A&P Final Exam

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transitional epithelium

***it facilitates stretch(certain organs need to be able to stretch and recoil as certain liquids flow through them) -cells change in shape from bottom to top -have horizontal cells sitting on top of everything else -function: surface dome shaped and under its cubed or columned -location: liner ureters, bladder

Lumbar Vertebrae (L1-L5)

*-Massive Bodies* -Transverse process . is thin and tapered -Spinous process short, flat, hatched-shaped -Vertebral foramen triangular, small -SMALL TRANSVERSE PROCESS

pivot joint

- 1 bone will rotate within a ring (formed by ligament) -subination and pronation -exm: proximal radioulnarjoint

cell membrane

- 2 layers of phospholipids -with cholesterol

Cervical Vertebrae (C1-C7)

- The smallest and lightest vertebrae - The first two are the atlas and axis -C1 and C2 are unique -C3-C7 is oval shaped, spinous processes are split (fork) large triangular vertebral foramen -HAVE TRANSVERSE FORAMEN

main categories of connective tissue

- connective tissue -caritlage -bone -bloos

Skull

- formed by 2 sets of bone -cranial and facial

how to make bone

- osteoblasts begin by secreting the osteoid -then mineralizes -calcifies (hard)

number of cell layers

-1 layer is simple -2 or more layer is stratified

saddle joint

-1 looks like saddle and other is what it rests on -VERY RARE -exm: carpometacarpal joint

zygomatic bones

-2 -cheek bones -forms a joint with temporal bone to form zygomatic arch

temporal bone

-2 bones -inferior lateral spects of skull 3 major parts: 1)squamous 2)tympanic 3)petrous

Body cholesterol

-2 categories: LDL, HDL -LDL~low density lipoprotein -HLH~ high density lipoprotein

knee joint

-2 joints: patellofemoral and tibiofemoral joint -single synovial cavity -largest most complex joint of body

structure of skin

-2 layers. - Epidermis (outer), superficial, avascular (no blood pumped directly to it) -Dermis , deep, connective tissue, vascular

solution

-2 or more compounds that are mixed physically or dissolved together -ex: salt water

classification of bones

-206 bones in the human skeleton -divided into 2 part: axial and apendicular

squamous cell carcinoma

-2nd most common type -metastasize -stratum spinous - scaly and reddish

upper limb

-30 bones arm: humerus forearm: radius(thumb side) and ulna(pinky side) hand: 8 carpal bones in wrist, 5 metacarpal bones in palm, 14 phalanges in the fingers

shoulder

-360 degree mobility -synovial joint -made of clavicle, scapula, humerus -ball and socket joint(between humerus and glenoid cavity of scapula)

thin skin

-4 layers, covers most of body --stratum basale -stratum spinosum -stratum granulosum -stratum corneum

thick skin

-5 layers of tissue -stratum basale -stratum spinosum -stratum granulosum -stratum lucidum (ONLY IN THICK ) -stratum corneum -hands and feet

stratum granulosum

-5 layers thick -cells begin to toughen -package keratin in granules -by exocytosis it's dumped on cell surface (Keratin coat) -cells above this layer die

characteristics of synovial joints

-6 general features -have bursae and tendon sheaths (prevent friction) -allow movement

how nerve fires at molecular level

-6 steps -pump proteins binds ATP -3 potassium out 2 sodium in -establishes sodium pump

Types of joints

-6 types -structure of joints dictates what id does -

tarsus

-7 tarsal bones -form posterior half -3 cuneiform -navicular -cuboid -talus -calcaneus

Osteoporosis

-A condition in which the body's bones become weak and break easily. -caused by thyroid problems -low calcium intake

Rickets disease

-A softening and weakening of bones in children -vitamin D defeincy

Substrate

-A specific reactant acted upon by an enzyme -like a lock and key -name: end in -ase -ex: amino acid

jaundice

-A yellowing of the skin and eyes -due to high bilirubin levels -liver problems

3rd degree burn

-All three layers have been effected -hypodermis

gap junctions

-Allow communication between cells -in heart muscle; have special gap function: that allow flow of electricity

Resting (quiescent) zone

-Area of cartilage of epiphyseal plate that is relatively inactive -Function: attach plate to end of long bone (glue)

6 general features of synovial joints

-Articular cartilage: hyaline cartilage covering ends of bones ;Function: cushion -Joint (synovial) cavity: small, fluid filled space -Articular (joint) capsule: encloses joint cavity in 2 layers -Synovial fluid: friction reducer -Different types of reinforcing ligaments= ACL/PCL -Nerves and blood vessels: detect pain, monitor joint position

octet rule

-Atoms gain or lose electrons to obtain 8 in outer shell -anything other than Hydrogen and Helium -exm: Oxygen always forms 2 bonds to have 8 electrons

psoriasis

-Autoimmune skin disease. -abnormal skin patches -flaky red itchy patches of skin -body attacks itself -thought to be genetic

sphenoid bone

-Bone that joins all of the bones of the cranium together -sphenoidal sinuses, sella turcica -makes back of occipital cavity -optic nerve, and muscle attachment -function: supplies eyes and other structures

osteogenesis imperfecta

-Brittle bone disease -Genetic -lack of collagen

cervical vertebrae

-C1-C7 forms neck -

Endosteum

-CT membrane -covers internal bone surface (spongy and trabeculae) -lines canals -contains osteogenic cells (compact bond)

Phagocytosis

-Cell eating -solid form eating -eat something and packaged into vesicle and sent off to other place

cirrhosis

-Chronic disease of the liver -function of organ is lost

annulus fibrosus

-Composed of fibrocartilage -it is the outer portion of the intervertebral disc. -HArd

ligament

-Connects bone to bone -function: stabilizes the joint

glenohumeral ligament

-Connects humerus to the glenoid cavity

Nucleus

-Control center of the cell -contains genetic info(DNA and RNA) -double membrane -center structure called nucleolus

What does epithelial tissue do?

-Covers some parts of the body -2 forms: covering and lining, glandular

nucleic acid

-DNA and RNA(polymers) -building blocks called nucleotides -Nucleotide: built from N base and a sugar(a ring) and a phosphate group

RNA role

-DNA decoding mechanism -regulatory role in gene reading

DNA replication

-DNA double helix is unwinded -enzyme that makes it happen

chromatin

-DNA exist in lots of different forms -semi compact DNA

S phase

-DNA replication -synthesis

flexion

-Decreases the angle of a joint

C2 Axis

-Has no body -HAS A KNOB LIKE STRUCTURE CALLED DENS -hooks up underneath C1 to allow the shaking head "No"

Brefeldin A

-Inhibits Golgi function -death

How to build a protein

-Linking amino acids together to form peptide bonds -Called polypeptide a chain

postnatal bone growth

-Long bones grow lengthwise by interstitial (longitudinal) growth of epiphyseal plate -Bones increase thickness through appositional growth -Bones stop growing during adolescence

Calcitonin

-Lowers blood calcium levels -regulates enzyme activity of osteoblasts

simple columnar epithelium

-Made up of a single layer of tall cells that fit closely together -rectangular -location: digestive tract(stomach to rectum) function: absorption and secretion, some have cilia

negative feedback

-Maintains a steady state. -works to reduce effect of stimulus ex: body temp regulation

Ribosomes

-Makes proteins -built of nucleic acid called rRNA -found in free or membrane bound

inorganic components of bone

-Mineral salts -65% of mass (calcium) -makes it tough -other 35% is collagen fibers

anucleate

-No nucleus -red blood cell

quadriceps tendon

-Origin: Muscles of Quadriceps Femoris -Insertion: Base of Patella

Fibrous layer

-Outermost layer -dense avascular connective tissue -holds it together and forms ligaments -wraps bone

condyloid joint

-Oval, or condyle is received into a cavity -Movement: flexion, extension, hyperextension, adduction, abduction, -NO ROTATION -EXM: knuckles

scapulothoracic

-PERTAINING TO THE SCAPULA AND CHEST -not a true joint

liver

-Produces bile -on right side

supination and pronation

-Special movements of the radius and ulna

calcification zone

-Surrounding cartilage matrix calcifies - chondrocytes die and deteriorate

retraction

-TMJ -mandible is pulled toward neck

protraction

-TMJ -mandible juts out

Adenine

-The base that pairs with Thymine in DNA -hydrogen bonds with it

fibula

-The lateral and smaller bone of the lower leg -articulates proximally and distally with tibia (inferior and superior tibiofibular joint) -Function: not weight bearing, has several muscles originating from it

glenohumeral joint

-The synovial ball-and-socket joint of the shoulder -main joint

hypotonic cell

-Water enters a cell when the solution surrounding the cell is -water moves to higher solute concentration -outside of cells has lower concentration

Osteocytes

-a bone cell in lacunae -no longer divide -maintain bone health -communicate info for bone remodeling to occur

sodium pump

-a carrier protein that uses ATP to actively transport sodium ions out of a cell and potassium ions into the cell -regulates water balance in your body

catalyst

-a converter -if not there in body nothing will work -increase speed in reaction; allows million per minute

carbs

-a lot of carbon and hydrogens -includes sugars and starches

Canaliculi

-a small channel or duct -allow communication

Superior (cranial)

-above something -toward the head ex: head superior to abdomin

ends in blast cells

-actively makes all of ECM -fluids and fibers -makes connective tissue -exm: osteoblasts found in bone

gross anatomy of bone

-all bones have dense outer layer

shoulder muscles

-allow rotation -stabilize shoulder joint -known as rotator cuff

plane joint

-allows only gliding movement -opposed surfaces are flat or almost flat -***exm: intercarpal joint

elastic connective tissue

-allows stretch and recoil -walls of large arteries -location: bronchial tubes, walls

NH2

-amino group -chopped off by liver when in amino acid -turned into NH3 in the liver (which is toxic) -liver converts NH3 into urea because it's not toxic -comes out as pee

lacuna

-an empty space or missing portion

fissure

-an opening; a groove; a split

supraspinatus

-anterior -majority of clavicle

ACL attaches

-anterior tibia -prevents sliding and hyperextension

Tetracycline

-antibiotic -blocks attachment of tRNA to ribosome

loose connective tissue

-areolar, adipose, reticular -primarily fluid -function: serve as fat

membrane bound ribosomes

-attached to membrane of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) -make protein

rheumatoid arthritis

-autoimmune disease -immune system attacks joints and causes breakdown -no known cause -no cure -chronic -inflammatory

LDL cholesterol

-bad cholesterol -raises blood cholesterol -delivers cholesterol in blood -made in liver and goes out into blood

basement membrane is made of

-basal lamina(top) and reticular lamina(bottom) -connective point

callus ossification

-becomes bone -hard callus formation -hard callus of spongey bone

Inferior (caudal)

-below something -toward the tail ex: naval is inferior to the chin

Chemical bonds

-between atoms -2 or more atoms are called molecules . called electron

patellofemoral joint

-between patella and patellar surface of femur -plane joint -allows gliding motion during knee flexion

tibiofemoral joint

-between tibia and femur -hinge joint -allows flexion, extension, and some rotation when knee os partly flexed

what does penicilin do?

-blocks the active site of an enzyme that many bacteria use in making cell walls -pokes hole in cell wall of bacteria that lets body kill it easily

cyanosis

-bluish discoloration of the skin - low oxygen in blood

greenstick fracture

-bone breaks incompletely -breaks on one side but not other -common in children

Osteoblasts

-bone forming cells -secrete bone matrix

hinge joint

-bones are specifically molded to each other -allows movement in 1 plane only -exm: elbow joint

Syndesmosis

-bones connected by ligaments -longer than sutures -movement varies -short fibers= little/no movement exm: inferior tibiofibular joint -longer fibers= larger movement exm: interosseous membrane

cartilaginous joints

-bones held together by cartilage -no cavity -not very movable -2 types: 1)synchondroses 2)symphyses

facial bone

-bones of the head that have no direct contact with the brain or meninges -cavitites for sense organs will sit (eyes, taste, smell) -frame work for face

callus

-bony healing tissue forms around broken bone

Osteoclasts do what?

-break down bone -use enzyme

decomposition reaction

-break down of a large molecule into smaller ones

Hydrolysis

-break down of water molecules -adds OH to 1 and H to other

ends in clast cells

-breakdown tissues

cancer

-broad set of disease -disease of cell cycle -uncontrollable growth -stops function of the normal cell/organ

nerve tissue

-built of neurons -organ system: brain and spinal cord -31 pairs of nerves are the organs -communicate

centrosome

-built out of 2 centrioles -complex protein structure -function: microtubule organization center -moves chromosomes during mitosis

carcinoma

-cancer in epithelial cells (covers things)

leukaemia

-cancer of blood -cancer of bone marrow

Basal cell carcinoma

-cancer to stratum basal - least malignant (less likely to spread) -most common, caused by sun

saturated fats

-carbon tails are saturated with hydrogen -typically solids in body -bad in human body -clogs arteries and causes heart disease

2 major routes of metastasis

-cardio vascular system (blood) -lymphatic system (fluid found in lymphatic system)

synchondroses

-cartilaginous joint -made of hyaline -typically immovable -Location: between ribs (intercostal)

medullary cavity is

-cavity within the shaft of the long bones filled with bone marrow -lined by endosteum

Pinocytosis

-cell drinking -liquid lik

depolarization

-cell flips charges -makes inside slightly positive

Interphase

-cell is doing its normal thing -3 sub-phases(G1, S, G2)

interphase

-cell is doing normal activity -routine activities -nuclear DNA in chromatin like state so it can be read -many sub-phases

Cytoskeleton

-cell skeleton -roles: maintain shape of cell and facilitate movement of things -build of 3 fiber life proteins called filaments

Fibroblasts

-cell that builds protein fibers -most common

tissue level

-cells build tissues -group of cells performing together ex: blood is tissue

specialized contacts

-cells joined by special junctions -forms sheets

nucleus pulposus

-center of the intervertebral disc -soft; jelly like -shock resistance

axial skeleton

-center piece of body -skull -spine -ribcage

bone canals

-central (Harversian) canal: nerves arteries and veins that feed osteon tissue -perforating (Volkmann's)canals: supply and feed spongy bone

curvatures of the vertebral column

-cervical-posterior, thoracic-anterior, lumbar-posterior, sacral-anterior

Prophase

-chromatin condenses into chromosomes (visible) -nucleus disappears

metaphase

-chromosomes line up in middle -at cells equator (metaphase plate) -getting ready to split them

pectoral girdle

-clavicle (attached to sternum and attach to acromium)and scapula attach upper limbs to axial skeleton ***-Greatest degree of mobility in human body - offers mobility -attachment for muscles

glycocalyx

-coating of surface of cell -sugar molecules linked to fats -has various functions -main functions: identification tags -exm: tissue acception

gene transcription

-codes gene into message -T to A

eccrine gland basic anatomy

-coiled, tubular structure - secretes sweat (exocytosis); 99% water, salt, antibodies (immune system) -location: palms, soles, forehead

common knee injuries

-collateral ligaments - cruciate ligaments -cartilages (menisci) -treatment is surgery

hematoma

-collection of blood outside of vessels -painful -inflammation

mucosa

-collective layer of tissue that lines hollow organs in body -mucus membrane -makes mucus -built of 3 layer: epithelium, basement membrane(glue), and lamina propria(extra layer of tissue that separates), under that connective tissue -location: trachea, stomach, small or large intestine

membrane proteins

-come in 2 categories -completely wedged into membrane = integral protein -on edge of membrane= peripheral protein

osteroarthritis

-common -break down of bone in older age -irreversible -by 85 half of Americans develop

nervous tissue

-communication -location: brain, spinal cord, nerves

Polysaccharides are

-complex carbohydrates -stored in times if need -stored in liver, and muscles

protein

-comprise 20-30% cell mass -functions->structurial,chemical(enzymes->contraction(muscles)

ligamentum flavum

-connects adjacent vertebrae; strong & elastic -also acts as glue

tendon

-connects muscle to bone -Function: movement

mitotic spindle

-controls chromosome movement during mitosis -physically separates

2 types of epithelium

-covering -glandular

fascia

-covering of dense regular -attaches and stabilizes -encloses and separates muscles and other organs

integumentary system

-covering/skin -hair -sweat glands -sebaceous glands -9-11 pounds

cutaneous membrane (skin)

-covers exposed surface of body -built of epidermis(squamous epithelial) and dermis (connective tissue) -dry and waterproof

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

-creates lipids or fat (cholesterol) -no ribosomes -site of detox of substances -storage for calcium

Covering and Lining Membranes

-cutaneous, mucous, serous

fibrosis

-damage is too severe that the body can't repair it all the way -epithelia never comes back -big damage

Beta Blockers

-decrease heart rate and dilate arteries by blocking beta receptors -targets receptors

hypodermis

-deep to skin, vascular -anchors skin to muscles

ethmoid bone

-deepest in skull -minor portion of orbital cavity -forms cribiform plate -nasal conchae

stratum basale

-deepest layer of epidermis -attached by basement membrane -single row of mitotic stem cells -where skin is created -takes 25-45 as the reach the surface

Bone (osseous tissue)

-dense -forms bony skeleton -supportive connective tissue. -contains specialized cells. -mineralized (rock like)

recticular layer

-dense irregular - 80% dermal thickness -where hair follicles are

Cartilage anatomy

-dense network of collagen fibers embedded in gel like substance -consistency of plastic -bear weight retaining greater ____ than bone

3 classes of carbs

-depend on complexity -all sugars are in rings and usually end in -ose 1. monosaccharide-1 ring 2. disaccharide -2 rings9sucrose) 3. polysaccharide-many rings (glycogen)

What is a gene?

-determines the protein -sequence of DNA that codes for protein

Peroxisomes

-detoxifies free radicals -get rid of metabolic waste products -done with enzymes

electrochemical gradient simple

-difference in electrical charges created by chemicals -function:

osmosis

-diffusion of water -move water from high solute to low solute concentration: solution with higher solute it has less water -ex: flow occurs when water concentration is different ; -amount of particles in a solute allows pasport water

Dislocation

-displacement of a bone from its joint -graded base on degree of dislocation

base

-dissociates in water -releases OH- hydroxide ion -pH 7 and up -raises the pH

Functions of the foot

-distributes weight over the entire foot -there are 3 arch's in the foot -acts as a spring

nasal septum

-divides nasal cavity

elastic fiber

-elastic properties -long thin

valence electrons

-electrons in the outermost shell -found in orbitals

nonpolar covalent bond

-electrons shared equally -no opposite ends

tendon sheath

-elongated bursa that wraps around a tendon -hot dog in a bun -reduce friction

sesamoid bones

-embedded within tendon or muscle -encased in tendon or muscle -patella

DNA polymerase

-enzyme that copies DNA -reads one series of bases and add another one to it (A-T ; G-C)

dehydration synthesis

-enzyme will go and remove OH from 1 and a H from the other -water goes out -removal of water

types of tissue

-epithelial - connective -muscle -nervous

sweat glands

-everywhere except reproductive structures -2 types: eccrine and apocrine -contain glandular epithelium (secretion)

anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments

-extend through the length of the spinal column and bind the bodies of the vertebrae together -glue -support and prevent hyperextension or hyperflexion bending

Articular (joint) capsule

-external fibrous layer: strengthens joints keep joint together (dense connective tissue) -inner synovial membrane: covers internal joint surfaces and makes synovial fluid (makes fluid)

adipose

-fat tissue -cells are adipocytes(fat cells) -nucleus pushed to side by large fat droplet -located: structure underneath the dermas (hypodermis) all skin on body

CT Proper: Dense Regular

-fibers as main matrix -tough rope like

other types of connective cells

-fibroblasts

-final growth and divide -checking -prep for division

squamous

-flat

radius

-flat circle head -touches distal head of humerus -attaches with capitulum

shape of cell under microscope

-flat or circular is squamous -cuboidal-cube shape -columnar- rectangular

simple epithelium

-flat slightly rounded -function: absorbs, secretes, and filters things

aponeuroses

-flat, sheet-like tendons -made of dense regular connective tissue

Golgi apparatus

-flattened hollow sacs 1.received 2.modified 3.shipped of

Endoplasmic Reticulum

-flattened hollow tubes -2 varieties: rough and smooth

Depolarization

-flip charge of plasma membrane -which creates action potential= electricity -how nerves fire -this is electrochemical gradient used for muscle and neuron function

blood

-fluid connective tissue -matrix of blood is liquid called plasma -red blood cells -white blood cells -platelets -main function: transportation

Cristae

-folds in the inner membrane of mitochondria -increases amount of surface area necessary to cram enzymes to create energy

Principle of Complementarity

-form fits function -form will make since as to why it does what it does -what something does depends on the way it is built

parietal bones

-form part of the superior and lateral surfaces of the cranium -4 suture marks

Ossification (osteogenesis)

-formation of bone begins in 2nd month -bone growth occurs until 25 -then stops and remodeling and repair lifelong

hydrogen bond

-formed between H atom (slightly positive) and a negative atom (usually O) -holds 3 dimensional shapes together

pelvic girdle (pelvis)

-formed by 2 large bones(coxal) and sacrum -attach lower limbs to axial skeleton -transmit weight of upper body to lower limbs -3 fused bones form 1 coxal bone

fibrous joints

-formed by dense fibrous connective tissue -no cavity -highly immovable(most) -3 types: 1)sutures 2)syndesmoses 3) gomphmoses

epithelial tissue

-forms boundaries -covers things -secretion of thins -absorbs things -filters things

paranasal sinuses

-found in frontal , ethmoid (air cells), sphenoidal, and maxillary sinuses -hollow spaces in bones

synovial joints

-freely movable joints -has a cavity -most complex -bones separated by fluid-filled joint cavity-most movable in the body Location: knee, shoulder, elbow

sacrum

-fuse with coccyx at the bottom -

areolar connective tissue

-gel like ,atrix with all 3 fibers -most widely distributed in body -makes 20% of derma (skin) -underneath ALL epithelia -makes lamina propria -universal packing tissue

DNA

-genetic info -built by nucleotide; only 4 of them -double helix -2 backbones made of sugar and phosphate of nucleotide -in middle of helix is the bases

regeneration

-gets repaired fully -no scar

hematoma formation

-giant blood clot around the area

gliding movement

-glide over one another -flat -EXM: intercarpal joints, intertarsal joints, between articularprocess of vertebrae

movements of synovial joints

-gliding, angular movements, rotation -how they move is based on the muscle attachment to bone or CT -origin: attachment to immovable bone -insertion: attachment to movable bone

HDL

-good cholesterol -removes and returns cholesterol back into liver

solvent

-greater quantity that dissolves the solute -ex: usually a liquid

Bone structure

-gross(macroscopic) -microscopic -chemical

function of mitosis

-growth -repair

appositonal growth

-growth in width -caused by physical activities -body adds extra rings (lamellae) to bone

epiphyseal plate

-growth plate -stop growing

cilia

-hairs

intermediate filamet

-hasintermediate size -rope like appearance -another ocmponent of cyoskeleton

True ribs (1-7)

-have a direct attachment to the sternum via cartilage -touch transverse process

function of internal ear?

-hearing and balance

sutures

-held together by fibrous connective tissue -rigid -in middle age sutures ossify and fuse(25) -immovable joints -Function: protects brain and allows expansion

ligamentum nuchae

-helps keep the head erect -extends from tuberance to spinous process of the 7th

Acetabulum

-hip socket -what head of femur attaches to

Why is glycogen important?

-human storage major form of sugar stores in liver -plants: store starch made from glucose

What can freely pass through the membrane?

-if it's small and uncharged it typically passes through

X-ray

-images dense(bone and teeth) structures and shows white -uses x rays to image things -hollow things show up black -also used for tumors and TB

slime layer

-in bacteria -covers surface in slimy film

Cartilage

-in between blood and bone -qualities between connective tissue and bone -tough and flexible ***-no nerves

T1-T12

-increase in size

angular movement

-increase or decrease angle of 2 bones -flexion, extension, hyperextension

sinusiitis

-infection of mucosal tissue -leads to in-chronic inflammation

Bursitis

-inflammation of a bursa

arthritis

-inflammation of a joint -causes pain, swelling, and stiffness chronic forms: osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gouty arthritis

Tendonitis

-inflammation of a tendon -typically caused by overuse

eczema

-inflammatory skin disease -characterized by redness, blisters, scabs, and itching

inflammation

-influx of fluid -red -swollen -pain -sets stage for healing and repair -ends in -itis (inflammatory disease)

Ventral (anterior)

-infront of something -towards the front of the bofy -breastbone is anterior to the spine

Intracapsular

-inside joint capsule - ACL(anterior) and PCL (posterior)

3 elements of connective tissue

-interstitial fluid (microscopic fluid between cells) -fibers(proteins) blood doesn't have this -cells

smooth muscle

-involuntary -no visible striations -sheet like structure , spindle shape -propels substances or objects -location: walls of hollow organs

cardiac muscle

-involuntary muscle -controls blood -branching striated -in walls of the heart -cardiomyocyte- heart muscle cell

salts

-ionic compounds -formed from ionic bonds

dense irregular tissue

-irregularty arranged collaged fibers with few fibroblasts ????-location: - withstands pulling in many directions

Cells of the Epidermis

-keratinized squamous epithelium -new one once a month

patella

-knee bone -bone in quadriceps tendon that protects knee joint

what can't freely pass through membrane

-large and charged -needs a specific protein

major cavities in cranium

-large cranial cavity -2 orbital cavity (hollow space for organs to sit in) -oral cavity -nasal cavity -cavity for ear

organic molecules

-large molecules made of carbon -called polymer -built from repeating small blocks called monomers -ex: glycogen = polymer -built by synthesis reaction -broken down by hydrolysis

bursa

-large sac filled with fluid -prepatellar bursa

Thoracic Vertebrae (T1-T12)

-larger than cervical -heart shaped -long, sharp -circular -body is larger -ribs touch in 2 parts -FORAMEN IS CIRCLE

Microtubules

-largest -tube like structure -role: how chromosomes move during mitosis and cell division

femur

-largest bone in the bone -articulates at the proximal end of the acetabulum -major structures: head, fovea capitis, greater trochanter, lesser trochanter, lateral epicondyle, medial epicondyle, patellar surface

humerus

-largest bone of arm -articulates at proximal end with glenoid cavity of scapula -articulates inferiority with radius and ulna

Scoliosis

-lateral curvature of the spine; -S-shaped curvature -typically develomenttal defects

hypo-

-less -below -under

cell cycle

-life cycle of cell -series of changes from made to it copies itself

elevation

-lifting a body part superiorly -exm: shrugging shoulders

serous membrane

-line closed cavities (typically) -mesothelium is the type of tissue it is made of

endothelium

-lines blood vessels -specialized type of squamous epithelia -heart

Triglycerides

-lipid -fatty acids (3 of them) -with head group called glycerol linked -role in body: only fat used for energy

basis structure of plasma membrane

-lipid bilayer -2 layers of membrane -cholesterol 20% -membrane proteins (purple blobs) exm: receptor based proteins -sugar groups on outside of cell is glycocalyx

bursae

-little bags filled with synovial fluid -reduce friction -Location: in shoulder joint

organelles

-little organs -apart of cytoplasm -each have membrane around them

skeletal muscle

-long -parallel cell -voluntary, (bone movement) -in skeletal muscle(abs) -role: movement

endochondral ossification

-long bones and most of skeleton -formed from hyaline cartilage models

Ethmoid structures

-long narrow shelf bone -warms air -humidifies

pseudostratified columnar epithelium

-looks like more than 1 layer but is ONLY 1 layer -hair on surface (cilia) -makes mucus ; movement of mucus -have goblet cell location: trachea

depression

-lowering a body part -opening jaw

L1-L5

-lumbar -transverse processes start to go away because there is no rib attachment -receives stress so bodies are massive

location of simple epithelia

-lungs -kidneys

types of RNA

-mRNA -tRNA - rRNA

all proteins

-made from 20 types of amino acid -sequence of amino acid dictates what type it is

leg

-made of 2 parallel bones -connected by interosseous membrane -tibia receives weight of the body

fibrocartilaginous callus

-made of cartilage (hyaline) -cartilage surrounds it -initial tissue that comes in

Homeostasis

-maintain a biological balance -stable environment -root of disease when homeostasis doesn't work anymore

ends in cyte cells

-maintain health of connective tissue

Cartilage

-makes bones -acts as shock absorbers -Function: acts as cushiom

nucleoli

-makes ribosomes -usually 1 per cell

occipital bone

-makes up most of posterior wall -function:touches parietal, sphenoid, temporal bone -major structures: foranem magnum, occipital condyle, externaloccipital protuberance, other mucles

brush border

-many simple cuboidal and columnar epithelium have them -cytoplasm ridges -function: increase something to allow something to happen in your body -increases surface area that food and drink come in contact with -location: GI tract (stomach)

functions of plasma membrane

-mechanical barrier -selective permeability -electrochemical gradient - communication -cell signaling

nuclear envelope

-membrane around nucleus

mRNA

-messenger RNA -code from DNA is transcribed

petrous

-middle and external ear cavity -house special senses in form of hearing

osteogenic cells

-mitotically active stem cells -location: p

Phospholipids

-modified triglycerides -same carbon skeleton -2 fatty acid tails -phosphate head group -head group is polar [interact with water not a fat] -tail groups are non polar [fat {don't interact with water}]

mucous membrane

-moist mucus secreting membrane -in all hollow tubes of body (digestive, respiratory, urogenital tracts) -3 layers: epi, basement membrane, lamia prop

hyaline cartilage

-most abundant -location: all major joint surface lined with this, everywhere in body -make joints, nose, trachea -makes ribcage hold is cartilage

hyaline cartilage is

-most abundant -makes up respiratory system

stratified squamous epithelium

-most abundant in body -look at top layer -location: epidermis of skin, gums -makes your skin and lines oral cavity of mouth

prepatellar bursitis

-most likely to get inflammed -front of patella

apendicular skeleton

-movement -limbs -girdles(attachment points

abduction

-movement away from the midline -frontal plane

Adduction

-movement toward the midline -frontal plane

vesicular transport

-moving things around in vesicle -used for : large molecules or particles -requires energy -comes in different types

stratified cuboidal epithelium

-multiple layer of cubes; very rare in body -line the ducts of lots of glands; such as breast glands, salivary glands, and sweat glands -function: protection

muscle fiber

-muscle cell -myocyte

facilitated diffusion

-need a protein to move it -used for larger and charged -will bind and help move in or out of cell

ions

-need them to function properly -most important one is Sodium

bone has

-nerves -blood vessels

cutaneous sensations

-nervous system -only in skin -skin had HIGHEST sensory receptors

C1 Atlas

-no body or spinous process -2 holes on the side (Transverse foramen) -movement for nodding head "YES" -forms with occipital condyle

spongy bone filled with

-no osteons -filled with marrow (red and white)

hyoid bone

-not a bone of the skull -lies anterior neck inferior to mandible [upper part of larynx] -DOES NOT TOUCH ANY OTHER BONE OF BODY -held in place by ligaments and muscles -Function: site of attachment for muscles of swallowing and speech and works as protection of trachea

mitotic phase

-nuclear division -hormone regulated

Percentage of cancer

-number 1 killer: reproductive cancer -Men: prostate -Women: breast -Lung cancer most prevalent in US

atomic number

-number of protons -defines what number it is

hypertrophic zone

-older cartilage cells enlarge - forms interconnecting spaces

ionic bond

-one electron donates to another

unsaturated fats

-one or more of the carbons lack a hydrogen -liquids like fish oil and olive oil

bone remodeling

-ongoing replacement of old bone tissue by new bone tissue -throughout life -blasts and clasts cells

stratum lucidum

-only in thick skin - palms, soles -2-3 dead keratinocytes

recticular connective tissue

-only reticular fibers -form soft skeleton to support lymphoid organs -location: spleen, lymph nodes

what's gfound in compact bone

-organic components: cells (osteogenic, osteoblasts, ext.) -osteoid is organic bone that is not calcified -main protein is collagen fiber

sarcoma

-originates in connective tissue

compact bone consits of?

-osteon (Harversian system) -canals and canaliculi -interstitial and circumferential lamellae

plasma membrane is what?

-outer boundary of cell -dictates what enters and leaves -outer fluid is extracellular fluid

stratum corneum

-outermost layer of epidermis -20-30 rows of flat anucleated (no nucleus), keratinized dead cells -thickest layer of skin -protects deeper cells, prevents water loss, barrier

hyper-

-over -excessive

pallor

-paleness -anemia, fear, anger

subluxation

-partial dislocation of bone -usually in spinal cord

how to establish electrochemical gradient

-particular protein -sodium potassium pump: example of active transport -pumps sodium out and brings in slightly negative charges potassium

simple diffusion

-passive transport -movement of a solute from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

gene expression

-patterns that are used or not in genes

Gomphoses

-peg-in-socket fibrous joint -immovable -fibrous connection is periodontal ligament -exm: teeth

PKU

-phenylketonuria -lacking enzyme that breaks down phenylalanine -bogy doesn't know what to do with it

membrane lipid

-phospholipid bilayer75% -heads will interact with water ; hydrophilic -tails are fate and are hydrophobic -5% glycolipid (sugar fat) -20% cholesterol; maintain stability of membrane

what governs bone formation (remodeling)?

-physical stresses -more you use a bone the more it gets remodels -right handed people have thicker right bone -hormonal

anaphase

-physically separated by mitotic spindle -sister chromatid becomes separate chromosome

6 types of joints

-plane - hinge -pivot - condyloid - saddle - ball and socket

generalized cell

-plasma membrane(made of lipids and cholesterol) -cytoplasm(fluid inside cell -nucleus -organelles (stomach and brain)

vomer

-plow-shaped bone; forms part of nasal septum -separated left and right nasal cavities -creates the 2 cavities

***form of energy for plasma membrane

-positive charge outside of membrane in extracellular fluid -negative charge inside of cytoplasm

infraspinatus

-posterior

teres minor

-posterior

PCL attaches

-posterior tibia

Mitochondria

-power house of cell -produces majority of ATP needed for survival -2 layers: inner membrane has loops -where oxygen is required; or else you die

Meniscus

-prevents bone on bone -discs of knee joint

Structural levels of proteins

-primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary -increasing level of complexity in structure

control center

-processes the signal and sends instructions -brain

Melanocytes

-produce melanin -spider shaped cells -function: protects from UV light

paranasal sinuses function

-produce mucus -relieve pressure on brain

lacrimal gland

-produces tears -exocrine gland -almond shape

Hematopoiesis

-production of all blood cells -in marrow

Apoptosis

-programmed cell death -cell damaged beyond repair it will kill itself off

microfilaments

-protein -built out of protein called actin -rope like shape

motor proteins

-protein that causes movement -use microtubule to move stuff around -chem. energy into motion

proliferating zone

-rapid dividing of cartilage of plate -stack facing epiphysis (stack up) -older cells go upwards -newer cells stay where they are -pushes epiphysis way from diaphysis

hematopoietic tissue

-red bone marrow -makes blood cells (red, white, platelets)

erythema

-redness of the skin -fever

bone remodeling final step

-remodeled into original structure -spongey is made into compact bone

active processes

-requires energy to pass through

Bone Markings

-reveal where muscles, tendons, and ligaments were attached -where blood vessels and nerves passed (conduits) -joint formation

RNA

-ribonucleic acid -uses uracil instead of thymine -regulatory role in gene expression

rRNA

-ribosomes(make proteins) -forms peptide bonds between amino acids

false ribs (8-12)

-ribs that do not have a direct attachment to the sternum

ball and socket joint example

-rounded surface that fits into cavity or depression -exm: shoulder joint -allows greatest degree of movement

ligaments

-run down the spine -help support vertebral column -support and prevent hyperextension or hyperflexion bending

Ultrasound

-safe method to use sound-waves -used in pregnancy -used with veins and arteries

glandular epithelium

-secrete fluids into ducts or fluids of body -cells that cover all glands in the body

endocrine glands

-secrete hormones (insulin, testosterone) -travels in blood -if it stays in the body

exocrine glands

-secretes outside of body or external surface into ducts -sweat, salivary glands, mucous

how endocytosis works

-selective -psuedopod engulfs food

What can pass through the plasma membrane?

-selectively permeable: selective about what can pass through -some require proteins some don't -2 ways they pass through: 1. passive processes 2.active processes

Autophagy

-self eating -cell recycles parts of itself -cell is starved and breaks down to reuse parts of itself

invertebral discs

-separate and cushion the vertebrae -made of cartilage (rubber like) -2 parts: nucleus pulposus and anulus fibrosus

endomembrane system

-series of organelles and membranes that work together to achieve common goal -function: produce, degrade, store, and export molecules -example of all membranes working together

Diaphysis

-shaft of a long bone -consists of compact bone surrounding medullary cavity -filled with bone marrow

fossa

-shallow depression - muscle attachment or articulation

covalent bond

-sharing of the bonds

tibia

-shin bone - larger of the two lower leg bones -transmit to foot

interosseous membrane

-short ligaments that connect the bone -minor movement

scapula

-shoulder blade

MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)

-shows soft tissues -maps water in the body

prednisone

-shuts down immune system -mimics cortisol

how cyanide works

-shuts down organelles (mitichondria) that makes ATP

apical surface

-side you look at -exposed to surface or cavity

elastic cartilage

-similar to hyaline -more elastic -maintains shape of a structure while allowing flexibility -location: pinna (external ear), epiglottis

simple cuboidal epithelium

-single layer of cube shaped cells -main role: secrete and absorb -location: especially in kidney, urinary systems

cutaneous membrane

-skin -sheet like structures

melanoma

-skin cancer (in moles) -highly metastatic (catch early) -use ABCD to detect

nerve receptors

-skin has the most nerve receptors in body -capture a sense and send to central nervous system

lacunae

-small cavities in bone that -contain osteocytes

occipital protuberance

-small prominence in the center of the occiput -superior and inferior nuchal line

synthesis reaction

-smaller particles are bonded together to form larger, more complex molecules -exm: amino acids joined together to form a protein molecule

Exocytosis specified

-something leaves the cell in a vesicle

isotopes

-something that contains same amount of protons but diff. amount of neutrons -messes up charge -typically unstable

acid

-something that dissociates in water -pH 7 and below -lowers pH -dissocites and release H+ (hydrogen atom [proton no neutron])

Mesothelium

-specialized squamous epithelia -lines and creates serous membranes and covers -pericardial, pleural

vertebral column

-spine -Function: transmit weight to body form and protects spinal cord -5 major regions: cervical(7), thoracic(12), lumbar(5) vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx

stratum spinosum

-spiny layer -several layers thick -prekeratin filaments -synthesize keratin (protein)- protein envelope that coats the outer layer of dense cells

anatomical position

-standing -feet together -arms at sides -head and eyes forward -palms facing forward (away from body) -creates a common reference point

collagen fiber

-steel -strongest and largest

shoulder joints

-sternoclavicular - acromioclavicular - glenohumeral - scapulothoracic -stabilize and allow greatest degree of mobility

Lysosomes

-stomach of cell -contains enzymes

sprain

-stretching or tearing of ligaments -slow healing process; can possibly not heal (1-3) 3 is completely torn

Fibrocartilage

-strong -more fibers -intervertebral discs and knee -location: discs of knee joint (meniscus), forms joints of spine

dermis supports the epidermis

-strong connective tissue -where all hair, oil, sweat, blood and nerves are below -40 layer of cells -2 layers

dermis

-strong, flexible connective tissue -where blood supply, lymphatic vessels -2 layers: superior(papillary) and inferior (reticular 80%)

osteon

-structural unit of compact bone -tree rings that runs through bone -structural organization/ each column is osteon -made up of rings = lamelle

basement membrane

-structure that the epithilium connects to -attachment point for epithelium

papillary layer

-superficial -20% of dermal thickness -areolar connective tissue

nasal concha

-superior, middle, inferior -ridges of bones that stick out into cavity -function: humidifies the air -also known as tubenance

6 major functions of bone

-support -protection -movement: ;evers for muscle action -mineral and growth factor storage: calcium storage -blood cell formation -triglyceride: fat used for energy

Characterization of epithileal tissues

-supported by connective tissues -polarity

connective tissue

-supports things

rotator cuff muscles

-supraspinatus -infraspinatus -teres minor -subscapularis

Muscles of the rotator cuff

-supraspinatus -infraspinatus -subscapularis -teres minor

free ribosomes

-suspended in the cytosol -make protein

ecrine gland

-sweat gland

ceruminous glands

-sweat glands -external auditory canal -secrete ear wax

primer

-tells enzyme where to come in and make DNA

radioisotopes

-test called Sentinel node biopsy -test if cancer has spread from the breast to somewhere else in the body -used to see cancer metastasis

symphyses

-the JOINT made of fibrocartilage -articular cartilage over it is hyaline -strong -slightly movable (you can rotate your spine) -exm: intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis

Clavicle

-the collar bone - a slender bone -connects the manubrium of the sternum to the scapula

ulna

-the inner and longer of the two bones of the human forearm -big can opener / ice cream scoop -will fit into olecranon fossa

osteogenic layer

-the inner layer of the periosteum -filled with osteogenic stem cells

acromioclavicular joint

-the joint where the acromion and the clavicle meet -adds stability

where is genetic info located ?

-the middle -bases

Active site of an enzyme

-the region of an enzyme that attaches to a substrate -catalyzes the reaction

solute

-the substance that is dissolved -in smaller quality -ex: blood sugar

if you placed your red blood cell into hypotonic solution what will happen?

-they will swell -water goes in

capsular

-thickened part of fibrous layer -only in capsule -forms outer wall

cell

-to be considered alive it needs to be at least 1 cell -200 diff. types of human cells

protein synthesis occurs in 2 steps

-transcription and translation -transcription: DNA info coded in mRNA -translation: mRNA assembled

exchange reaction

-transfer reaction -bonds made and broken

tRNA

-transfers in amino acids to make proteins -need specific triplet code

vertebral body

-transfers weight along the spine -where discs sit

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

-transport and storage -has ribosome dots -makes proteins

ATP functions

-transport work by phosphorylates -mechanical work by binds motor proteins, then hydrolyzed -chemical work by providing energy to drive

***role of plasma membrane proteins

-transport: move substances from one side of cell to another; basis of how muscle contracts -signal transduction: receptor, relay signal to somewhere else -attachment to cytoskeleton: holds cells together to make tissues -enzymatic activity: -intercellular joining: -cell-cell recognition: serve as identification tags; proteins and sugars on top; exm: blood type dictator [identification of blood]

series of DNA in a gene is read in what?

-triplets by enzymes of make protein -each triplet code for something

rotation

-turning of a bone around its own axis -Exm: neck, humerus, femur, shoulder

subination

-turning the palm upward -palms face anteriorly -radius and ulna are parallel

inversion

-twisted toward midline

how to categorize joints

-type of joint -does it have a cavity -is it movable

steroids

-type of lipid -4 interlocking rings -acts as hormones in the body -

lipid

-type of macromolecule -fats -carbon based -insoluble in water -3 types: triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids

enzyme

-type of protein -catalyst: big circular 3-Dimensional like shape; make reactions in body occur

forearm

-ulna and radius -proximal ends attach with humerus

polar covalent bond

-unequal sharing of electrons -opposite charges

ATP

-unique nucleotide -comprised of Adenine, ribose, and triphosphate -energy currency -everything in body takes ATP to make something happen -offers immediate, usable energy needed by body cells

maxilla

-upper jawbone, containing right and left maxillary sinuses -contains palantine process: makes 2/3 of hard palate

PET scan

-uses radioisotopes of glucose -give off a little bit of radioactivity -uses glucose shot that will travel through and attach to the cancer cells -cancer cells have high metabolic rate

common characteristics of connective tissue

-varying degrees of vascularity(amount of blood vessel) -LARGE amount of ECM

elastic cartilage is

-very rare -ears (pinna)

fibrocartilage is

-very rare -meniscus(friction pad) of each knee -pubic symphysis -makes joints of spine: intervertebral discs

urea

-waste product -made by protein breakdown -used clinically to determine if liver and kidney are working

epiphyseal line

-weak -wear bones grow -found on both ends of the bone -stops at 25

classification of a joint

-weakest parts of skeleton -Function: give mobility and hold skeleton together -3 types of joints:(based on complexity) 1) fibrous- no joint cavity 2)cartilaginous- no cavity 3)synovial-contain cavity (most complex)

ECM (extracellular matrix) ??

-what determines what type of connective tissue it is -all protein and fibers found

semi-conservative replication

-when DNA is copied it becomes a new double helix -one is old strand (template) other is new one

telophase

-when chromosome movement stops -2 cells forming before the split -nuclear membrane reform -chromosomes uncoil and you can't see them

Langerhans cells

-white blood cell found only in skin -provides immunity(eat acne bacteria)

Trachea

-windpipe -Allows air to pass to and from lungs

dense regular connective tissue

-withstand high tension -the waves are collagen -very little open space -location: tendon, ligaments

cell junction in role of protein (intercellular joining)

-work as glue -most cells bound together by these; NOT blood cells -3 ways cell bound together -have bountiful epithelia

perichondrium

-wrap of dense CT that covers cartilage -around certain organs and tissues -outer layer -contains collagen fibers, fibroblasts

Bilirubin

-yellow pigment released by the liver in bile -if liver not working it won't leave the body

hydrogen has how many neutrons?

0 neutrons

Types of movement at synovial joints

1. Gliding 2. Angular 3. Rotation 4. Special

cells to bone tissue

1. Osteogenic cells 2. Osteoblasts 3. Osteocytes 4. Bone-lining cells 5. Osteoclasts

epiphyseal plate zones

1. Zone of resting cartilage 2. Zone of proliferating cartilage 3. Zone of hypertrophic cartilage 4. Zone of calcified cartilage 5. Zone of ossification

connective tissue structure

1. epithelium 2. membrane 3.connective tissue

2 general types of anatomy

1. gross anatomy 2.microscopic anatomy

bone repair

1. hematoma formation 2. callus formation 3. callus ossification 4. bone remodeling -if you get a fracture this is how your body will REPAIR

Tissue Repair Stages

1. injury 2. inflammation(chemicals)- body releases a bunch of chemicals 3. hemostasis- plug up blood loss 4. granulation- body repairs damaged tissue 5. reepithelialization- lays epithelial cells over the connective tissue 6. contraction-bandaid

Main ways cancer spread through body

1. lymphatic system 2. blood

different types of filaments

1. microfilaments 2. intermediate 3.microtubule

endochondral ossification steps

1. osteoblast secrete osteoid creating an encasing bone collar 2. Chondrocytes grow, die, leave cavities 3. periosteal bud forms and invades cavities 4.primary ossification center enlarges 5.epiphyses ossify (become bone)

trace elements in human body

1. sodium 2.copper 3.cobalt

3 ways cells are bound

1. tight junctions 2. desmosomes 3. gap junctions

facial bones

14 bones that form the face

serous membrane

2 layer membrane that covers all organs in the body

classification of epithelia

2 names 1. number of cell layers 2. shape of cells

organ level

2 or more tissues working together

how many fascia over every muscle?

what is the atomic mass of tritium?

Ribs

3 types: -true -false -floating

tertiary protein structure

3D folding pattern of a protein due to side chain interactions

how many joints in shoulder girdle

how many shoulder muscles?

chromosomes in humans

carbon has how many neutrons?

6 neutrons

what amount of water in human body

60 %

water pH

7 (neutral)

how many vertebrae and what type of are in the neck region?

7 cervical.

blood pH

7.4 -basic due to buffer

how many bones make up cranium

8 bones -1 frontal -2 parietal -2 temporal -sphenoid -ethmoid -occipital

what are the secretions of sweat glands?

99% water, sodium chloride, and trace amounts of wastes, lactic acid, and vitamin C.

Tendon sheaths ________. A) act as friction-reducing structures B) are lined with dense irregular connective tissue C) form channels for tendons D) help anchor the tendon to the muscle

A mismatch of blood types during a transfusion is dangerous because: a. antibodies in the donor's plasma will attack and kill the recipient's healthy blood cells. b. clotting factors in the donors blood will cause unwanted clots known as thrombus c. preformed antibodies in the recipient's blood and clump (agglutinate) the donated cells. d. white blood cells from the donor's blood cause inflammation

anion

A negatively charged ion

A patient displaying abnormally low leukocyte levels following chemotherapy suffers from: A. Leukocytes is B. Leukemia C. Leukopenia D. Anemia

cation

A positively charged ion

fibular ligament

ACL

Which molecule is the form of energy the cell can use

ATP

Addition of more mitochondria to a muscle fiber will have greatest effects on ____________. a. slow-twitch aerobic fibers b. fast-twitch anaerobic fibers c. both slow-twitch and fast-twitch fibers d. fast-twitch aerobic fibers

bases of DNA

Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine

List the types of cells made by the red marrow

All blood cell types (red and white blood cells and platelets)

All of the following are considered innate (non-specific) body defenses except: a. complement system b. phagocytosis c. antibodies d. inflammation

atomic symbol

An abbreviation for an element or atom

effector

An organ (a gland or muscle) that becomes active in response to nerve impulses. ex: burn yourself you jerk back

What is the cause of rheumatoid arthritis Osteoarthritis

Autoimmune disease that attacks own joints Caused by age and wear and tear

deep (internal)

Away from the body surface; more internal ex:

appendicular skeleton

Bones of the limbs and limb girdles that are attached to the axial skeleton

Both the "swallowing and vomiting centers" of the body can be found in the: a. esophagus b. stomach c. pancreas d. medulla oblongata

amino acid

Building blocks of protein

white matter refers to the myelinated fiber in the:

CNS.

Cardiac output (co) of the heart directly depends upon: A. Heart rate B. Stroke volume C. End-diastolic volume D. Both a and b C. Both a and c

Cell growth

Chemical (enzymatic) digestion of carbohydrates begins in the a. oral cavity b. S.I. c. stomach d. pancreas

Which type of bone is made of osteons? Trabeculae

Compact bone Spongy bone

organic molecule

Contains carbon ex: carbs, fats, proteins, and nucleic acids

Where is articular cartilage found

Cover the epishysis of bones

Creatine phosphate functions in the muscle cell by ____________. a. forming a temporary chemical compound with myosin b. forming a chemical compound with actin c. inducing a conformational change in the myofilaments d. storing energy that will be transferred to ADP to resynthesize ATP

median (midsagittal) plane

Cuts the body into left and right planes

Microvilli

Cytoplasmic extensions of mucosal cell that give fuzzy appearance called the brush border

Guanine pairs with

Cytosine

Describe the acetabulum including what fits in it.

Depression of the hip bone that articulates with the head of the femur

frontal plane (coronal plane)

Divides the body into front and back portions.

During the enterogastric reflex the duodenum ______________ the vagus nerve and ___________ sympathetic neurons. a. inhibits; stimulates b. stimulates; inhibits

During the period of ventricular filling, _____________________. a. pressure in the heart is at its peak b. blood flows mostly passively from the atria through the atrioventricular (AV) valves into the ventricles c. the atria remain in diastole d. the aortic and pulmonary semilunar valves are open.

EDV is 120 ml per beat and ESV is 50 ml per beat the SV would be _______. a. 120 ml per beat b. 170 ml per beat c. 70 ml per beat d. 50 ml per beat

Enzymatically digested lipids must be "packaged" into ____________ before they can be absorbed by the brush border cells in the small intestine a. monoglycerides b. chylomicrons d. emulsification droplets

How specific are enzymes?

Enzymes are very specific.

Which type of tissue gives rise to about 90% of all cancers

Epithelial

List the 4 basic types of body tissues

Epithelial Connective Muscle Nervous

Hyperextension

Excessive straightening of a body part

Muscles can push or pull only?

False -they can only PULL

Distal

Farther from the trunk of the body

positive feedback

Feedback that tends to magnify a process or increase its output continues till system breaks or what needs to be done is done ex: child birth, breast feeding

exogenous proteins

From dietary sources

Define autograft

Graft of tissue from one point to another of the same individuals body

compact bone

Hard, dense bone outer layer -appears smooh and solid

bone remodeling is controlled by what?

Hormones -PTH (parathyroid glands) -Calcitonin

How does acetylcholine induce its inhibitory effect on heart rate allowing for "vagal ton" a. ACh induces depolarization in the sinoatrial node b. ACh causes closing of sodium channels in the sinoatrial node. c. ACh causes opening of fast calcium channels in contractile cells. d. ACh causes opening of potassium channels in the sinoatrial node, thereby hyperpolarizing it.

Humoral immunity occurring as a result of antibodies being passed from mother to fetus through the placenta or to the infant in the mother's milk is an example of: a. active naturally acquired immunity b. active artificially acquired immunity d. passive naturally acquired immunity c. passive artificially acquired immunity

articular cartilage

Hyaline cartilage attached to articular bone surfaces

If cardiac muscle is deprived of its normal blood supply, damage would primarily result from________. a. decreased delivery of oxygen b. a decrease in the number of available mitochondria for energy production c. a lack of nutrients to feed into metabolic pathways d. an inadequate supply of lactic acid

If the osmolarity of blood is too _________, water remains in the tissues causing edema and a drop in blood pressure. a. high b. low

If the vagal nerves to the heart were cut the result would be that____________. a. the heart would stop, since the vagal nerves trigger the heart to contract b. the heart rate would increase by about 25 beats per minute c. the atrioventricular (AV) node would become the pacemaker d. parasympathetic stimulation would increase, causing a decrease in the heart rate

If yipe were inoculated with hepatitis A vaccine, a population of this type of cell would begin to make the appropriate antibody a. neutrophils b. plasma cells c. helper t lymphocytes b. natural killer cells

Bursitis and Tendonitis

Inflammation of a bursa or the tendon sheath respectively

What is the ECM made of?

Interstitial fluid( liquid) -proteins(glue for attachment) -proteoglycans(lubricate

Which joint is injured if you have suffered a torn meniscus

Knee

Why is cartilage slow to heal

Lack of direct blood supply

Tuberosity

Large rounded projection; may be roughened

macrophage

Large white blood cell that eats cells

aorta

Largest artery in the body

Describe how long bone thickens

Lay down new layers of bone beneath the periosteum (compact bone)

Describe how long bone lengthens

Lengthens while cartilaginous cells of the epishyseal plates are active (increased activity in the growth plate)

Which bone is involved in the formation of the cleft palate

Maxilla

Membrane attack complexes (MAC attacks!) are stimulated by which of the following a. C3a b. C3b

pleura

Membrane surrounding the lungs

Most carbon dioxide in the blood is transported as: a. carboxyhemoglobin b. bicarbonate ion c. carbonic acid d. oxyhemoglobin

Most oxygen is transported in the blood as: a. carbaminohemoglobin b. oxyhemoglobin c. carboxyhemoglobin d. dissolved in the plasma

Most plasma proteins of the blood are produced by the ___________. a. spleen b. liver c. hypothalamus d.spleen

Muscle fibers can store oxygen for the onset of activity because they contain oxygen-binding proteins called _________. A. dystrophin B .myoglobin C. creatine phosphate D. myosin kinase

styloid process of radius

Name the structure.

styloid process of ulna

Name the structure.

mental foramen

Name this foramen. -for nerves and blood vessels

cribiform plate

Name this structure

line

Narrow ridge of bone; less prominent than a crest

crest

Narrow ridge of bone; usually prominent

floating ribs (11-12)

No attachment to sternum or costal cartilages

1st degree burn

Only the epidermis (red, painful, and edema)

axial skeleton

Portion of the skeletal system that consists of the skull, rib cage, and vertebral column

Positive chronotropic drugs ______________ heart rate. a. increase b. decrease

main functions of skin

Protection Body temperature regulation Cutaneous sensations Metabolic functions

What does RNA do in a cell?

RNA plays a major role in protein synthesis

Epicondyle

Raised area on or above a condyle

What is the role of negative feedback in metabolic pathways

Regulate and control it

Reye Syndrome can be triggered in young children if they are given __________ to treat a viral infection. a. antibiotics b. aspirin c. antipyretics d. prostaglandin E2

medial rotation

Rotation toward the midline

foramen

Round or oval opening through a bone

Saliva binds food together into a ____________. a. chyme b.bolus c. globule d. juice

clavicular notch

Site where manubrium articulates with the clavicles -Function: protects vital organs, support shoulder girdle and upper limbs, provides attachment

The integumentary system consists of

Skin Hair Nails Glands (sweat and oil) (sudonferous, sebaceous)

Glabella

Smooth area between the eyes

The cubital region is ______ to the carpal region

Superior, proximal

embryology

THE STUDY OF EMBRYOS

The _________ pathway of the compliment system can be stimulated by a MAC attack. a. classical b.alternative c. lectin d. all of the above

The __________ division of the autonomic nervous system has the dominant influences on a person's resting heart rate, vagal tone. A. Sympathetic B. Parasympathetic C. Somatic D. Cardiac

The _________________ division of the autonomic nervous system has the dominant influence on a person's resting heart rate, vagal tone.

The ability of a muscle cell to streach under tension is known as: A. excitability B. conductivity C. extensibility D. elasticity

basal surface

The bottom layer of epithelial tissue that attaches to the basement membrane

The digestive function of bile is: a. to emulsify lipid globules into smaller lipid droplets b.to hydrolyze carbohydrates c. to break peptide bonds d. to absorb lipids

quaternary structure

The fourth level of protein structure; the shape resulting from the association of two or more polypeptide subunits.

small intestine

The part of the digestive system in which most chemical digestion takes place. -smaller than large intestine

The process of spinning down the blood to separate it based on the size of its components is known as: a. coagulation b. chemotaxis c. centrifugation d. cytolysis

lesser trochanter

The projection on the medial/superior portion of the femur.

These cells are responsible for releasing histamine during an allergic response a.IgE's b. macrophages c. plasma cells d. mast cells

These cells secrete heparin and histamines a. Monocytes b. Basophils c. Eosinophils d. Lymphocytes

These structures are not one of the features of an intercalated disc? a. purkinje fibers b. desmosomes c. mechanical junctions d. interdigitating junctions

This accessory protein transfers the force of muscle contraction to the connective tissue around a muscle cell allowing muscle to healthily function. a. myosin b. actin c. dystrophin d. tropomyosin

This cytokine stimulates cell #4 to produce antibodies a. Cb3 b. interferon alpha c. interleukin1 d. interleukin 2

This hemopoietic tissue contains stem cells for all 7 formed elements (cells) of the blood in an adult. a. liver b. lungs c. red bone marrow d. spleen

This is an autoimmune disease that destroys the whiter matter of the brain and spinal cord a. myasthenia gravis b. Type I diabetes mellitus c. Rheumatoid arthritis d. multiple sclerosis

This occurs when the heart becomes "flabby" due to myocardial deterioration a. angina b. dilated cardiomyopathy c. embolism d. heart murmur

This organelle in brush border cells re-synthesizes monoglycerides and free fatty acids into triglyceride molecules for later packaging. a. Golgi apparatus b. smooth ER c. micelles d.chylomicrons

epithelial tissue

Tissue that covers outside of the body and lines organs and cavities.

How is the "rule of nines" used in treating burn patients

To estimate amount of surface area burned

Trochanter

Very large, blunt, irregularly shaped process

The membrane that covers the surface of abdominal organs is the

Visceral peritoneum

What is the function of the lymphatic system? a. Returns fluid from the tissues to the cardiovascular system b. Provides tissues with CO2 and nutrients c. Source of immune cells d. A and C

Which cell will survive a viral infection a. host cell 1 b. host cell 2 c. both cells d. neither cell

Which compliment protein attracts neutrophils to sites of infection using chemotaxis a. C3a b. C3b c. C5a d. C5b

Which compliment protein helps stimulate the inflammatory response a.C3a b.C3b c.C4 d.C9

Which enzymes break down acetylcholine to stop muscle contraction? a. ATPases b. Acetylcholinestrases c. kinases d. phosphatases

Which of the following allows for the closing of the semilunar valves of the heart a. chordae tendineae b. rising pressure in the ventricles c. rising pressure in the pulmonary trunk and aorta d. rising pressure in the atria

Which of the following causes muscle fatigue? A. depleting ATP synthesis due to glycogen consumption B.Lactic acid build up in the muscle cells C.depleting ACh stores in somatic motor neurons D. All of the Above

Which of the following cell types FIRST encounters the antigen during the cellular (cell-mediated) immune response a. Helper T cel b. B lymphocyte c. macrophages d. cytotoxic T cell

Which of the following cells of a gastric gland produces the hunger hormone ghrelin a. chief cell b. parietal cell d. enteroendocrine cell d. mucous neck cell

Which of the following is NOT part of the intrinsic conduction system of the heart a. AV node b. bundle branches c. AV valve d. SA node

Which of the following is absorbed by the epithelial cells of the stomach a. peptides b. oligosaccharides c. alcohol s. vitamin K

Which of the following receive(s) blood during ventricular systole a. aorta only b pulmonary arteries only c. pulmonary veins only d. both the aorta and pulmonary trunk

Which of the following results in a feeble heart rate and arrhythmias due to low potassium levels a. hypocalcemia b. hypercalcemia c. hyperkalemia d. hypokalemia

Which of the following statements does NOT apply to the cardiovascular system? a. Involves blood vessels that carry blood b. Provides tissues with oxygen and nutrients c. Moves blood in an open circuit d. Carries away oxygen and waste

Which of the following stimulates regeneration of damaged endothelial cells in blood vessels? A. Interleukins B. Colony-stimulating factors C. Platelet-derived growth factor D. Vascular endothelial growth factor E. Both c and d

Which of the following substances are capable of exciting an immune response a.nucleic acids b. foreign proteins c. micro-organisms d. all of the above

Which of the following women should receive a Rho Gam shot prior to a during her second pregnancy a. female with type AB+ blood b. female with type O+ blood c.female with type A+ blood d.female with type AB- blood

Which patient below will have the fastest heart rate a. a fetus b. an elderly women c. and elderly man d. a healthy teenager

Which type of T lymphocyte recognizes antigens bound to Class II MHC's a. CD4 cells that will become helper T cells b. CD8 cells that will become cytotoxic T cells

Which type of cells display Class II MHC proteins on their surface a. all nucleated cells b. antigen-presenting cells(dentridic cells and macrophages) c.bacterial cells d. RBC's

Which type of muscle in the body contains both fast-twitch and slow-twitch fibers giving it versatility in contractile speed? a. smooth muscle b.cardiac muscle c.skeletal muscle d.both b and c

Your heart seems to "pound" after you hear a sudden loud noise. This increased contractility is because a.vagal nerve impulses arrive faster at the heart b. norepinephrine causes threshold to be reached more quickly in the SA node c. when a gasp of surprise is emitted, the frank-starling law of the heart is evident d. acetylcholine release is inhibited

______ diffuses through ligand-gated and voltage-gated ion channels in the sarcolemma resulting in depolarization of a muscle cell. a. NA+ b. Ca+2 c. K+ d. Acetylcholine

__________ and ________ phosphorylate ADP into ATP in the Phospho-creatine/ Phosphagen system of energy production. a. ATPases ; Acetylcholinesterase b. creatine kinase ; myokinase c. myosin ; actin d. mitochondria; rough ER

______________ are drugs that reduce a fever a. protease inhibitors b.antipyretics c. antihistamines d. AZT's

___________________ release lymphokines during a delayed allergic reaction like following exposure to poison ivy a. helper T cells b. macrophages c. plasma cells d.mast cells

the type of burn that involves injury to the epidermis and the upper region of the dermis and is red, blistered, and painful is termed as:

a 2nd degree burn.

epiphyseal fracture

a break at the location of the growth plate, which can affect growth of the bone

what is a bone fracture where the bone is broken into many fragments called?

a comminuted fracture.

what is a bone fracture where the broken bone is exposed to the outside?

a compound fracture.

a fracture that is most common in children and are more flexible than those of adults is:

a greenstick fracture.

capitulum

a little head

what is the substance that is released at axonal endings to propagate a nervous impulse called?

a neurotransmitter.

what is an indication of melanoma?

a pigmented spot that contains areas of different colors.

zygomatic process

a projection of the temporal bone that forms part of the zygoma -contain sinuses

phagocyte

a white blood cell that attacks invading pathogens

abdominopelvic cavity

abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity -used in medial field -2 planes

what ventral cavity subdivision has no bony protection?

abdominal.

where are the stomach, liver, intestines, bladder, rectum, and reproductive organs housed?

abdominopelvic cavity.

what is the primary action of the deltoid?

abduction.

while doing "jumping jacks," your arms and legs move laterally away from your body. what is this motion called?

abduction.

function of simple epithelium

absorption, secretion, filtration

biggest tendon in body prone to get tendonitis?

achilles

what does clavicular notch ouch on other end?

acromian

what is the function of phosphate in your body?

acts as a molecular switch

pericardium

actual serous membrane around the heart -2 layers: 1. parietal pericardium(covers cavity) visceral (covers organ)

what is the movement of a limb toward the body midline called?

adduction.

what does the hypodermic consist of?

adipose tissue.

cytoplasm of cell

all liquid dissolved in cell -

organism level

all organ systems working together

nuchal line

allow giant ligament to attach to the skull

nuclear pores

allows materials to move in and out of the cell nucleus

function of having a membrane

allows specilization

primary protein structure

amino acid sequence

NH3

ammonia

out of all of these, which is the most complex? - a cell, an organ, a molecule, a tissue, an organ system

an organ system.

what is the primary action of the rectus abdominis?

anaerobic respiration.

tarsal

ankle

talus

ankle bone

ACL

anterior cruciate ligament

acl

anterior cruciate ligament

Antecubital

anterior surface of elbow

sweat has

antimicrobial functions acidic pH

process

any bony prominence

buffer

any substance or molecule that resists changes in pH

matter

anything you can see smell or feel something that has a mass (weight and occupies space)

the subarachnoid space lies directly between the:

arachnoid mater and cerebellum.

lumbar

area of back between ribs and hips

brachial

arm (upper)

ramus

armlike bar of bone

Axillary

armpit

what is the arrangement of fascicles in orbicularis oris called?

around rings.

what warms the body up by contracting hairs?

arrector pili muscles.

head of femur

articulates with the acetabulum

ABCD rule

asymmetry, border irregularity, color, diameter(larger then pencil eraser)

ion

atom that lost or gain electron and becomes charged

molecular chemical level

atoms build molecules

girdle

attach limbs to axial skeleton

periodontal ligament

attaches tooth to jaw

the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems are subdivisions of the:

autonomic nervous system.

Lateral

away from the midline ex: arms are lateral to the chest

the Schwann cell forms a myelin sheath around the:

axon.

Olecranal

back of elbow (posterior)

occipital

back of head

popliteal

back of knee

what is the most freely moving joint in the body?

ball and socket joint

contraction

band aid effect

skin cancer main types

basal cell carcinoma squamous cell carcinoma melanoma

why might it not be in a most compact form when cell is doing a normal thing?

because its not in a semi compact state (chromatin)

gains a negative charge

becomes slightly negative

gains a positive charge

becomes slightly positive

Dorsiflexion

bending of the foot or the toes upward

sacral

between hips

intermediate

between medial and lateral

what muscles are antagonists?

biceps brachii triceps brachii.

cells in ECM

blast ,cyte ,clast

Platelets

blood clotting

vaso-

blood vessel

capillary loops

blood vessels

cartilages in human body

blue= hyaline green = elastic red= fibrocartilages

What does DNA do for you?

blueprint that directs order of amino acids in a protein

granulation

body repairs tissue, typically connective tissue

comminuted fracture

bone breaks into many fragments -in long bones

Osteosarcoma

bone cancer -rare -other cancer metastasis into bone

intramembranous ossification

bone develops from a fibrous membrane

spiral fracture

bone has been twisted apart -common in sports

compression fracture

bone is crushed -spine

the presence of an epiphyseal plate indicates that:

bone length is increasing.

appendicular skeleton include

bones of the limbs and their girdles

plantar

bottom of foot

which of the nerve plexuses serves the shoulder and arm.

brachial.

what muscles are responsible for flexion or extension of the arm?

brachialis, latissimus dorsi, triceps brachii, biceps brachii.

the term "central nervous system" refers to the:

brain and spinal cord.

nerve tissue location

brain, spinal cord, nerves

lysis

break apart

osteoclasts

break down bone

what does a osteoclast do?

break down bone

mammary

breast

sternal

breastbone

nasal bones

bridge of nose -2 bones held together by suture -function: attach cartilage to form nose proper

depressed fracture

broken bone portion is pressed inward -flat bone; skull

centrioles

built of microtubules

gluteal

buttock

sural

calf of the leg (posterior)

vertebral foramen

canal through which spinal cord passes

meatus

canal-like passageway

malignancy

cancer

adenocarcinoma

cancerous tumor of a gland -ex: sweat glands

different types of reinforcing ligaments

capsular, extracapsular, intracapsular

what is muscle tissue that has involuntary regulation of contraction called?

cardiac and smooth muscle.

what are directly controlled by the autonomic nervous system?

cardiac muscle, abdominal organs, smooth muscle, most glands.

what muscle cells possess intercalated discs?

cardiac.

Hand

carpus(wrist): 8 bones in 2 rows -proximal row -distal row

the human skeleton initially consist of just

cartilage

Chondrocytes

cartilage cells

Condrocytes

cartilage cells -maintain health of cartilage -avascular -dark spots in cell

pubic symphysis

cartilaginous joint at which two pubic bones fuse together

sella turcica

cavity in the skull that contains the pituitary gland -regulates hormones in human body

-cyte

cell

electrochemical gradient

cell creates difference in plasma membrane

hypertonic cell

cell shrinks

Myofilaments

cells of muscle

medullary cavity

central, hollowed-out area in the shaft of a long bone

loss of muscle coordination results to damage to the:

cerebellum.

what is a traumatic brain injury?

cerebral edema.

concave curvature

cervical and lumbar

what is the correct sequence of nerves that exit the spinal cord. going from superior to inferior?

cervical spinal nerves, thoracic spinal nerves, lumbar spinal nerves, sacral spinal nerves.

zygomatic arch

cheek bone

protection of skin

chemical barrier: skin secretion, sweat, sebum (acid mantle) physical barrier: dead, keeps out things, prevents water loss biological barrier: epidermis contains phagocytic cells

what is the correct sequence for (simplest to most complex) in levels of structural organization of the human body?

chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, system level, organismal.

Thoracic

chest

mental

chin

proximal

closer to origin of attachment ex: elbow is proximal to your wrist (attached by arm socket elbow is closer)

what is the action of the orbicularis oris?

closes, purses, and protrudes the lips.

Types of protein fibers

collagen, elastic, reticular

columnar

column shaped cells

function of nerve cells

communicate and control

atom

composed of subatomic particles 1. proton (positive charge) 2. neutron (neutral) 3.electron (negative charge)

what is the thing that influences water movement in body?

concentrations of salt

ridge of the nasal concha is called?

concha

connective tissue functions

connecting and binding, protection, transport, insulate, store food

sarcoma

connective tissue cancer

patellar ligament

connects the tibial tuberosity to the quadriceps tendon

dorsal cavity

contains the brain and spinal cord

what are goosebumps caused by?

contractions of the arrector pili muscle?

what type of traumatic injury results in marked tissue destruction?

contusion.

major sutures of skull

coronal, lambdoid, squamous, sagittal

visceral layer of serous pericardium

covers the actual organ

CAT (Computed Axial Tomography)

cross section images; images of areas of a scanned object -see inside without cutting -virtual slices using x-rays and a computer to put image together

Cubodial

cube shaped

what is the only dry membrane?

cutaneous membrane.

nonmembranous organelles

cytoskeleton, centrioles, ribosomes

Hair

dead keratinized cells -not where thick skin is (palms. soles, lips, nipples) function: protect from heat loss shield skin from sunlight warn of insects on skin

what is an effect of the parasympathetic nervous system?

decreased heart rate.

what is the first threat to life due to a massive third-degree burn?

dehydration.

what muscle is involved in abduction of the arm at the shoulder joint?

deltoid.

what are the neuron processes that normally receive incoming stimuli called?

dendrites.

ligaments

dense connective tissue -holds bone to bone

tendon

dense connective tissue proper structure -connects muscle to bone

dense connective tissue

dense regular, dense irregular, elastic -more fibers -stronger -builds tendons and ligaments

DNA vs RNA

deoxyribose sugar vs. ribose sugar, thymine vs. uracil , double strand vs. single strand

what are finger-like upward projections of the dermis into the epidermis called?

dermal papillae.

lysosomes help

digest food

polarity

distinct top and bottom

tranverse plane

divides the body into superior and inferior portions

Cytokinesis

division of the cytoplasm -when cells actually split apart -takes 24 hours

inorganic molecule

doesn't contain carbon ex: water, salts

major body cavities

dorsal and ventral vital organs in these cavities

back

dorsum

Sharing 4 electrons

double bond

what is the correct sequence from outermost to innermost layers of the meninges?

dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater.

when might you only see a chromosome in a cell

during mitosis ONLY

otic

ear

action potential

electrical current

sphenoidal sinuses of the sphenoid bone

empty large spaces deep to nose (away from skull) relieves pressure on the brain

humerus proximal end

end where there's a round head

what system controls and coordinates the body through hormones?

endocrine.

transcription factors

enzyme that reads DNA and turns gene into RNA

2nd degree burn

epidermis and part of dermis (blistered)

what is the correct sequence in connective tissue sheaths, going from outermost to innermost layer:

epineurium, perineurium, endoneurium.

What is the end of the bone called?

epiphysis

ends of long bones

epiphysis (cartilage covers surfaces)

the two major categories of membranes are:

epithelial and connective.

***carcinoma

epithelial cancer

abdominal

everyhing around belly button

lordosis

exaggerated lumbar curve -swayback -typically due to weak abdominal muscles

kyphosis

exaggerated thoracic curvature (hunchback) -typically manifest in osetoporosis

what type of movement decreases the angle of a joint?

extension.

LCL/MCL

extracapsular

orbital

eye

pseudo

false, deceptive

bundle of muscle cells

fascicle or fiber bundle

Cholesterol

fatty type steroid

female

digital

fingers, toes

what is composed of two layers of compact bones sandwiching a layer of spongy bone between them.

flat bone.

type of bones in skull

flat bones -held together by suture (joints)

Squamous

flat or circular

facet

flat surface -spinal bones

viscera

fleshy organ

what type of movement increases the angle of a joint?

flexion.

pedal

foot

need enzyme

for body to work

know what contacts what ; basic anatomy

for the knee

Antebrachial

forearm (elbow to wrist)

frontal

forehead

occipital condyles

form joint with C1 vertebrae

palatine bone

forms 1/3 of hard palate

palatine process

forms the anterior portion of the hard palate (roof) of the mouth also forms parts of the nasal cavity and eye orbits

apocrine sweat glands

found in axillary and anogenital areas secrete yellowish sweat contains fatty subs. and proteins

synovial fluid

friction reducer

patellar

front of knee

what is the lobe that contains the primary motor area that enables voluntary control of skeletal muscle movements?

frontal lobe.

muscle tissue

functions in movement -bones=skeletal -cardiac-heart -walls of hollow organs=smooth

Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ)

gallbladder, liver, pancreas, small intestine

What moves by simple diffusion?

gases like oxygen and CO2

pubic

genital region

eccrine glands

glands that produce sweat; found over most of the body

Main sugar in body

glucose

granzymes stimulate _______________ in the enemy cells a. opsonization b. apoptosis c. phagocytosis d. mitosis

hallux

great toe (big toe)

inguinal

groin

tissue

group of cells that work together to perform a specific function

the elevated ridges of tissue on the surface of the cerebral hemispheres are known as ________ while the shallow grooves are termed ________.

gyri; sulci.

the part of the hair that projects from the surface of the scalp or skin is called the:

hair shaft.

paralysis of WHAT would make an individual unable to flex the knee?

hamstring muscle group.

manus

hand

Metacarpals

hand bones

Metacarpals

hand bones (palm)

what part of the body has the most bones?

hands and feet (54 bones)

has huge spinous process that attaches to ligaments

Cephalic

head

cephalic

head

projection markings

heads, trochanters, spines, others

calcaneal

heel of foot

blood cell formation

hematopoiesis occurs within the marrow cavities of bones

water moves from

high to low

diffusion

high to low concentration of molecules

what type of joint's movement occurs in only one plane?

hinge.

Coxal

hip

pelvic girdle

hip bones

foramina

holes that allow passage for nerves and blood vessels

knee's are prone to

horizontal blows/ side hits

pH scale

how basic or acidic from 14 to 0 14= most basic

Physiology

how the body works

what kind of tissue is the forerunner of long bones in the embryo?

hyaline cartilage.

How skeleton forms

hyaline cartilages replaced by bone (endochondral ossification)

diagnosis

identification of a disease

if a person is severely dehydrated you would expect to see all of the following EXCEPT ________. a. lower plasma levels b. higher hematocrit c. higher blood viscosity d. lower immunity

what is the insertion of the gluteus maximus called?

ilium.

Afferent

incoming information goes to control center

hypertrophy

increase in cell size

what does the sympathetic nervous system stimulation cause?

increased blood glucose, decreased GI peristalsis, and increased heart rate and blood pressure.

extension

increases the angle of a joint

hypogastric region

inferior to the umbilical region

bursitis

inflammation of a bursa

dermatitis

inflammation of the skin eczema

acid mantle

inhibits bacterial growth

burns

injury to tissues caused by heat contact

Medulla

inner region of an organ

linea aspera of femur

insertion of adductor longus

greater trochanter of femur

insertion of gluteus medius

muscle contraction causes

insertion to move toward origin

endo

inside

skin

integumentary system

what system covers the external surface of the body and manufactures Vitamin D?

integumentary system.

organ system level

interacting organs

spongy bone

interior region of bone that contains many tiny holes -made of needle like bones

2 major phases of the cell cycle

interphase and mitosis

ACL/PCL

intracapsular ligaments

what describes cardiac muscle tissue?

involuntary, striations, uninucleate, rhythmic contractions.

the ability to respond to a stimulus is termed:

irritability.

what happens when protein enters cistern

it folds and is shipped off

articular means

it is going to start a joint with something

why is the hyoid bone unique?

it is the only bone of the body that does not directly articulate with any other bone.

where are synovial membranes found?

joint cavities.

suture

joint you don't move

cartilage forms

joints

what are nails composed of?

keratin.

what is the uppermost layer of skin full of?

keratin.

what substances prevents the skin from soaking up moisture like a sponge?

keratin.

types of epidermis cells

keratinocytes, melanocytes, langerhans cells, nerve receptors cells

what are the small cavities in the bone tissue where osteocytes are found called?

lacunae.

extra layer of glue

lamina propria

Macromolecules

large molecules

plexus

large, interlacing network of nerves

fibular

lateral part of leg

peroneal

lateral part of leg

Periosteum

layer 1= fibrous layer layer 2= osteogenic (spongy bone)

lower limb

leg

which bones takes long to heal

leg

what level is hemoglobin?

level 4; quaternary structure

parietal layer of serous pericardium

lines cavity outer wall

what organ would have lot of ER?

liver

epigastric region

located above the stomach

4 categories of bones

long, short, flat, irregular

connective tissue proper

loose, dense

loss of fibrinogen within the plasma would most likely cause which of the following? a. fever with pain b. pale skin c. edema d. loss of blood clotting

Mandible

lower jaw

crural

lower leg

xiphoid process

lower portion of the sternum

serous fluid

lubricates the organs and allows them glide without friction

gene translation

mRNA goes to ribosomes -in cytoplasm -mRNA and tRNA

In the body, cholesterol is

made in the liver converted into bile converted into Vitamin D incorporated into cell membranes

sodium levels

main influencer as to where water is in body

osteocytes

maintain the matrix

osteoblasts

makes

bone marrow role

makes all blood cells location where blood formation

skin body temp regulation

makes you sweat if your body temp high: diverts blood to top goosebumps, shivering

male

what is the only freely movable bone the in the skull called?

mandible.

what three bones form the sternum?

manubrium, body, xiphoid process.

electron mass

mass of 0

neutron

mass of 1

proton

mass of 1

what is cyte ?

mataining health of tissue

slit between the ridges of nasal concha are?

meatus

cuneiform bones

medial, intermediate, lateral

what section divides the body into equal right and left parts?

median (midsagittal).

what is the "tanning" effect that occurs when a person is exposed to the sun due to?

melanin.

peritoneum

membrane that lines the abdominopelvic cavity

the blood-brain barrier is effective against the passage of:

metabolic waste such as urea.

medical imaging

methods of viewing the inside of the body without surgery

the three major parts of the brain stem are the:

midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata.

membranous organelles

mitochondria, nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, peroxisomes

cellular level

molecules build cells

brighter color on PET scan

more metabolically active

collagen

most abundant protein fiber in body -makes skin, bone

the cell bodies of the _______ neurons are always located within the CNS.

motor neurons.

oral

mouth

what are the categories of the epithelial tissue membranes?

mucous, cutaneous, and serous membranes.

stratified epithelial tissue

multiple layers -2 or more -cells regenerate from below -protects things

myo-

muscle

what is an outer membrane on a neuroglial cell called?

myelin.

impulse conduction is fastest in neurons that are:

myelinated.

how to name cancer cells?

named based on cell type originated from

vasoconstriction

narrowing of blood vessels

Umbilical

navel

superficial

near the surface

Cervical

neck

Microscopic Anatomy

need a microscope

ossification zone

new bone formation is occurring

neoplasm

new growth (tumor)

does cartilage repair itself in the body?

no -surgery is usually the only way to fix it

what is the degree of movability of the suture joint?

none

nasal

nose

mitosis

nuclear division

secondary protein structure

occurs when the sequence of amino acids are linked by hydrogen bonds

bone deposit

occurs where bone is injured or added bone strength is required

sebaceous glands

oil glands secrete sebum into follicule everywhere but thick skin lubricates the hair antimicrobial properties

covering and lining epithelia

on external and internal surfaces ex: skin

orbits

orbital cavity -cavities that encase eyes and lacrimal glands -site of attachment of eye muscles -formed of numerous bones

lymphoid organ

organ of lymphatic system

periodic table

organized based upon specific characteristics

Insertion moves towards

origin

what part of a muscle is attached to the immovable or less movable bone?

origin.

what can bone formation be referred to?

ossification.

New bone matrix is deposited by

osteoblasts

what is a bone-forming cell?

osteoblasts.

older bone is broken down and removed by

osteoclasts -use enzymes

what are giant cells that destroy bones?

osteocytes.

cortex

outer region of an organ

efferent

outgoing, carry or move away from a central structure

Extracapsular

outside the capsule

four elements make up 96% of human body

oxygen carbon hydrogen nitrogen

what does anaerobic glycolysis occur without?

oxygen.

palmar

palm of hand (anterior)

pronation

palms face posteriorly

the effects of the sympathetic nervous system are essentially opposite of the:

parasympathetic nervous system.

part of an antibody called the ____ binds to part of an antigen called the ______. a. epitope ; antigen- binding site b. antigen-binding site ; epitope c. MHC ; epitope d. epitope ;MHC

rotator cuff

part of the capsule of the shoulder joint

Passive transportation process

passes freely -no energy -caused by spreading out from area of high concentration to area of low concentration -number one type in body is diffusion -move things down there gradient

mole

patch of melanicytes

patellar ligament attaches

patella and tibia

what is a muscle located on the ventral (anterior) side of the body called?

pectoralis major.

Pelvic

pelvis region

3 major serous membranes

pericardial, pleura, peritoneum

what type of membrane wraps a fascicle?

perimysium.

what is the connective tissue wrapping around fascicles of neuron fibers?

perineurium.

structure of bone

periosteum: white 2 layer membrane that covers external surfaces except joints

costovertebral joint

pertaining to the joint between a rib and a vertebra

what are fingers and toes referred to as?

phalanges.

what is the study of the function of the body and body parts called?

physiology.

fovea capitis

pit in the head of a femur

dens

pivot point for rotation

liquid part of blood?

plasma(solvent)

thorax

pleural cavity, chest

planter flexion

pointing toes

PCL

posterior cruciate ligament

Olecranal

posterior surface of elbow

condylar process

posterior to coronoid forms part of temporomandibular joint

predict what would happen to the end systolic volume (ESV) is contraction force (contractility) were to increase a.it would decrease b. it would increase c. it would remain constant d. ESV is not effected by contraction force.

fibular and tibial collateral ligaments

prevent rotation when knee is extended

ear wax function

prevent stuff from getting into ear

tight junctions

prevents leaks

coracoid process

process above the glenoid cavity that permits muscle attachment

Keratinocytes

produce keratin

goblet cells

produce mucus

-genic

producing

golgi pathways

products can go in various pathways -A, B, C

PMAT

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

Myofibrils

protein structures that make up muscle fibers

Phalanges

proximal, middle, distal

reverse osmosis

pump water in opposite direction

what is used to determine cancer metastasis

radioisotopes

what is the correct sequence in a typical reflex arc?

receptor, afferent neuron, integration center, efferent neuron, effector.

Homeostatic Control Mechanisms

receptor, control center, effector

what element of a control system detects change?

receptor.

good prognosis

recovery is likely

arithro-

red

arithrocytes

red blood cells

tissue repair

regeneration and fibrosis

perineal

region between the anus and external genitalia

Miosis

reproductive cells

longitudal growth

requires epiphyseal growth in the plate

the system that takes in oxygen and releases carbon dioxide to the exterior is the:

respiratory system.

free nerve endings

respond to pain and temperature

what two layers is the dermis composed of?

reticular and adipose.

what is the deepest layer of the dermis called?

reticular.

transverse processes

rib attachment

thoracic cage

ribs and sternum -sternum anterior

ascending colon of large intestine

right lumbar region

when bone breaks down calcium levels

rise

palatine process of maxilla

roof of the mouth -pull teeth in place

lateral rotation

rotation away from the midline

what movement is commonly seen in ball-in-socket joints and includes a combination of flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction?

rotation.

Condyle

rounded articular projection (near joint/joint)

What is a condyle?

rounded structure found near joint

plasma membrane

same as cell membrane

abnormal spinal curvatures

scoliosis, kyphosis, lordosis

problems with WHAT cause acne?

sebaceous glands.

what do the sebaceous glands produce?

sebum.

afferent nerves are called _______, and motor nerves are called ________.

sensory nerves; efferent nerves.

mandibular notch

separates the coronoid and condylar processes

gene

sequence of DNA that codes for a protein and thus determines a trait

All body cavities are lined by

serous membranes

Desmosomes

serves as glue

Anatomy of hair

shaft: where hair is beyond epidermis root: where hair is within epidermis ; where keratinized occurs

spine

sharp, slender, often pointed projection

what are cube-shaped bones that are mostly spongy bone are called?

short.

Achromial

shoulder

scapular

shoulder blade

Sharing 2 electrons

single bond

simple squamous epithelium

single layer of flattened cells

the muscle tissue type that consists of single, very long, cylindrical, multinucleate cells with very obvious striations is:

skeletal muscles.

muscle tissue types

skeletal, cardiac, smooth -highly vascularized -skeletal=voluntary -cardiac=involuntary -smooth=involuntary

what muscle cells are cylindrical and multinucleated?

skeletal.

what muscle tissue usually exhibits voluntary contractions?

skeletal.

integumentary system

skin

cranial bone

skull bones: ethmoid, frontal, occipital, parietal, sphenoid, and temporal -function: encloses brain and protects, serves as site of attachment, and forms structures for special senses

what does the axial skeleton contain?

skull, ribs, sternum, and vertebrae.

lacrimal bone

small fragile bone -makes up medial wall of orbits - has lacrimal gland

Tubercle

small rounded projection

gluteal tubercle

small rounded projection inferior to greater trochanter

stroma

soft skeleton

states of matter

solid, liquid, gas

the part of the peripheral nervous system that is voluntary and conducts impulses from the Central Nervous System to the skeletal muscles is the __________ nervous system.

somatic.

bone marrow is

space between trabeculae

sphenoidal sinus drains into

sphenoethmoidal recess

ball and socket joint

spherical head of one bone fits into a round socket in another; i.e. shoulder

vertebral

spinal column

Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ)

spleen, liver, pancreas, small intestine, large intestine

Cancer Metastasis

spreading of cells

isotonic cell

stays the same

sternoclavicular

sternum and clavicle

hemostasis

stoppage of bleeding

another role from ligamentum nuchae?

stops head from hyperflexion (damage of neck and spinal cord)

Gallbladder

stores bile -on right side

What does DNA do?

stores genetic information

what is the epidermis composed of?

stratified squamous epithelium.

receptor

structure that detects a stimulus

Macroscopic Anatomy (gross)

structures you can see with your eyes without microscope

Cytology

study of cells

pathology

study of disease

rheumatology

study of joint diseases

Anatomy is

study of the structures of the human body ex: organ systems, bones, muscles

Histology

study of tissues

How are enzymes named?

substrate name + suffix of -ase Fructose=Fructase Starch=Amylase Glucose=Glucase

coronoid process

superior end of rami serves as insertion point for large temporalis muscle -does NOT make up part of joint

trabeculae

supporting bundles of bony fibers in cancellous (spongy) bone

tymanic

surround external acoustic meatus (external ear canal)

cell bodies of the sensory neurons of the spinal nerves are located in:

sympathetic ganglia.

preparing the body for the "fight-or-flight" response during threatening situations is the role of the:

sympathetic nervous system.

the gap between two communicating neurons is termed:

synaptic cleft.

a muscle group that works with and assists the action of a prime mover is a(n):

synergist.

what type of connective tissue membrane is found in joints?

synovial.

metabolic functions of skin

synthesizes vitamin D (needed for absorption of calcium by digestion system

coccyx

tailbone

the olfactory are is found within the:

temporal lobe.

what strong, cordlike structures often attach bone to skeletal muscle?

tendons.

body of sternum

the bony structure that forms the middle portion of the sternum

herniated disk

the breaking apart of an intervertebral disk that results in pressure on spinal nerve roots

what is the heel bone called?

the calcaneous.

what does the grey matter of the spinal cord surround?

the central canal.

what system are muscles and glands part of?

the central nervous system.

what is another name for the tailbone?

the coccyx.

the heart's ventricles must overcome "afterload" exerted by arterial blood in the ______________ and _____________ in order to maintain a healthy stroke volume. a. inferior vena cava ; superior vena cava b. Superior vena cava ; aorta c. pulmonary trunk; inferior vena cava d. aorta; pulmonary trunk

foramen magnum

the hole in the base of the skull through which the spinal cord passes.

Skeletal Cartilage

the human skeleton initially consist of just cartilage replaced by bone except in places of flexibility like joints

visceral pleura

the inner layer of pleura that surrounds each lung

why might you need arteries near the heart to stretch?

the intensity of the blood will be closer to the pump (heart)

acromioclavicular

the joint between the acromion and the clavicle

the left ventricular wall of the heart is thicker than the right wall in order to__________. a. accommodate a greater volume of blood b. expand the thoracic cage during diastole c. pump blood through a smaller valve

what muscle closes the jaw?

the masseter and the temporalis.

Re-epithelialization

the movement of epithelial cells to form a covering over the wound

Resorption

the process of removing or digesting old bone tissue

what is the part of the hair enclosed in the follicle known as?

the root.

the second heart sound (dub) is heard during which phase of the cardiac cycle a. isovolumetric relaxation b. isovolumetric contraction c. ventricular filling d. ventricular ejection

the peripheral nervous system consists of:

the spinal and cranial nerves.

what system's function is to eliminate metabolic waste from the body?

the urinary system.

femoral

thigh

test questions

this attaches to this what is it called

convex curvature

thoracic and sacral

ventral cavity

thoracic cavity and abdominal and pelvic cavity -diaphragm is dividing line between thoracic and abdominal -right and left pleural cavity -pericardial -bladder and reproductive organs -all digestive organs

what body cavity are the lungs and the heart in?

thoracic.

Chromosomes

threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes

pollex

thumb

ankle joint

tibia, fibula, talus

glomerulus

tiny ball of capillaries in the kidney

in adults, what is the function of yellow marrow?

to store adipose tissue.

skin cancer risks factors

too much sun

metatarsal

top of foot

Dorsal

toward the back

dorsal

toward the back

medial

towards the midline of the body

Endocytosis

transport into cell -phagocytosis, pinocytosis

Exocytosis

transport out of cell

which type of section could be used to separate the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity?

transverse.

what muscle runs deep to the external oblique muscle?

transversus abdominus.

sharing of 6 electrons

triple bond

Eversion

turning the sole of the foot outward

osteon function

twisting resisters

transverse process

two lateral projections from the vertebral arch

ear drum

tympanic membrane

Aprocrine glands

underarms and pelvic ares

when a muscle moves another _____

undoes it

most all cells in body are

uninucleate

manubrium

upper portion of the sternum

active transport requirement

uses energy to pump expending energy such as ATP -used in large things like neurotransmitters -large structures -always require proteins -low to high [against the concentration gradient]

how does a physician estimate the volume of fluid lost in a severely burned patient?

using the "rule of nines."

free radical

vary reactive waste products from normal cell chemistry

the thoracic cavity is _______ to the spinal cavity.

ventral.

the primary motor area of the brain allows us to consciously control our ________ muscles.

voluntary/skeletal.

septum

wall -50% vomer and 50% ethmoid[on ethmoid there are ridges called conchae]

hydro

water

mass number

weight -proton +neutron

how to ace chap 7

what are markings on them and the joints they attach to

Reactant

what goes in

product

what goes out

what is the average normal pH range of blood? a. 8.35-8.45 b. 7.75-7.85 c.7.35-7.45 d.4.65-4.75

Chemical reaction

when bonds are being broken, made, or rearranged

when neutrophils squeezes between endothelial cells of a blood vessel to enter the interstitial fluid ______________ has occurred. a. chemotaxis b. margination c. opsonization d. diapedesis

Hematopoiesis is

where all blood cells is formed -occurs in red marrow cavities of certain bones

which blood component primarily contributes to plasma osmotic pressure? a. electrolytes b. albumin c. gamma globulin d. blood borne nutrients

which chambers of the heart contain oxygenated blood a. right and left atria b. right and left ventricles c. right atrium and ventricle d.left atrium and ventricle

which nutrient(s) is/are needed for erythropoiesis? a. folic acid b. vitamin c c. iron d. all of the above

leuko-

white

acne

whitehead= blocked sebaceous glands Bacterial infection Typically blocked pore

vasodilation

widening of blood vessels

dilation

widening, stretching, expanding

T1-T10

will actually attach to a rib

Avascular

without blood vessels

Carpal

wrist

are synovial membranes a connective tissue membrane?

yes.

General Structure of Vertebrae

• Body or centrum - Anterior weight-bearing region - 7 processes -interlocking pattern -they stack on top of each other [body then disc then body then disc]

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