancer most prevalent in US
atomic number
-number of protons -defines what number it is
hypertrophic zone
-older cartilage cells enlarge - forms interconnecting spaces
ionic bond
-one electron donates to another
unsaturated fats
-one or more of the carbons lack a hydrogen -liquids like fish oil and olive oil
bone remodeling
-ongoing replacement of old bone tissue by new bone tissue -throughout life -blasts and clasts cells
stratum lucidum
-only in thick skin - palms, soles -2-3 dead keratinocytes
recticular connective tissue
-only reticular fibers -form soft skeleton to support lymphoid organs -location: spleen, lymph nodes
what's gfound in compact bone
-organic components: cells (osteogenic, osteoblasts, ext.) -osteoid is organic bone that is not calcified -main protein is collagen fiber
sarcoma
-originates in connective tissue
compact bone consits of?
-osteon (Harversian system) -canals and canaliculi -interstitial and circumferential lamellae
plasma membrane is what?
-outer boundary of cell -dictates what enters and leaves -outer fluid is extracellular fluid
stratum corneum
-outermost layer of epidermis -20-30 rows of flat anucleated (no nucleus), keratinized dead cells -thickest layer of skin -protects deeper cells, prevents water loss, barrier
hyper-
-over -excessive
pallor
-paleness -anemia, fear, anger
subluxation
-partial dislocation of bone -usually in spinal cord
how to establish electrochemical gradient
-particular protein -sodium potassium pump: example of active transport -pumps sodium out and brings in slightly negative charges potassium
simple diffusion
-passive transport -movement of a solute from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
gene expression
-patterns that are used or not in genes
Gomphoses
-peg-in-socket fibrous joint -immovable -fibrous connection is periodontal ligament -exm: teeth
PKU
-phenylketonuria -lacking enzyme that breaks down phenylalanine -bogy doesn't know what to do with it
membrane lipid
-phospholipid bilayer75% -heads will interact with water ; hydrophilic -tails are fate and are hydrophobic -5% glycolipid (sugar fat) -20% cholesterol; maintain stability of membrane
what governs bone formation (remodeling)?
-physical stresses -more you use a bone the more it gets remodels -right handed people have thicker right bone -hormonal
anaphase
-physically separated by mitotic spindle -sister chromatid becomes separate chromosome
6 types of joints
-plane - hinge -pivot - condyloid - saddle - ball and socket
generalized cell
-plasma membrane(made of lipids and cholesterol) -cytoplasm(fluid inside cell -nucleus -organelles (stomach and brain)
vomer
-plow-shaped bone; forms part of nasal septum -separated left and right nasal cavities -creates the 2 cavities
***form of energy for plasma membrane
-positive charge outside of membrane in extracellular fluid -negative charge inside of cytoplasm
infraspinatus
-posterior
teres minor
-posterior
PCL attaches
-posterior tibia
Mitochondria
-power house of cell -produces majority of ATP needed for survival -2 layers: inner membrane has loops -where oxygen is required; or else you die
Meniscus
-prevents bone on bone -discs of knee joint
Structural levels of proteins
-primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary -increasing level of complexity in structure
control center
-processes the signal and sends instructions -brain
Melanocytes
-produce melanin -spider shaped cells -function: protects from UV light
paranasal sinuses function
-produce mucus -relieve pressure on brain
lacrimal gland
-produces tears -exocrine gland -almond shape
Hematopoiesis
-production of all blood cells -in marrow
Apoptosis
-programmed cell death -cell damaged beyond repair it will kill itself off
microfilaments
-protein -built out of protein called actin -rope like shape
motor proteins
-protein that causes movement -use microtubule to move stuff around -chem. energy into motion
proliferating zone
-rapid dividing of cartilage of plate -stack facing epiphysis (stack up) -older cells go upwards -newer cells stay where they are -pushes epiphysis way from diaphysis
hematopoietic tissue
-red bone marrow -makes blood cells (red, white, platelets)
erythema
-redness of the skin -fever
bone remodeling final step
-remodeled into original structure -spongey is made into compact bone
active processes
-requires energy to pass through
Bone Markings
-reveal where muscles, tendons, and ligaments were attached -where blood vessels and nerves passed (conduits) -joint formation
RNA
-ribonucleic acid -uses uracil instead of thymine -regulatory role in gene expression
rRNA
-ribosomes(make proteins) -forms peptide bonds between amino acids
false ribs (8-12)
-ribs that do not have a direct attachment to the sternum
ball and socket joint example
-rounded surface that fits into cavity or depression -exm: shoulder joint -allows greatest degree of movement
ligaments
-run down the spine -help support vertebral column -support and prevent hyperextension or hyperflexion bending
Ultrasound
-safe method to use sound-waves -used in pregnancy -used with veins and arteries
glandular epithelium
-secrete fluids into ducts or fluids of body -cells that cover all glands in the body
endocrine glands
-secrete hormones (insulin, testosterone) -travels in blood -if it stays in the body
exocrine glands
-secretes outside of body or external surface into ducts -sweat, salivary glands, mucous
how endocytosis works
-selective -psuedopod engulfs food
What can pass through the plasma membrane?
-selectively permeable: selective about what can pass through -some require proteins some don't -2 ways they pass through: 1. passive processes 2.active processes
Autophagy
-self eating -cell recycles parts of itself -cell is starved and breaks down to reuse parts of itself
invertebral discs
-separate and cushion the vertebrae -made of cartilage (rubber like) -2 parts: nucleus pulposus and anulus fibrosus
endomembrane system
-series of organelles and membranes that work together to achieve common goal -function: produce, degrade, store, and export molecules -example of all membranes working together
Diaphysis
-shaft of a long bone -consists of compact bone surrounding medullary cavity -filled with bone marrow
fossa
-shallow depression - muscle attachment or articulation
covalent bond
-sharing of the bonds
tibia
-shin bone - larger of the two lower leg bones -transmit to foot
interosseous membrane
-short ligaments that connect the bone -minor movement
scapula
-shoulder blade
MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)
-shows soft tissues -maps water in the body
prednisone
-shuts down immune system -mimics cortisol
how cyanide works
-shuts down organelles (mitichondria) that makes ATP
apical surface
-side you look at -exposed to surface or cavity
elastic cartilage
-similar to hyaline -more elastic -maintains shape of a structure while allowing flexibility -location: pinna (external ear), epiglottis
simple cuboidal epithelium
-single layer of cube shaped cells -main role: secrete and absorb -location: especially in kidney, urinary systems
cutaneous membrane
-skin -sheet like structures
melanoma
-skin cancer (in moles) -highly metastatic (catch early) -use ABCD to detect
nerve receptors
-skin has the most nerve receptors in body -capture a sense and send to central nervous system
lacunae
-small cavities in bone that -contain osteocytes
occipital protuberance
-small prominence in the center of the occiput -superior and inferior nuchal line
synthesis reaction
-smaller particles are bonded together to form larger, more complex molecules -exm: amino acids joined together to form a protein molecule
Exocytosis specified
-something leaves the cell in a vesicle
isotopes
-something that contains same amount of protons but diff. amount of neutrons -messes up charge -typically unstable
acid
-something that dissociates in water -pH 7 and below -lowers pH -dissocites and release H+ (hydrogen atom [proton no neutron])
Mesothelium
-specialized squamous epithelia -lines and creates serous membranes and covers -pericardial, pleural
vertebral column
-spine -Function: transmit weight to body form and protects spinal cord -5 major regions: cervical(7), thoracic(12), lumbar(5) vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx
stratum spinosum
-spiny layer -several layers thick -prekeratin filaments -synthesize keratin (protein)- protein envelope that coats the outer layer of dense cells
anatomical position
-standing -feet together -arms at sides -head and eyes forward -palms facing forward (away from body) -creates a common reference point
collagen fiber
-steel -strongest and largest
shoulder joints
-sternoclavicular - acromioclavicular - glenohumeral - scapulothoracic -stabilize and allow greatest degree of mobility
Lysosomes
-stomach of cell -contains enzymes
sprain
-stretching or tearing of ligaments -slow healing process; can possibly not heal (1-3) 3 is completely torn
Fibrocartilage
-strong -more fibers -intervertebral discs and knee -location: discs of knee joint (meniscus), forms joints of spine
dermis supports the epidermis
-strong connective tissue -where all hair, oil, sweat, blood and nerves are below -40 layer of cells -2 layers
dermis
-strong, flexible connective tissue -where blood supply, lymphatic vessels -2 layers: superior(papillary) and inferior (reticular 80%)
osteon
-structural unit of compact bone -tree rings that runs through bone -structural organization/ each column is osteon -made up of rings = lamelle
basement membrane
-structure that the epithilium connects to -attachment point for epithelium
papillary layer
-superficial -20% of dermal thickness -areolar connective tissue
nasal concha
-superior, middle, inferior -ridges of bones that stick out into cavity -function: humidifies the air -also known as tubenance
6 major functions of bone
-support -protection -movement: ;evers for muscle action -mineral and growth factor storage: calcium storage -blood cell formation -triglyceride: fat used for energy
Characterization of epithileal tissues
-supported by connective tissues -polarity
connective tissue
-supports things
rotator cuff muscles
-supraspinatus -infraspinatus -teres minor -subscapularis
Muscles of the rotator cuff
-supraspinatus -infraspinatus -subscapularis -teres minor
free ribosomes
-suspended in the cytosol -make protein
ecrine gland
-sweat gland
ceruminous glands
-sweat glands -external auditory canal -secrete ear wax
primer
-tells enzyme where to come in and make DNA
radioisotopes
-test called Sentinel node biopsy -test if cancer has spread from the breast to somewhere else in the body -used to see cancer metastasis
symphyses
-the JOINT made of fibrocartilage -articular cartilage over it is hyaline -strong -slightly movable (you can rotate your spine) -exm: intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis
Clavicle
-the collar bone - a slender bone -connects the manubrium of the sternum to the scapula
ulna
-the inner and longer of the two bones of the human forearm -big can opener / ice cream scoop -will fit into olecranon fossa
osteogenic layer
-the inner layer of the periosteum -filled with osteogenic stem cells
acromioclavicular joint
-the joint where the acromion and the clavicle meet -adds stability
where is genetic info located ?
-the middle -bases
Active site of an enzyme
-the region of an enzyme that attaches to a substrate -catalyzes the reaction
solute
-the substance that is dissolved -in smaller quality -ex: blood sugar
if you placed your red blood cell into hypotonic solution what will happen?
-they will swell -water goes in
capsular
-thickened part of fibrous layer -only in capsule -forms outer wall
cell
-to be considered alive it needs to be at least 1 cell -200 diff. types of human cells
protein synthesis occurs in 2 steps
-transcription and translation -transcription: DNA info coded in mRNA -translation: mRNA assembled
exchange reaction
-transfer reaction -bonds made and broken
tRNA
-transfers in amino acids to make proteins -need specific triplet code
vertebral body
-transfers weight along the spine -where discs sit
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
-transport and storage -has ribosome dots -makes proteins
ATP functions
-transport work by phosphorylates -mechanical work by binds motor proteins, then hydrolyzed -chemical work by providing energy to drive
***role of plasma membrane proteins
-transport: move substances from one side of cell to another; basis of how muscle contracts -signal transduction: receptor, relay signal to somewhere else -attachment to cytoskeleton: holds cells together to make tissues -enzymatic activity: -intercellular joining: -cell-cell recognition: serve as identification tags; proteins and sugars on top; exm: blood type dictator [identification of blood]
series of DNA in a gene is read in what?
-triplets by enzymes of make protein -each triplet code for something
rotation
-turning of a bone around its own axis -Exm: neck, humerus, femur, shoulder
subination
-turning the palm upward -palms face anteriorly -radius and ulna are parallel
inversion
-twisted toward midline
how to categorize joints
-type of joint -does it have a cavity -is it movable
steroids
-type of lipid -4 interlocking rings -acts as hormones in the body -
lipid
-type of macromolecule -fats -carbon based -insoluble in water -3 types: triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids
enzyme
-type of protein -catalyst: big circular 3-Dimensional like shape; make reactions in body occur
forearm
-ulna and radius -proximal ends attach with humerus
polar covalent bond
-unequal sharing of electrons -opposite charges
ATP
-unique nucleotide -comprised of Adenine, ribose, and triphosphate -energy currency -everything in body takes ATP to make something happen -offers immediate, usable energy needed by body cells
maxilla
-upper jawbone, containing right and left maxillary sinuses -contains palantine process: makes 2/3 of hard palate
PET scan
-uses radioisotopes of glucose -give off a little bit of radioactivity -uses glucose shot that will travel through and attach to the cancer cells -cancer cells have high metabolic rate
common characteristics of connective tissue
-varying degrees of vascularity(amount of blood vessel) -LARGE amount of ECM
elastic cartilage is
-very rare -ears (pinna)
fibrocartilage is
-very rare -meniscus(friction pad) of each knee -pubic symphysis -makes joints of spine: intervertebral discs
urea
-waste product -made by protein breakdown -used clinically to determine if liver and kidney are working
epiphyseal line
-weak -wear bones grow -found on both ends of the bone -stops at 25
classification of a joint
-weakest parts of skeleton -Function: give mobility and hold skeleton together -3 types of joints:(based on complexity) 1) fibrous- no joint cavity 2)cartilaginous- no cavity 3)synovial-contain cavity (most complex)
ECM (extracellular matrix) ??
-what determines what type of connective tissue it is -all protein and fibers found
semi-conservative replication
-when DNA is copied it becomes a new double helix -one is old strand (template) other is new one
telophase
-when chromosome movement stops -2 cells forming before the split -nuclear membrane reform -chromosomes uncoil and you can't see them
Langerhans cells
-white blood cell found only in skin -provides immunity(eat acne bacteria)
Trachea
-windpipe -Allows air to pass to and from lungs
dense regular connective tissue
-withstand high tension -the waves are collagen -very little open space -location: tendon, ligaments
cell junction in role of protein (intercellular joining)
-work as glue -most cells bound together by these; NOT blood cells -3 ways cell bound together -have bountiful epithelia
perichondrium
-wrap of dense CT that covers cartilage -around certain organs and tissues -outer layer -contains collagen fibers, fibroblasts
Bilirubin
-yellow pigment released by the liver in bile -if liver not working it won't leave the body
hydrogen has how many neutrons?
0 neutrons
Types of movement at synovial joints
1. Gliding 2. Angular 3. Rotation 4. Special
cells to bone tissue
1. Osteogenic cells 2. Osteoblasts 3. Osteocytes 4. Bone-lining cells 5. Osteoclasts
epiphyseal plate zones
1. Zone of resting cartilage 2. Zone of proliferating cartilage 3. Zone of hypertrophic cartilage 4. Zone of calcified cartilage 5. Zone of ossification
connective tissue structure
1. epithelium 2. membrane 3.connective tissue
2 general types of anatomy
1. gross anatomy 2.microscopic anatomy
bone repair
1. hematoma formation 2. callus formation 3. callus ossification 4. bone remodeling -if you get a fracture this is how your body will REPAIR
Tissue Repair Stages
1. injury 2. inflammation(chemicals)- body releases a bunch of chemicals 3. hemostasis- plug up blood loss 4. granulation- body repairs damaged tissue 5. reepithelialization- lays epithelial cells over the connective tissue 6. contraction-bandaid
Main ways cancer spread through body
1. lymphatic system 2. blood
different types of filaments
1. microfilaments 2. intermediate 3.microtubule
endochondral ossification steps
1. osteoblast secrete osteoid creating an encasing bone collar 2. Chondrocytes grow, die, leave cavities 3. periosteal bud forms and invades cavities 4.primary ossification center enlarges 5.epiphyses ossify (become bone)
trace elements in human body
1. sodium 2.copper 3.cobalt
3 ways cells are bound
1. tight junctions 2. desmosomes 3. gap junctions
facial bones
14 bones that form the face
serous membrane
2 layer membrane that covers all organs in the body
classification of epithelia
2 names 1. number of cell layers 2. shape of cells
organ level
2 or more tissues working together
how many fascia over every muscle?
3
what is the atomic mass of tritium?
3
Ribs
3 types: -true -false -floating
tertiary protein structure
3D folding pattern of a protein due to side chain interactions
how many joints in shoulder girdle
4
how many shoulder muscles?
4
chromosomes in humans
46
carbon has how many neutrons?
6 neutrons
what amount of water in human body
60 %
water pH
7 (neutral)
how many vertebrae and what type of are in the neck region?
7 cervical.
blood pH
7.4 -basic due to buffer
how many bones make up cranium
8 bones -1 frontal -2 parietal -2 temporal -sphenoid -ethmoid -occipital
what are the secretions of sweat glands?
99% water, sodium chloride, and trace amounts of wastes, lactic acid, and vitamin C.
Tendon sheaths ________. A) act as friction-reducing structures B) are lined with dense irregular connective tissue C) form channels for tendons D) help anchor the tendon to the muscle
A
c
A mismatch of blood types during a transfusion is dangerous because: a. antibodies in the donor's plasma will attack and kill the recipient's healthy blood cells. b. clotting factors in the donors blood will cause unwanted clots known as thrombus c. preformed antibodies in the recipient's blood and clump (agglutinate) the donated cells. d. white blood cells from the donor's blood cause inflammation
anion
A negatively charged ion
C
A patient displaying abnormally low leukocyte levels following chemotherapy suffers from: A. Leukocytes is B. Leukemia C. Leukopenia D. Anemia
cation
A positively charged ion
fibular ligament
ACL
Which molecule is the form of energy the cell can use
ATP
a
Addition of more mitochondria to a muscle fiber will have greatest effects on ____________. a. slow-twitch aerobic fibers b. fast-twitch anaerobic fibers c. both slow-twitch and fast-twitch fibers d. fast-twitch aerobic fibers
bases of DNA
Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine
List the types of cells made by the red marrow
All blood cell types (red and white blood cells and platelets)
c
All of the following are considered innate (non-specific) body defenses except: a. complement system b. phagocytosis c. antibodies d. inflammation
atomic symbol
An abbreviation for an element or atom
effector
An organ (a gland or muscle) that becomes active in response to nerve impulses. ex: burn yourself you jerk back
What is the cause of rheumatoid arthritis Osteoarthritis
Autoimmune disease that attacks own joints Caused by age and wear and tear
deep (internal)
Away from the body surface; more internal ex:
appendicular skeleton
Bones of the limbs and limb girdles that are attached to the axial skeleton
d
Both the "swallowing and vomiting centers" of the body can be found in the: a. esophagus b. stomach c. pancreas d. medulla oblongata
amino acid
Building blocks of protein
white matter refers to the myelinated fiber in the:
CNS.
D
Cardiac output (co) of the heart directly depends upon: A. Heart rate B. Stroke volume C. End-diastolic volume D. Both a and b C. Both a and c
G1
Cell growth
a
Chemical (enzymatic) digestion of carbohydrates begins in the a. oral cavity b. S.I. c. stomach d. pancreas
Which type of bone is made of osteons? Trabeculae
Compact bone Spongy bone
organic molecule
Contains carbon ex: carbs, fats, proteins, and nucleic acids
Where is articular cartilage found
Cover the epishysis of bones
d
Creatine phosphate functions in the muscle cell by ____________. a. forming a temporary chemical compound with myosin b. forming a chemical compound with actin c. inducing a conformational change in the myofilaments d. storing energy that will be transferred to ADP to resynthesize ATP
median (midsagittal) plane
Cuts the body into left and right planes
Microvilli
Cytoplasmic extensions of mucosal cell that give fuzzy appearance called the brush border
Guanine pairs with
Cytosine
Describe the acetabulum including what fits in it.
Depression of the hip bone that articulates with the head of the femur
frontal plane (coronal plane)
Divides the body into front and back portions.
a
During the enterogastric reflex the duodenum ______________ the vagus nerve and ___________ sympathetic neurons. a. inhibits; stimulates b. stimulates; inhibits
b
During the period of ventricular filling, _____________________. a. pressure in the heart is at its peak b. blood flows mostly passively from the atria through the atrioventricular (AV) valves into the ventricles c. the atria remain in diastole d. the aortic and pulmonary semilunar valves are open.
c
EDV is 120 ml per beat and ESV is 50 ml per beat the SV would be _______. a. 120 ml per beat b. 170 ml per beat c. 70 ml per beat d. 50 ml per beat
c
Enzymatically digested lipids must be "packaged" into ____________ before they can be absorbed by the brush border cells in the small intestine a. monoglycerides b. chylomicrons d. emulsification droplets
How specific are enzymes?
Enzymes are very specific.
Which type of tissue gives rise to about 90% of all cancers
Epithelial
List the 4 basic types of body tissues
Epithelial Connective Muscle Nervous
Hyperextension
Excessive straightening of a body part
Muscles can push or pull only?
False -they can only PULL
Distal
Farther from the trunk of the body
positive feedback
Feedback that tends to magnify a process or increase its output continues till system breaks or what needs to be done is done ex: child birth, breast feeding
exogenous proteins
From dietary sources
Define autograft
Graft of tissue from one point to another of the same individuals body
compact bone
Hard, dense bone outer layer -appears smooh and solid
bone remodeling is controlled by what?
Hormones -PTH (parathyroid glands) -Calcitonin
d
How does acetylcholine induce its inhibitory effect on heart rate allowing for "vagal ton" a. ACh induces depolarization in the sinoatrial node b. ACh causes closing of sodium channels in the sinoatrial node. c. ACh causes opening of fast calcium channels in contractile cells. d. ACh causes opening of potassium channels in the sinoatrial node, thereby hyperpolarizing it.
c
Humoral immunity occurring as a result of antibodies being passed from mother to fetus through the placenta or to the infant in the mother's milk is an example of: a. active naturally acquired immunity b. active artificially acquired immunity d. passive naturally acquired immunity c. passive artificially acquired immunity
articular cartilage
Hyaline cartilage attached to articular bone surfaces
a
If cardiac muscle is deprived of its normal blood supply, damage would primarily result from________. a. decreased delivery of oxygen b. a decrease in the number of available mitochondria for energy production c. a lack of nutrients to feed into metabolic pathways d. an inadequate supply of lactic acid
b
If the osmolarity of blood is too _________, water remains in the tissues causing edema and a drop in blood pressure. a. high b. low
b
If the vagal nerves to the heart were cut the result would be that____________. a. the heart would stop, since the vagal nerves trigger the heart to contract b. the heart rate would increase by about 25 beats per minute c. the atrioventricular (AV) node would become the pacemaker d. parasympathetic stimulation would increase, causing a decrease in the heart rate
b
If yipe were inoculated with hepatitis A vaccine, a population of this type of cell would begin to make the appropriate antibody a. neutrophils b. plasma cells c. helper t lymphocytes b. natural killer cells
Bursitis and Tendonitis
Inflammation of a bursa or the tendon sheath respectively
What is the ECM made of?
Interstitial fluid( liquid) -proteins(glue for attachment) -proteoglycans(lubricate
Which joint is injured if you have suffered a torn meniscus
Knee
Why is cartilage slow to heal
Lack of direct blood supply
Tuberosity
Large rounded projection; may be roughened
macrophage
Large white blood cell that eats cells
aorta
Largest artery in the body
Describe how long bone thickens
Lay down new layers of bone beneath the periosteum (compact bone)
Describe how long bone lengthens
Lengthens while cartilaginous cells of the epishyseal plates are active (increased activity in the growth plate)
Which bone is involved in the formation of the cleft palate
Maxilla
b
Membrane attack complexes (MAC attacks!) are stimulated by which of the following a. C3a b. C3b
pleura
Membrane surrounding the lungs
b
Most carbon dioxide in the blood is transported as: a. carboxyhemoglobin b. bicarbonate ion c. carbonic acid d. oxyhemoglobin
b
Most oxygen is transported in the blood as: a. carbaminohemoglobin b. oxyhemoglobin c. carboxyhemoglobin d. dissolved in the plasma
b
Most plasma proteins of the blood are produced by the ___________. a. spleen b. liver c. hypothalamus d.spleen
B
Muscle fibers can store oxygen for the onset of activity because they contain oxygen-binding proteins called _________. A. dystrophin B .myoglobin C. creatine phosphate D. myosin kinase
styloid process of radius
Name the structure.
styloid process of ulna
Name the structure.
mental foramen
Name this foramen. -for nerves and blood vessels
cribiform plate
Name this structure
line
Narrow ridge of bone; less prominent than a crest
crest
Narrow ridge of bone; usually prominent
floating ribs (11-12)
No attachment to sternum or costal cartilages
1st degree burn
Only the epidermis (red, painful, and edema)
axial skeleton
Portion of the skeletal system that consists of the skull, rib cage, and vertebral column
a
Positive chronotropic drugs ______________ heart rate. a. increase b. decrease
main functions of skin
Protection Body temperature regulation Cutaneous sensations Metabolic functions
What does RNA do in a cell?
RNA plays a major role in protein synthesis
Epicondyle
Raised area on or above a condyle
What is the role of negative feedback in metabolic pathways
Regulate and control it
b
Reye Syndrome can be triggered in young children if they are given __________ to treat a viral infection. a. antibiotics b. aspirin c. antipyretics d. prostaglandin E2
medial rotation
Rotation toward the midline
foramen
Round or oval opening through a bone
b
Saliva binds food together into a ____________. a. chyme b.bolus c. globule d. juice
clavicular notch
Site where manubrium articulates with the clavicles -Function: protects vital organs, support shoulder girdle and upper limbs, provides attachment
The integumentary system consists of
Skin Hair Nails Glands (sweat and oil) (sudonferous, sebaceous)
Glabella
Smooth area between the eyes
The cubital region is ______ to the carpal region
Superior, proximal
embryology
THE STUDY OF EMBRYOS
a
The _________ pathway of the compliment system can be stimulated by a MAC attack. a. classical b.alternative c. lectin d. all of the above
b
The __________ division of the autonomic nervous system has the dominant influences on a person's resting heart rate, vagal tone. A. Sympathetic B. Parasympathetic C. Somatic D. Cardiac
b
The _________________ division of the autonomic nervous system has the dominant influence on a person's resting heart rate, vagal tone.
C
The ability of a muscle cell to streach under tension is known as: A. excitability B. conductivity C. extensibility D. elasticity
basal surface
The bottom layer of epithelial tissue that attaches to the basement membrane
a
The digestive function of bile is: a. to emulsify lipid globules into smaller lipid droplets b.to hydrolyze carbohydrates c. to break peptide bonds d. to absorb lipids
quaternary structure
The fourth level of protein structure; the shape resulting from the association of two or more polypeptide subunits.
small intestine
The part of the digestive system in which most chemical digestion takes place. -smaller than large intestine
C
The process of spinning down the blood to separate it based on the size of its components is known as: a. coagulation b. chemotaxis c. centrifugation d. cytolysis
lesser trochanter
The projection on the medial/superior portion of the femur.
d
These cells are responsible for releasing histamine during an allergic response a.IgE's b. macrophages c. plasma cells d. mast cells
b
These cells secrete heparin and histamines a. Monocytes b. Basophils c. Eosinophils d. Lymphocytes
a
These structures are not one of the features of an intercalated disc? a. purkinje fibers b. desmosomes c. mechanical junctions d. interdigitating junctions
c
This accessory protein transfers the force of muscle contraction to the connective tissue around a muscle cell allowing muscle to healthily function. a. myosin b. actin c. dystrophin d. tropomyosin
d
This cytokine stimulates cell #4 to produce antibodies a. Cb3 b. interferon alpha c. interleukin1 d. interleukin 2
c
This hemopoietic tissue contains stem cells for all 7 formed elements (cells) of the blood in an adult. a. liver b. lungs c. red bone marrow d. spleen
d
This is an autoimmune disease that destroys the whiter matter of the brain and spinal cord a. myasthenia gravis b. Type I diabetes mellitus c. Rheumatoid arthritis d. multiple sclerosis
b
This occurs when the heart becomes "flabby" due to myocardial deterioration a. angina b. dilated cardiomyopathy c. embolism d. heart murmur
b
This organelle in brush border cells re-synthesizes monoglycerides and free fatty acids into triglyceride molecules for later packaging. a. Golgi apparatus b. smooth ER c. micelles d.chylomicrons
epithelial tissue
Tissue that covers outside of the body and lines organs and cavities.
How is the "rule of nines" used in treating burn patients
To estimate amount of surface area burned
Trochanter
Very large, blunt, irregularly shaped process
The membrane that covers the surface of abdominal organs is the
Visceral peritoneum
c
What is the function of the lymphatic system? a. Returns fluid from the tissues to the cardiovascular system b. Provides tissues with CO2 and nutrients c. Source of immune cells d. A and C
b
Which cell will survive a viral infection a. host cell 1 b. host cell 2 c. both cells d. neither cell
a
Which compliment protein attracts neutrophils to sites of infection using chemotaxis a. C3a b. C3b c. C5a d. C5b
a
Which compliment protein helps stimulate the inflammatory response a.C3a b.C3b c.C4 d.C9
b
Which enzymes break down acetylcholine to stop muscle contraction? a. ATPases b. Acetylcholinestrases c. kinases d. phosphatases
c
Which of the following allows for the closing of the semilunar valves of the heart a. chordae tendineae b. rising pressure in the ventricles c. rising pressure in the pulmonary trunk and aorta d. rising pressure in the atria
D
Which of the following causes muscle fatigue? A. depleting ATP synthesis due to glycogen consumption B.Lactic acid build up in the muscle cells C.depleting ACh stores in somatic motor neurons D. All of the Above
c
Which of the following cell types FIRST encounters the antigen during the cellular (cell-mediated) immune response a. Helper T cel b. B lymphocyte c. macrophages d. cytotoxic T cell
b
Which of the following cells of a gastric gland produces the hunger hormone ghrelin a. chief cell b. parietal cell d. enteroendocrine cell d. mucous neck cell
c
Which of the following is NOT part of the intrinsic conduction system of the heart a. AV node b. bundle branches c. AV valve d. SA node
c
Which of the following is absorbed by the epithelial cells of the stomach a. peptides b. oligosaccharides c. alcohol s. vitamin K
d
Which of the following receive(s) blood during ventricular systole a. aorta only b pulmonary arteries only c. pulmonary veins only d. both the aorta and pulmonary trunk
d
Which of the following results in a feeble heart rate and arrhythmias due to low potassium levels a. hypocalcemia b. hypercalcemia c. hyperkalemia d. hypokalemia
C
Which of the following statements does NOT apply to the cardiovascular system? a. Involves blood vessels that carry blood b. Provides tissues with oxygen and nutrients c. Moves blood in an open circuit d. Carries away oxygen and waste
E
Which of the following stimulates regeneration of damaged endothelial cells in blood vessels? A. Interleukins B. Colony-stimulating factors C. Platelet-derived growth factor D. Vascular endothelial growth factor E. Both c and d
d
Which of the following substances are capable of exciting an immune response a.nucleic acids b. foreign proteins c. micro-organisms d. all of the above
d
Which of the following women should receive a Rho Gam shot prior to a during her second pregnancy a. female with type AB+ blood b. female with type O+ blood c.female with type A+ blood d.female with type AB- blood
a
Which patient below will have the fastest heart rate a. a fetus b. an elderly women c. and elderly man d. a healthy teenager
a
Which type of T lymphocyte recognizes antigens bound to Class II MHC's a. CD4 cells that will become helper T cells b. CD8 cells that will become cytotoxic T cells
b
Which type of cells display Class II MHC proteins on their surface a. all nucleated cells b. antigen-presenting cells(dentridic cells and macrophages) c.bacterial cells d. RBC's
c
Which type of muscle in the body contains both fast-twitch and slow-twitch fibers giving it versatility in contractile speed? a. smooth muscle b.cardiac muscle c.skeletal muscle d.both b and c
b
Your heart seems to "pound" after you hear a sudden loud noise. This increased contractility is because a.vagal nerve impulses arrive faster at the heart b. norepinephrine causes threshold to be reached more quickly in the SA node c. when a gasp of surprise is emitted, the frank-starling law of the heart is evident d. acetylcholine release is inhibited
A
______ diffuses through ligand-gated and voltage-gated ion channels in the sarcolemma resulting in depolarization of a muscle cell. a. NA+ b. Ca+2 c. K+ d. Acetylcholine
b
__________ and ________ phosphorylate ADP into ATP in the Phospho-creatine/ Phosphagen system of energy production. a. ATPases ; Acetylcholinesterase b. creatine kinase ; myokinase c. myosin ; actin d. mitochondria; rough ER
b
______________ are drugs that reduce a fever a. protease inhibitors b.antipyretics c. antihistamines d. AZT's
a
___________________ release lymphokines during a delayed allergic reaction like following exposure to poison ivy a. helper T cells b. macrophages c. plasma cells d.mast cells
the type of burn that involves injury to the epidermis and the upper region of the dermis and is red, blistered, and painful is termed as:
a 2nd degree burn.
epiphyseal fracture
a break at the location of the growth plate, which can affect growth of the bone
what is a bone fracture where the bone is broken into many fragments called?
a comminuted fracture.
what is a bone fracture where the broken bone is exposed to the outside?
a compound fracture.
a fracture that is most common in children and are more flexible than those of adults is:
a greenstick fracture.
capitulum
a little head
what is the substance that is released at axonal endings to propagate a nervous impulse called?
a neurotransmitter.
what is an indication of melanoma?
a pigmented spot that contains areas of different colors.
zygomatic process
a projection of the temporal bone that forms part of the zygoma -contain sinuses
phagocyte
a white blood cell that attacks invading pathogens
abdominopelvic cavity
abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity -used in medial field -2 planes
what ventral cavity subdivision has no bony protection?
abdominal.
where are the stomach, liver, intestines, bladder, rectum, and reproductive organs housed?
abdominopelvic cavity.
what is the primary action of the deltoid?
abduction.
while doing "jumping jacks," your arms and legs move laterally away from your body. what is this motion called?
abduction.
function of simple epithelium
absorption, secretion, filtration
biggest tendon in body prone to get tendonitis?
achilles
what does clavicular notch ouch on other end?
acromian
what is the function of phosphate in your body?
acts as a molecular switch
pericardium
actual serous membrane around the heart -2 layers: 1. parietal pericardium(covers cavity) visceral (covers organ)
what is the movement of a limb toward the body midline called?
adduction.
what does the hypodermic consist of?
adipose tissue.
cytoplasm of cell
all liquid dissolved in cell -
organism level
all organ systems working together
nuchal line
allow giant ligament to attach to the skull
nuclear pores
allows materials to move in and out of the cell nucleus
function of having a membrane
allows specilization
primary protein structure
amino acid sequence
NH3
ammonia
out of all of these, which is the most complex? - a cell, an organ, a molecule, a tissue, an organ system
an organ system.
what is the primary action of the rectus abdominis?
anaerobic respiration.
tarsal
ankle
talus
ankle bone
ACL
anterior cruciate ligament
acl
anterior cruciate ligament
Antecubital
anterior surface of elbow
sweat has
antimicrobial functions acidic pH
process
any bony prominence
buffer
any substance or molecule that resists changes in pH
matter
anything you can see smell or feel something that has a mass (weight and occupies space)
the subarachnoid space lies directly between the:
arachnoid mater and cerebellum.
lumbar
area of back between ribs and hips
brachial
arm (upper)
ramus
armlike bar of bone
Axillary
armpit
what is the arrangement of fascicles in orbicularis oris called?
around rings.
what warms the body up by contracting hairs?
arrector pili muscles.
head of femur
articulates with the acetabulum
ABCD rule
asymmetry, border irregularity, color, diameter(larger then pencil eraser)
ion
atom that lost or gain electron and becomes charged
molecular chemical level
atoms build molecules
girdle
attach limbs to axial skeleton
periodontal ligament
attaches tooth to jaw
the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems are subdivisions of the:
autonomic nervous system.
Lateral
away from the midline ex: arms are lateral to the chest
the Schwann cell forms a myelin sheath around the:
axon.
Olecranal
back of elbow (posterior)
occipital
back of head
popliteal
back of knee
what is the most freely moving joint in the body?
ball and socket joint
contraction
band aid effect
skin cancer main types
basal cell carcinoma squamous cell carcinoma melanoma
why might it not be in a most compact form when cell is doing a normal thing?
because its not in a semi compact state (chromatin)
gains a negative charge
becomes slightly negative
gains a positive charge
becomes slightly positive
Dorsiflexion
bending of the foot or the toes upward
sacral
between hips
intermediate
between medial and lateral
what muscles are antagonists?
biceps brachii triceps brachii.
cells in ECM
blast ,cyte ,clast
Platelets
blood clotting
vaso-
blood vessel
capillary loops
blood vessels
cartilages in human body
blue= hyaline green = elastic red= fibrocartilages
What does DNA do for you?
blueprint that directs order of amino acids in a protein
granulation
body repairs tissue, typically connective tissue
comminuted fracture
bone breaks into many fragments -in long bones
Osteosarcoma
bone cancer -rare -other cancer metastasis into bone
intramembranous ossification
bone develops from a fibrous membrane
spiral fracture
bone has been twisted apart -common in sports
compression fracture
bone is crushed -spine
the presence of an epiphyseal plate indicates that:
bone length is increasing.
appendicular skeleton include
bones of the limbs and their girdles
plantar
bottom of foot
which of the nerve plexuses serves the shoulder and arm.
brachial.
what muscles are responsible for flexion or extension of the arm?
brachialis, latissimus dorsi, triceps brachii, biceps brachii.
the term "central nervous system" refers to the:
brain and spinal cord.
nerve tissue location
brain, spinal cord, nerves
lysis
break apart
osteoclasts
break down bone
what does a osteoclast do?
break down bone
mammary
breast
sternal
breastbone
nasal bones
bridge of nose -2 bones held together by suture -function: attach cartilage to form nose proper
depressed fracture
broken bone portion is pressed inward -flat bone; skull
centrioles
built of microtubules
gluteal
buttock
sural
calf of the leg (posterior)
vertebral foramen
canal through which spinal cord passes
meatus
canal-like passageway
malignancy
cancer
adenocarcinoma
cancerous tumor of a gland -ex: sweat glands
different types of reinforcing ligaments
capsular, extracapsular, intracapsular
what is muscle tissue that has involuntary regulation of contraction called?
cardiac and smooth muscle.
what are directly controlled by the autonomic nervous system?
cardiac muscle, abdominal organs, smooth muscle, most glands.
what muscle cells possess intercalated discs?
cardiac.
Hand
carpus(wrist): 8 bones in 2 rows -proximal row -distal row
the human skeleton initially consist of just
cartilage
Chondrocytes
cartilage cells
Condrocytes
cartilage cells -maintain health of cartilage -avascular -dark spots in cell
pubic symphysis
cartilaginous joint at which two pubic bones fuse together
sella turcica
cavity in the skull that contains the pituitary gland -regulates hormones in human body
-cyte
cell
electrochemical gradient
cell creates difference in plasma membrane
hypertonic cell
cell shrinks
Myofilaments
cells of muscle
medullary cavity
central, hollowed-out area in the shaft of a long bone
loss of muscle coordination results to damage to the:
cerebellum.
what is a traumatic brain injury?
cerebral edema.
concave curvature
cervical and lumbar
what is the correct sequence of nerves that exit the spinal cord. going from superior to inferior?
cervical spinal nerves, thoracic spinal nerves, lumbar spinal nerves, sacral spinal nerves.
zygomatic arch
cheek bone
protection of skin
chemical barrier: skin secretion, sweat, sebum (acid mantle) physical barrier: dead, keeps out things, prevents water loss biological barrier: epidermis contains phagocytic cells
what is the correct sequence for (simplest to most complex) in levels of structural organization of the human body?
chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, system level, organismal.
Thoracic
chest
mental
chin
proximal
closer to origin of attachment ex: elbow is proximal to your wrist (attached by arm socket elbow is closer)
what is the action of the orbicularis oris?
closes, purses, and protrudes the lips.
Types of protein fibers
collagen, elastic, reticular
columnar
column shaped cells
function of nerve cells
communicate and control
atom
composed of subatomic particles 1. proton (positive charge) 2. neutron (neutral) 3.electron (negative charge)
what is the thing that influences water movement in body?
concentrations of salt
ridge of the nasal concha is called?
concha
connective tissue functions
connecting and binding, protection, transport, insulate, store food
sarcoma
connective tissue cancer
patellar ligament
connects the tibial tuberosity to the quadriceps tendon
dorsal cavity
contains the brain and spinal cord
what are goosebumps caused by?
contractions of the arrector pili muscle?
what type of traumatic injury results in marked tissue destruction?
contusion.
major sutures of skull
coronal, lambdoid, squamous, sagittal
visceral layer of serous pericardium
covers the actual organ
CAT (Computed Axial Tomography)
cross section images; images of areas of a scanned object -see inside without cutting -virtual slices using x-rays and a computer to put image together
Cubodial
cube shaped
what is the only dry membrane?
cutaneous membrane.
nonmembranous organelles
cytoskeleton, centrioles, ribosomes
Hair
dead keratinized cells -not where thick skin is (palms. soles, lips, nipples) function: protect from heat loss shield skin from sunlight warn of insects on skin
what is an effect of the parasympathetic nervous system?
decreased heart rate.
what is the first threat to life due to a massive third-degree burn?
dehydration.
what muscle is involved in abduction of the arm at the shoulder joint?
deltoid.
what are the neuron processes that normally receive incoming stimuli called?
dendrites.
ligaments
dense connective tissue -holds bone to bone
tendon
dense connective tissue proper structure -connects muscle to bone
dense connective tissue
dense regular, dense irregular, elastic -more fibers -stronger -builds tendons and ligaments
DNA vs RNA
deoxyribose sugar vs. ribose sugar, thymine vs. uracil , double strand vs. single strand
what are finger-like upward projections of the dermis into the epidermis called?
dermal papillae.
lysosomes help
digest food
polarity
distinct top and bottom
tranverse plane
divides the body into superior and inferior portions
Cytokinesis
division of the cytoplasm -when cells actually split apart -takes 24 hours
inorganic molecule
doesn't contain carbon ex: water, salts
major body cavities
dorsal and ventral vital organs in these cavities
back
dorsum
Sharing 4 electrons
double bond
what is the correct sequence from outermost to innermost layers of the meninges?
dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater.
when might you only see a chromosome in a cell
during mitosis ONLY
otic
ear
action potential
electrical current
sphenoidal sinuses of the sphenoid bone
empty large spaces deep to nose (away from skull) relieves pressure on the brain
humerus proximal end
end where there's a round head
what system controls and coordinates the body through hormones?
endocrine.
transcription factors
enzyme that reads DNA and turns gene into RNA
2nd degree burn
epidermis and part of dermis (blistered)
what is the correct sequence in connective tissue sheaths, going from outermost to innermost layer:
epineurium, perineurium, endoneurium.
What is the end of the bone called?
epiphysis
ends of long bones
epiphysis (cartilage covers surfaces)
the two major categories of membranes are:
epithelial and connective.
***carcinoma
epithelial cancer
abdominal
everyhing around belly button
lordosis
exaggerated lumbar curve -swayback -typically due to weak abdominal muscles
kyphosis
exaggerated thoracic curvature (hunchback) -typically manifest in osetoporosis
what type of movement decreases the angle of a joint?
extension.
LCL/MCL
extracapsular
orbital
eye
pseudo
false, deceptive
bundle of muscle cells
fascicle or fiber bundle
Cholesterol
fatty type steroid
XX
female
digital
fingers, toes
what is composed of two layers of compact bones sandwiching a layer of spongy bone between them.
flat bone.
type of bones in skull
flat bones -held together by suture (joints)
Squamous
flat or circular
facet
flat surface -spinal bones
viscera
fleshy organ
what type of movement increases the angle of a joint?
flexion.
pedal
foot
need enzyme
for body to work
know what contacts what ; basic anatomy
for the knee
Antebrachial
forearm (elbow to wrist)
frontal
forehead
occipital condyles
form joint with C1 vertebrae
palatine bone
forms 1/3 of hard palate
palatine process
forms the anterior portion of the hard palate (roof) of the mouth also forms parts of the nasal cavity and eye orbits
apocrine sweat glands
found in axillary and anogenital areas secrete yellowish sweat contains fatty subs. and proteins
synovial fluid
friction reducer
patellar
front of knee
what is the lobe that contains the primary motor area that enables voluntary control of skeletal muscle movements?
frontal lobe.
muscle tissue
functions in movement -bones=skeletal -cardiac-heart -walls of hollow organs=smooth
Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ)
gallbladder, liver, pancreas, small intestine
What moves by simple diffusion?
gases like oxygen and CO2
pubic
genital region
eccrine glands
glands that produce sweat; found over most of the body
Main sugar in body
glucose
b
granzymes stimulate _______________ in the enemy cells a. opsonization b. apoptosis c. phagocytosis d. mitosis
hallux
great toe (big toe)
inguinal
groin
tissue
group of cells that work together to perform a specific function
the elevated ridges of tissue on the surface of the cerebral hemispheres are known as ________ while the shallow grooves are termed ________.
gyri; sulci.
the part of the hair that projects from the surface of the scalp or skin is called the:
hair shaft.
paralysis of WHAT would make an individual unable to flex the knee?
hamstring muscle group.
manus
hand
Metacarpals
hand bones
Metacarpals
hand bones (palm)
what part of the body has the most bones?
hands and feet (54 bones)
C7
has huge spinous process that attaches to ligaments
Cephalic
head
cephalic
head
projection markings
heads, trochanters, spines, others
calcaneal
heel of foot
blood cell formation
hematopoiesis occurs within the marrow cavities of bones
water moves from
high to low
diffusion
high to low concentration of molecules
what type of joint's movement occurs in only one plane?
hinge.
Coxal
hip
pelvic girdle
hip bones
foramina
holes that allow passage for nerves and blood vessels
knee's are prone to
horizontal blows/ side hits
pH scale
how basic or acidic from 14 to 0 14= most basic
Physiology
how the body works
what kind of tissue is the forerunner of long bones in the embryo?
hyaline cartilage.
How skeleton forms
hyaline cartilages replaced by bone (endochondral ossification)
diagnosis
identification of a disease
d
if a person is severely dehydrated you would expect to see all of the following EXCEPT ________. a. lower plasma levels b. higher hematocrit c. higher blood viscosity d. lower immunity
what is the insertion of the gluteus maximus called?
ilium.
Afferent
incoming information goes to control center
hypertrophy
increase in cell size
what does the sympathetic nervous system stimulation cause?
increased blood glucose, decreased GI peristalsis, and increased heart rate and blood pressure.
extension
increases the angle of a joint
hypogastric region
inferior to the umbilical region
bursitis
inflammation of a bursa
dermatitis
inflammation of the skin eczema
acid mantle
inhibits bacterial growth
burns
injury to tissues caused by heat contact
Medulla
inner region of an organ
linea aspera of femur
insertion of adductor longus
greater trochanter of femur
insertion of gluteus medius
muscle contraction causes
insertion to move toward origin
endo
inside
skin
integumentary system
what system covers the external surface of the body and manufactures Vitamin D?
integumentary system.
organ system level
interacting organs
spongy bone
interior region of bone that contains many tiny holes -made of needle like bones
2 major phases of the cell cycle
interphase and mitosis
ACL/PCL
intracapsular ligaments
what describes cardiac muscle tissue?
involuntary, striations, uninucleate, rhythmic contractions.
the ability to respond to a stimulus is termed:
irritability.
what happens when protein enters cistern
it folds and is shipped off
articular means
it is going to start a joint with something
why is the hyoid bone unique?
it is the only bone of the body that does not directly articulate with any other bone.
where are synovial membranes found?
joint cavities.
suture
joint you don't move
cartilage forms
joints
what are nails composed of?
keratin.
what is the uppermost layer of skin full of?
keratin.
what substances prevents the skin from soaking up moisture like a sponge?
keratin.
types of epidermis cells
keratinocytes, melanocytes, langerhans cells, nerve receptors cells
what are the small cavities in the bone tissue where osteocytes are found called?
lacunae.
extra layer of glue
lamina propria
Macromolecules
large molecules
plexus
large, interlacing network of nerves
fibular
lateral part of leg
peroneal
lateral part of leg
Periosteum
layer 1= fibrous layer layer 2= osteogenic (spongy bone)
lower limb
leg
which bones takes long to heal
leg
what level is hemoglobin?
level 4; quaternary structure
parietal layer of serous pericardium
lines cavity outer wall
what organ would have lot of ER?
liver
epigastric region
located above the stomach
4 categories of bones
long, short, flat, irregular
connective tissue proper
loose, dense
d
loss of fibrinogen within the plasma would most likely cause which of the following? a. fever with pain b. pale skin c. edema d. loss of blood clotting
Mandible
lower jaw
crural
lower leg
xiphoid process
lower portion of the sternum
serous fluid
lubricates the organs and allows them glide without friction
gene translation
mRNA goes to ribosomes -in cytoplasm -mRNA and tRNA
In the body, cholesterol is
made in the liver converted into bile converted into Vitamin D incorporated into cell membranes
sodium levels
main influencer as to where water is in body
osteocytes
maintain the matrix
osteoblasts
makes
bone marrow role
makes all blood cells location where blood formation
skin body temp regulation
makes you sweat if your body temp high: diverts blood to top goosebumps, shivering
XY
male
what is the only freely movable bone the in the skull called?
mandible.
what three bones form the sternum?
manubrium, body, xiphoid process.
electron mass
mass of 0
neutron
mass of 1
proton
mass of 1
what is cyte ?
mataining health of tissue
slit between the ridges of nasal concha are?
meatus
cuneiform bones
medial, intermediate, lateral
what section divides the body into equal right and left parts?
median (midsagittal).
what is the "tanning" effect that occurs when a person is exposed to the sun due to?
melanin.
peritoneum
membrane that lines the abdominopelvic cavity
the blood-brain barrier is effective against the passage of:
metabolic waste such as urea.
medical imaging
methods of viewing the inside of the body without surgery
the three major parts of the brain stem are the:
midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata.
membranous organelles
mitochondria, nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, peroxisomes
cellular level
molecules build cells
brighter color on PET scan
more metabolically active
collagen
most abundant protein fiber in body -makes skin, bone
the cell bodies of the _______ neurons are always located within the CNS.
motor neurons.
oral
mouth
what are the categories of the epithelial tissue membranes?
mucous, cutaneous, and serous membranes.
stratified epithelial tissue
multiple layers -2 or more -cells regenerate from below -protects things
myo-
muscle
what is an outer membrane on a neuroglial cell called?
myelin.
impulse conduction is fastest in neurons that are:
myelinated.
how to name cancer cells?
named based on cell type originated from
vasoconstriction
narrowing of blood vessels
Umbilical
navel
superficial
near the surface
Cervical
neck
Microscopic Anatomy
need a microscope
ossification zone
new bone formation is occurring
neoplasm
new growth (tumor)
does cartilage repair itself in the body?
no -surgery is usually the only way to fix it
what is the degree of movability of the suture joint?
none
nasal
nose
mitosis
nuclear division
secondary protein structure
occurs when the sequence of amino acids are linked by hydrogen bonds
bone deposit
occurs where bone is injured or added bone strength is required
sebaceous glands
oil glands secrete sebum into follicule everywhere but thick skin lubricates the hair antimicrobial properties
covering and lining epithelia
on external and internal surfaces ex: skin
orbits
orbital cavity -cavities that encase eyes and lacrimal glands -site of attachment of eye muscles -formed of numerous bones
lymphoid organ
organ of lymphatic system
periodic table
organized based upon specific characteristics
Insertion moves towards
origin
what part of a muscle is attached to the immovable or less movable bone?
origin.
what can bone formation be referred to?
ossification.
New bone matrix is deposited by
osteoblasts
what is a bone-forming cell?
osteoblasts.
older bone is broken down and removed by
osteoclasts -use enzymes
what are giant cells that destroy bones?
osteocytes.
cortex
outer region of an organ
efferent
outgoing, carry or move away from a central structure
Extracapsular
outside the capsule
four elements make up 96% of human body
oxygen carbon hydrogen nitrogen
what does anaerobic glycolysis occur without?
oxygen.
palmar
palm of hand (anterior)
pronation
palms face posteriorly
the effects of the sympathetic nervous system are essentially opposite of the:
parasympathetic nervous system.
b
part of an antibody called the ____ binds to part of an antigen called the ______. a. epitope ; antigen- binding site b. antigen-binding site ; epitope c. MHC ; epitope d. epitope ;MHC
rotator cuff
part of the capsule of the shoulder joint
Passive transportation process
passes freely -no energy -caused by spreading out from area of high concentration to area of low concentration -number one type in body is diffusion -move things down there gradient
mole
patch of melanicytes
patellar ligament attaches
patella and tibia
what is a muscle located on the ventral (anterior) side of the body called?
pectoralis major.
Pelvic
pelvis region
3 major serous membranes
pericardial, pleura, peritoneum
what type of membrane wraps a fascicle?
perimysium.
what is the connective tissue wrapping around fascicles of neuron fibers?
perineurium.
structure of bone
periosteum: white 2 layer membrane that covers external surfaces except joints
costovertebral joint
pertaining to the joint between a rib and a vertebra
what are fingers and toes referred to as?
phalanges.
what is the study of the function of the body and body parts called?
physiology.
fovea capitis
pit in the head of a femur
dens
pivot point for rotation
liquid part of blood?
plasma(solvent)
thorax
pleural cavity, chest
planter flexion
pointing toes
PCL
posterior cruciate ligament
Olecranal
posterior surface of elbow
condylar process
posterior to coronoid forms part of temporomandibular joint
a
predict what would happen to the end systolic volume (ESV) is contraction force (contractility) were to increase a.it would decrease b. it would increase c. it would remain constant d. ESV is not effected by contraction force.
fibular and tibial collateral ligaments
prevent rotation when knee is extended
ear wax function
prevent stuff from getting into ear
tight junctions
prevents leaks
coracoid process
process above the glenoid cavity that permits muscle attachment
Keratinocytes
produce keratin
goblet cells
produce mucus
-genic
producing
golgi pathways
products can go in various pathways -A, B, C
PMAT
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
Myofibrils
protein structures that make up muscle fibers
Phalanges
proximal, middle, distal
reverse osmosis
pump water in opposite direction
what is used to determine cancer metastasis
radioisotopes
what is the correct sequence in a typical reflex arc?
receptor, afferent neuron, integration center, efferent neuron, effector.
Homeostatic Control Mechanisms
receptor, control center, effector
what element of a control system detects change?
receptor.
good prognosis
recovery is likely
arithro-
red
arithrocytes
red blood cells
tissue repair
regeneration and fibrosis
perineal
region between the anus and external genitalia
Miosis
reproductive cells
longitudal growth
requires epiphyseal growth in the plate
the system that takes in oxygen and releases carbon dioxide to the exterior is the:
respiratory system.
free nerve endings
respond to pain and temperature
what two layers is the dermis composed of?
reticular and adipose.
what is the deepest layer of the dermis called?
reticular.
transverse processes
rib attachment
thoracic cage
ribs and sternum -sternum anterior
ascending colon of large intestine
right lumbar region
when bone breaks down calcium levels
rise
palatine process of maxilla
roof of the mouth -pull teeth in place
lateral rotation
rotation away from the midline
what movement is commonly seen in ball-in-socket joints and includes a combination of flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction?
rotation.
Condyle
rounded articular projection (near joint/joint)
What is a condyle?
rounded structure found near joint
plasma membrane
same as cell membrane
abnormal spinal curvatures
scoliosis, kyphosis, lordosis
problems with WHAT cause acne?
sebaceous glands.
what do the sebaceous glands produce?
sebum.
afferent nerves are called _______, and motor nerves are called ________.
sensory nerves; efferent nerves.
mandibular notch
separates the coronoid and condylar processes
gene
sequence of DNA that codes for a protein and thus determines a trait
All body cavities are lined by
serous membranes
Desmosomes
serves as glue
Anatomy of hair
shaft: where hair is beyond epidermis root: where hair is within epidermis ; where keratinized occurs
spine
sharp, slender, often pointed projection
what are cube-shaped bones that are mostly spongy bone are called?
short.
Achromial
shoulder
scapular
shoulder blade
Sharing 2 electrons
single bond
simple squamous epithelium
single layer of flattened cells
the muscle tissue type that consists of single, very long, cylindrical, multinucleate cells with very obvious striations is:
skeletal muscles.
muscle tissue types
skeletal, cardiac, smooth -highly vascularized -skeletal=voluntary -cardiac=involuntary -smooth=involuntary
what muscle cells are cylindrical and multinucleated?
skeletal.
what muscle tissue usually exhibits voluntary contractions?
skeletal.
integumentary system
skin
cranial bone
skull bones: ethmoid, frontal, occipital, parietal, sphenoid, and temporal -function: encloses brain and protects, serves as site of attachment, and forms structures for special senses
what does the axial skeleton contain?
skull, ribs, sternum, and vertebrae.
lacrimal bone
small fragile bone -makes up medial wall of orbits - has lacrimal gland
Tubercle
small rounded projection
gluteal tubercle
small rounded projection inferior to greater trochanter
stroma
soft skeleton
states of matter
solid, liquid, gas
the part of the peripheral nervous system that is voluntary and conducts impulses from the Central Nervous System to the skeletal muscles is the __________ nervous system.
somatic.
bone marrow is
space between trabeculae
sphenoidal sinus drains into
sphenoethmoidal recess
ball and socket joint
spherical head of one bone fits into a round socket in another; i.e. shoulder
vertebral
spinal column
Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ)
spleen, liver, pancreas, small intestine, large intestine
Cancer Metastasis
spreading of cells
isotonic cell
stays the same
sternoclavicular
sternum and clavicle
hemostasis
stoppage of bleeding
another role from ligamentum nuchae?
stops head from hyperflexion (damage of neck and spinal cord)
Gallbladder
stores bile -on right side
What does DNA do?
stores genetic information
what is the epidermis composed of?
stratified squamous epithelium.
receptor
structure that detects a stimulus
Macroscopic Anatomy (gross)
structures you can see with your eyes without microscope
Cytology
study of cells
pathology
study of disease
rheumatology
study of joint diseases
Anatomy is
study of the structures of the human body ex: organ systems, bones, muscles
Histology
study of tissues
How are enzymes named?
substrate name + suffix of -ase Fructose=Fructase Starch=Amylase Glucose=Glucase
coronoid process
superior end of rami serves as insertion point for large temporalis muscle -does NOT make up part of joint
trabeculae
supporting bundles of bony fibers in cancellous (spongy) bone
tymanic
surround external acoustic meatus (external ear canal)
cell bodies of the sensory neurons of the spinal nerves are located in:
sympathetic ganglia.
preparing the body for the "fight-or-flight" response during threatening situations is the role of the:
sympathetic nervous system.
the gap between two communicating neurons is termed:
synaptic cleft.
a muscle group that works with and assists the action of a prime mover is a(n):
synergist.
what type of connective tissue membrane is found in joints?
synovial.
metabolic functions of skin
synthesizes vitamin D (needed for absorption of calcium by digestion system
coccyx
tailbone
the olfactory are is found within the:
temporal lobe.
what strong, cordlike structures often attach bone to skeletal muscle?
tendons.
body of sternum
the bony structure that forms the middle portion of the sternum
herniated disk
the breaking apart of an intervertebral disk that results in pressure on spinal nerve roots
what is the heel bone called?
the calcaneous.
what does the grey matter of the spinal cord surround?
the central canal.
what system are muscles and glands part of?
the central nervous system.
what is another name for the tailbone?
the coccyx.
d
the heart's ventricles must overcome "afterload" exerted by arterial blood in the ______________ and _____________ in order to maintain a healthy stroke volume. a. inferior vena cava ; superior vena cava b. Superior vena cava ; aorta c. pulmonary trunk; inferior vena cava d. aorta; pulmonary trunk
foramen magnum
the hole in the base of the skull through which the spinal cord passes.
Skeletal Cartilage
the human skeleton initially consist of just cartilage replaced by bone except in places of flexibility like joints
visceral pleura
the inner layer of pleura that surrounds each lung
why might you need arteries near the heart to stretch?
the intensity of the blood will be closer to the pump (heart)
acromioclavicular
the joint between the acromion and the clavicle
c
the left ventricular wall of the heart is thicker than the right wall in order to__________. a. accommodate a greater volume of blood b. expand the thoracic cage during diastole c. pump blood through a smaller valve
what muscle closes the jaw?
the masseter and the temporalis.
Re-epithelialization
the movement of epithelial cells to form a covering over the wound
Resorption
the process of removing or digesting old bone tissue
what is the part of the hair enclosed in the follicle known as?
the root.
a
the second heart sound (dub) is heard during which phase of the cardiac cycle a. isovolumetric relaxation b. isovolumetric contraction c. ventricular filling d. ventricular ejection
the peripheral nervous system consists of:
the spinal and cranial nerves.
what system's function is to eliminate metabolic waste from the body?
the urinary system.
femoral
thigh
test questions
this attaches to this what is it called
convex curvature
thoracic and sacral
ventral cavity
thoracic cavity and abdominal and pelvic cavity -diaphragm is dividing line between thoracic and abdominal -right and left pleural cavity -pericardial -bladder and reproductive organs -all digestive organs
what body cavity are the lungs and the heart in?
thoracic.
Chromosomes
threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes
pollex
thumb
ankle joint
tibia, fibula, talus
glomerulus
tiny ball of capillaries in the kidney
in adults, what is the function of yellow marrow?
to store adipose tissue.
skin cancer risks factors
too much sun
metatarsal
top of foot
Dorsal
toward the back
dorsal
toward the back
medial
towards the midline of the body
Endocytosis
transport into cell -phagocytosis, pinocytosis
Exocytosis
transport out of cell
which type of section could be used to separate the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity?
transverse.
what muscle runs deep to the external oblique muscle?
transversus abdominus.
sharing of 6 electrons
triple bond
Eversion
turning the sole of the foot outward
osteon function
twisting resisters
transverse process
two lateral projections from the vertebral arch
ear drum
tympanic membrane
Aprocrine glands
underarms and pelvic ares
when a muscle moves another _____
undoes it
most all cells in body are
uninucleate
manubrium
upper portion of the sternum
active transport requirement
uses energy to pump expending energy such as ATP -used in large things like neurotransmitters -large structures -always require proteins -low to high [against the concentration gradient]
how does a physician estimate the volume of fluid lost in a severely burned patient?
using the "rule of nines."
free radical
vary reactive waste products from normal cell chemistry
the thoracic cavity is _______ to the spinal cavity.
ventral.
the primary motor area of the brain allows us to consciously control our ________ muscles.
voluntary/skeletal.
septum
wall -50% vomer and 50% ethmoid[on ethmoid there are ridges called conchae]
hydro
water
mass number
weight -proton +neutron
how to ace chap 7
what are markings on them and the joints they attach to
Reactant
what goes in
product
what goes out
c
what is the average normal pH range of blood? a. 8.35-8.45 b. 7.75-7.85 c.7.35-7.45 d.4.65-4.75
Chemical reaction
when bonds are being broken, made, or rearranged
d
when neutrophils squeezes between endothelial cells of a blood vessel to enter the interstitial fluid ______________ has occurred. a. chemotaxis b. margination c. opsonization d. diapedesis
Hematopoiesis is
where all blood cells is formed -occurs in red marrow cavities of certain bones
b
which blood component primarily contributes to plasma osmotic pressure? a. electrolytes b. albumin c. gamma globulin d. blood borne nutrients
d
which chambers of the heart contain oxygenated blood a. right and left atria b. right and left ventricles c. right atrium and ventricle d.left atrium and ventricle
d
which nutrient(s) is/are needed for erythropoiesis? a. folic acid b. vitamin c c. iron d. all of the above
leuko-
white
acne
whitehead= blocked sebaceous glands Bacterial infection Typically blocked pore
vasodilation
widening of blood vessels
dilation
widening, stretching, expanding
T1-T10
will actually attach to a rib
Avascular
without blood vessels
Carpal
wrist
are synovial membranes a connective tissue membrane?
yes.
General Structure of Vertebrae
• Body or centrum - Anterior weight-bearing region - 7 processes -interlocking pattern -they stack on top of each other [body then disc then body then disc]