A&P Final Exam Essay & M.c.
false
(t/f) a polysynaptic reflex is faster in speed than a monosynaptic reflex
true
(t/f) w/ activation of the PNS you could see an increase in production of saliva & tears & an increase in gastrointestinal activity
Hypercalcemia
-inhibiting osteoclast activity -increasing calcium excretion & reducing calcitriol secretion by kidneys -decreasing intestinal absorption of calcium If we have this, we get activity of calcitonin; secreted by c cells in thyroid
Smooth Muscle
-non-striated -1 nuclei -involuntary -aerobic (slow)
Cardiac Muscle
-striated -1 nuclei -involuntary -aerobic (slow)
Skeletal Muscle
-striated -multinucleated -voluntary -anaerobic (fast)
Reflex arc (5 parts)
1- stimulus activates a receptor 2- w/ enough stimulation, action potential is generated in sensory neuron. Axon enters spinal cord via posterior root 3- information processing in spinal cord usually occurs at 1 or more neurons 4- interneurons stimulate action potentials in motor neurons; its axon leaves via anterior root 5- motor neuron stimulates effector
Neuron Dance (EXTRA CREDIT)
18 steps (EXTRA CREDIT)
9
ACh crosses cleft, binds receptor on sarcolemma
the pituitary gland in the hypothalamus
ADH (antidiuretic hormone) & oxytocin are produced by
structure; function
Anatomy is to ________ as physiology is to ________.
cold, pale skin
During an inflammatory response to injury, which of the following is the least likely in the region of the injury?
receptor specificity
Gustatory receptors are sensitive to dissolved chemicals but insensitive to light. This is due to
receptor; control center; effector
Homeostatic regulation usually involves a(n) ________ that detects a particular stimulus, and a(n) ________ that responds to the stimulus by communicating with a(n) ________ whose activity has an effect on the same stimulus.
Calcium Homeostasis
Hypocalcemia & Hypercalcemia
Hypocalcemia
Increases Blood Calcium Ion Levels by: -stimulating osteoclast activity (indirectly) -increasing intestinal absorption of calcium by enhancing calcitriol secretion by kidneys -decreasing calcium excretion by kidneys If we have this, we get activity of parathyroid hormone (PTH); produced by parathyroid glands in neck
receptor fields
Using the two-point discrimination test, can be helpful in measuring the ____ of sensory neurons
turning the hand/palm upward
Which of the following movements is a good example of supination?
bending the elbow; hinge
____ is a good example of flexion & this occurs in a ___ joint
chemically/ligand gated channels
____ open or close in response to binding a specific molecule
perception
_____ is the conscious awareness if a sensation
dislocation
_____ occurs when articulating surfaces are forced out of position
light refraction
_____ takes place at the cornea & the lens
dermatome, shingles
a ____ is a specific bilateral region of the skin surface monitored by a single pair of spinal nerves; & is clinically important as infection if a spinal nerve may produce a loss of sensation or a painful sensation/rash in the corresponding region of the skin, such as that seen w/ ___
basic
a blood pH of 9 is considered:
acetylcholine
a neuromuscular junction at a skeletal muscle fiber uses the neurotransmitter ____
the sympathetic nervous system has become activated
a pedestrian narrowly avoids being hit by an oncoming car. he notices that his heart rate & respiratory rate are elevated. this is likely because
cornea -> aqueous humor -> lens -> vitreous body -> retina
a ray of light entering the eye will encounter the following structures in which order?
polysynaptic
a(n) ___ reflex has at least interneuron placed between the sensory & motor neurons
17
actin & myosin slide past each other
10
action potential travels from sarcolemma down t-tubules to sarcoplasmic reticulum
sodium-potassium pump
after an action potential occurs, the resting membrane potential of a neuron is restored by the
occipital lobe
after suffering a blow to the back of the head, phil loses his vision. the blow probably caused damage to the
eustachian tube
allows for equalization of pressure on either side of the tympanic membrane but can also be an entry point for bacteria from nasopharynx to the middle ear leading to otitis media
gap junction
allows neighboring cells exchange small molecules quickly, found in the cardiac muscle
they both have extensive vascularity
both cartilage & bone share all of the following characteristics except
12
calcium binds to toponin
8
calcium flows into axon terminal crossing synaptic vessicles to release ACh into synaptic cleft
11
calcium leaves sarcoplasmic reticulum
does not change
central adaption ___ the number of action potentials reaching the CNS
third
charlie is badly burned in an accident. when he reaches the ER, the examining physician finds he can poke the burn w/ a needle & charlie feels no pain which means the burn extends through the dermis destroying sensory nerve endings. this is a ___ degree burn
many organs are innervated by both the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches, however some organs are innervated by only 1 branch
choose the correct statement in regards to the 2 branches of the autonomic nervous system
cornea
clear portion of the fibrous layer of the eye
outer ear
collects sound waves & transmits them to the middle ear
osteons
compact bone is made up of functional units called
ciliary body
contraction changes the shape of the lens, leading to accommodation
choroid plexus -> ventricles ->central canal -> subarachnoid space -> arachnoid granulations
correct pathway for the flow of CSF
loss of hearing
damage to the auditory cortex in the temporal lobe of the cerebrum could result in:
inability to speak
damage to the broca's area in the cerebrum could result in
inability to form new long term memories
damage to the hippocampus, a component of the limbic system, leads to
the vital centers for the control of blood pressure, heart rate, & breathing are located there
damage to the medulla oblongata can result in death because
Parkinson's disease
damage to the substantia nigra causes a decrease in the neurotransmitter dopamine. this causes a gradual, generalized increase in muscle tone, which is the main symptom of
inferior colliculi of the corpora quadrigemina
damage to this area could decrease primitive auditory reflexes such as flinching/moving away from a loud noise
reticular activating system (RAS)
damage to this area of your brain could result in you being in a coma- an ongoing state of unconsciousness:
1
dendrites receive a signal which opens a channel
14
exposing active site on actin
lens
focuses light on the photoreceptor cells by changing shape
smooth muscle
forms the walls of most hollow organs such as the stomach, has ability to contract
containing genes to regulate cell differentiation
functions of the plasma membrane include all of the following except
skeletal muscle
ganglionic neurons if the ANS innervate all of the following except
holocrine
glands that release their product by the cell wall bursting to release the secretory contents thereby destroying the cell in the process are ____ glands
produce an effect that decreases from the point of stimulation
graded potentials
15
head of myosin binds the active site on actin
they cause the heart rate if osteoblast activity at the epiphyseal plate to exceed the rate of epiphyseal cartilage production resulting in eventual closure of the epiphyseal plate
how do sex hormones affect bone growth
vitamin d is involved in calcium absorption by the digestive tract
how is vitamin d related to calcium homeostasis in bone?
it is facilitated & it will be easier ti produce an action potential
if a neuron's membrane potential has shifted closer to threshold, what can we say about that neuron?
7
impulse travels down axon, voltage gated calcium channels in axon terminal open
convergence
in a ____ circuit, several neurons synapse on a single postsynaptic neuron
matrix
in connective tissue proper, the combination of extracellular fibers & viscous ground substance create the
the sensation must be received by the cerebrum
in order for perception of a sensation to occur what must happen?
myosin
inside a sarcomere, the main protein component of the thick filament is ____
Creatine Kinase (CK)
inside muscle fibers, this enzyme catalyzes the conversion of creatine phosphate & ADP into creatine & ATP when there is a need for energy. this enzyme can also be found in the bloodstream & detected on blood analysis when damage to the sarcolemma occurs
trabeculae
interconnecting tiny arches/struts of bone tissue found in spongy bone are called
epidermis, dermis, hypodermis
layers of integument moving superficial to deep
sensory input would be blocked
mary is in an automobile accident & suffers an injury causing compression the posterior root of a spinal nerve. what symptoms will she experience as a result?
nuclei
masses of gray matter containing neuron cell bodies w/in the peripheral nervous system are called ganglia, while in the brain they are called:
a ligament is stretched & collagen fibers in the ligament are damaged
mike falls off his bike & sprains his ankle. which of the following occurs w/ a sprain?
aerobic
muscle cells at rest produce ATP by primarily using __ respiration
18
muscle contracts
lactic acid
muscle fatigue occurs because of the buildup of ___
16
myosin heads bend
-axons exit the wall of the eye as the optic nerve -partial crossover at the optic chiasm -form optic tracts to lateral geniculate body of thalamus w/ collateral branches to brainstem -travel via optic radiation to the visual cortex of the occipital lobe of cerebrum
order of visual pathway
periosteum
outer layer covering compact bone that functions to isolate bone from surrounding tissue, serves as a site for muscle tendon attachment & plays a role in fracture healing is known as the
decreases
peripheral adaption ___ the number of action potentials that reach the CNS
rods
photoreceptors responsible for vision in dim light, don't detect differences in wavelengths of light therefore don't detect colors
cones
photoreceptors which are responsible for detecting color
allowing some substances to pass through but not others
plasma membranes are said to be selectively permeable because they:
cochlea
portion of the inner ear responsible for hearing
hyaline cartilage
provides protection to the end of long bones, inside synovial joints
the axon would be unable to generate an action potential
puffer fish poison blocks voltage gated sodium channels like a cork preventing movement of sodium ions across the membrane. what effect would this neurotoxin have on the function of neurons?
Cardinal signs of inflammation
redness, heat, pain, swelling
innate
reflexes based on synapses formed during fetal development (you were born w/ them) are ___ reflexes
a condition called hydrocephalus will develop because the CSF will be unable to drain normally & this will cause it to accumulate w/in the ventricles of the brain
regarding CSF w/in the CNS: if a blockage occurs in the cerebral aqueduct, which of the following is true?
iris
regulates the amount of light that passes to the photoreceptors of the eye, acting similar to adjusting the aperture in a camera
2
resulting in a graded potential
subarachnoid space
samples of CSF for diagnostic purposes are normally obtained by placing the tip of a needle in the ____ where CSF flows & is most safely collected
tympanic membrane
separates the outer & middle ear, sound waves result in vibration which is transmitted to bones of the middle ear
olfaction
some neural tissues retain stem cells & thus the capacity to divide & replace lost neurons. Which of these special senses can replace damaged neural receptors
dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater
spinal meninges from outermost layer to innermost layer
both sensory & motor
spinal nerves are
have a stroke
stacey develops a blood clot in 1 of the arteries that supplies blood to her brain. The clot shuts off blood supply to a potion of stacey's brain, this would cause her to
tight junctions
stops material from crossing the epithelium between cells
desmosomes
strong intercellular connections formed by spots of proteoglycans reinforced w/ intermediate filaments; reason for epidermis being lost in sheets after sunburn
cerebrum
structure that controls conscious thought, intellect, stores memories
3
summation of graded potentials until membrane depolarizes to threshold at axon hillock/trigger zone
lingual papillae
tastebuds on the tongue are associated w/ epithelial projections called what?
CT Proper, Fluid CT, Supporting CT
the 3 main categories of connective tissue (CT) include:
sympathetic
the ____ nervous system is know as the "fight or flight" branch
all stimuli great enough to bring the membrane to threshold will produce an identical action potential
the all or none principle of action potentials states that
hyaline carilage
the articular cartilage of a typical long bone is composed of what type of cartilage?
arthritis
the clinical term for joint inflammation is:
epimysium
the connective tissue layers in a muscle which surround the entire muscle is called the
weaker & more flexible
the disease osteomalacia causes decreased mineralization due to phosphorus & calcium loss from the skeleton. based on your knowledge of the composition of osseous tissue, this disease would result in bones that are
menisci
the fibrocartilaginous pads in the knee that protect & cushion the joint are known as:
epiphysis
the flared distal ends of a long bone such as the femur are called
synovial fluid
the fluid that fills the joint cavity in a diarthrosis is
vitreous body/humor
the gelatinous material that gives the eyeball its basic shape is the:
central canal
the internal passageway w/in the spinal cord which is filled w/ CSF is the
thoracolumbar, craniosacral
the neurons of the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system have a ____ distribution, while the neurons of the parasympathetic branch have a ____ distribution
remodeling; throughout life
the ongoing process of tearing down & rebuilding bone matrix is called _____ & this occurs ____.
depolarize
the opening of a sodium channel & influx of sodium into a neuron that was at resting membrane potential will cause the membrane potential to
a blind spot because there are no photoreceptors
the optic disc is:
afferent
the part of the peripheral nervous system that carries sensory information to the CNS is designated
melanin, basale
the pigment responsible for skin tone is ___ & it is produced in specialized cells in the stratum ____
hydrophilic heads & hydrophobic tails
the plasma/cell membrane is made up of:
prefrontal cerebral cortex
the region of the brain responsible for predicting the consequence of events or actions is the
gyri, sulci
the rounded elevations of the cerebrum that increases its surface area are called ____, while the grooves or furrows that run between the elevations are called ____.
afferent
the sensory receptors, neurons, & pathways leading to the CNS make up the ___ division of the nervous system
sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)
the shortage & release site for calcium ions in a muscle fiber is called the
synapse
the site of intercellular communication between a neuron & another cell is called a
Keratinocytes
the specific type of epithelial cells that make up the strata in the epidermis are
cytology
the study of cells is called
homeostasis
the tendency for the physiological systems of the body to stabilize internal conditions is called:
the heart & lungs
the thoracic cavity houses:
stratum corneum
the tough superficial layer of the epidermis is known as the
exteroceptors
the type of sensory receptor which monitors our external environment are called
vestibule & semicircular canals
the vestibular complex includes the:
somatic
the withdrawal reflex, which results in you pulling your hand away if you touch a hot stovetop, can be classified as
dopamine
this neurotransmitter can have an inhibitory or excitatory effect on the postsynaptic cell. a deficiency in this neurotransmitter can cause parkinsons like symptoms
4
threshold reached/action potential starts at trigger zone
auditory ossicles
tiny bones found w/in the middle ear which transmit movements from tympanic membrane to oval window
otoliths
tiny crystal-like weights necessary for the static sense of equilibrium
synaptic cleft
to communicate/transmit info, a neurotransmitter is released from the axon terminal of the presynaptic neuron & crosses the ___ to a receptor on the postsynaptic neuron
semicircular canals
together w/ the vestibule these make up the vestibular complex
the digits are distal to the brachial area
using directional references for a person in an anatomical position, how would you best describe the relationship of the digits compared to the brachial area?
it helps synthesize the visual pigments which absorb photons of light in the photoreceptors
vitamin A is important in the process of vision, especially at night because it ______
6
voltage gated potassium channels open, potassium flows out, gates open
5
voltage gated sodium channels open, sodium flows in, gates close
insensible, increase
water loss due to evaporation of interstitial fluid that has diffused to the skin surface is called _____ perspiration. A third degree burn may ___ this loss.
midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata
what structures make up the brainstem?
comminuted
what term best describes a fracture that has not broken through the skin?
grow longer, interstitial growth
when cartilage is produced at the epiphyseal side of the metaphysis at the same rate as bone is deposited on the opposite side, bones ____. This is called _____.
13
which changes shape of tropomyosin
adductor longus
which muscle is involved in adducting the thighs?
sclera
which of the eye, part of outer fibrous layer, extrinsic eye muscles insert here
bending these will produce an action potential in hair cells w/in the ear
which of the following best describes stereocilia:
fibroblasts
which of the following connect tissue proper cells secrete proteins to form extracellular matrix?
touch
which of the following is a general sense & not 1 of the special senses?
humerus
which of the following is an example of a long bone?
highly vascular
which of the following is not a characteristic of epithelial tissue?
consolidation of memories
which of the following is not a function of the hypothalamus:
synthesis of vitamin c
which of the following is not a function of the integumentary system?
forcing blood out of the heart into major arteries
which of the following is not a recognized function of the skeletal muscle?
osseous tissue
which of the following is not one of the 4 main tissue categories?
it operates under conscious control
which of the following is not true in regards to the ANS?
it has many nerve endings
which of the following is true regarding the cornea of the eye?
a blue tint to the skin is called cyanosis & is due to the fact that the pigment hemoglobin is not binding enough oxygen
which of the following is true?
moving arm laterally, away from the body
which of the following movements would be an example of abduction?
masseter
which of the following muscles is involved in elevating the mandible?
levator scapulae
which of the following muscles is involved in elevating the scapulae?
rectus abdominis
which of the following muscles is involved in flexing the vertebral column
sternocleidomastoid
which of the following muscles is involved in laterally flexing head towards the shoulder?
orbicularis oculi
which of the following muscles is involved when closing the eyelids?
flexor carpi radialis
which of the following muscles is responsible for flexion of the wrist?
pronator teres
which of the following muscles is responsible for pronating the forearm?
bones of cranium, cerebrospinal fluid, meninges
which of the following structures helps support & protect the brain?
olfactory
which of the following types of sensory information reaches the cerebral cortex directly?
dehydration
while assessing a patient you pinch the skin of the back of their hand & it remains peaked. this is a sign of:
metastatic & malignant
while reviewing radiographs (xrays) from a patient that has a primary tumor in the liver you see that there are many small tumors w/in the lungs. these smaller tumors that have appeared in the lungs mean that this cancer is most likely
Chemoreceptors
you are stuck on a long car ride & haven't been able to stop for a bathroom break. your bladder is very full giving a sense of pressure that's detected by
nociceptors
you cut your finger & cry out in pain, this sensation is detected by
proprioceptors
you get pulled over by the police at a sobriety check point. you are asked to touch your finger to your nose. you're able to do this because your brain knows where your nose is in relation to your finger thanks to these receptors
thermoreceptors
you step outside on thanksgiving morning & it has started snowing, you get the chills due to the drop in temp. this change in temp is detected by
baroreceptors
you're a smoker w/ emphysema & experience low levels of oxygen in your blood, these are detected by
tactile receptors
your dog licks the back of your hand, this is detected by