A&P Final Exam Essay & M.c.

false

(t/f) a polysynaptic reflex is faster in speed than a monosynaptic reflex

true

(t/f) w/ activation of the PNS you could see an increase in production of saliva & tears & an increase in gastrointestinal activity

Hypercalcemia

-inhibiting osteoclast activity -increasing calcium excretion & reducing calcitriol secretion by kidneys -decreasing intestinal absorption of calcium If we have this, we get activity of calcitonin; secreted by c cells in thyroid

Smooth Muscle

-non-striated -1 nuclei -involuntary -aerobic (slow)

Cardiac Muscle

-striated -1 nuclei -involuntary -aerobic (slow)

Skeletal Muscle

-striated -multinucleated -voluntary -anaerobic (fast)

Reflex arc (5 parts)

1- stimulus activates a receptor 2- w/ enough stimulation, action potential is generated in sensory neuron. Axon enters spinal cord via posterior root 3- information processing in spinal cord usually occurs at 1 or more neurons 4- interneurons stimulate action potentials in motor neurons; its axon leaves via anterior root 5- motor neuron stimulates effector

Neuron Dance (EXTRA CREDIT)

18 steps (EXTRA CREDIT)

9

ACh crosses cleft, binds receptor on sarcolemma

the pituitary gland in the hypothalamus

ADH (antidiuretic hormone) & oxytocin are produced by

structure; function

Anatomy is to ________ as physiology is to ________.

cold, pale skin

During an inflammatory response to injury, which of the following is the least likely in the region of the injury?

receptor specificity

Gustatory receptors are sensitive to dissolved chemicals but insensitive to light. This is due to

receptor; control center; effector

Homeostatic regulation usually involves a(n) ________ that detects a particular stimulus, and a(n) ________ that responds to the stimulus by communicating with a(n) ________ whose activity has an effect on the same stimulus.

Calcium Homeostasis

Hypocalcemia & Hypercalcemia

Hypocalcemia

Increases Blood Calcium Ion Levels by: -stimulating osteoclast activity (indirectly) -increasing intestinal absorption of calcium by enhancing calcitriol secretion by kidneys -decreasing calcium excretion by kidneys If we have this, we get activity of parathyroid hormone (PTH); produced by parathyroid glands in neck

receptor fields

Using the two-point discrimination test, can be helpful in measuring the ____ of sensory neurons

turning the hand/palm upward

Which of the following movements is a good example of supination?

bending the elbow; hinge

____ is a good example of flexion & this occurs in a ___ joint

chemically/ligand gated channels

____ open or close in response to binding a specific molecule

perception

_____ is the conscious awareness if a sensation

dislocation

_____ occurs when articulating surfaces are forced out of position

light refraction

_____ takes place at the cornea & the lens

dermatome, shingles

a ____ is a specific bilateral region of the skin surface monitored by a single pair of spinal nerves; & is clinically important as infection if a spinal nerve may produce a loss of sensation or a painful sensation/rash in the corresponding region of the skin, such as that seen w/ ___

basic

a blood pH of 9 is considered:

acetylcholine

a neuromuscular junction at a skeletal muscle fiber uses the neurotransmitter ____

the sympathetic nervous system has become activated

a pedestrian narrowly avoids being hit by an oncoming car. he notices that his heart rate & respiratory rate are elevated. this is likely because

cornea -> aqueous humor -> lens -> vitreous body -> retina

a ray of light entering the eye will encounter the following structures in which order?

polysynaptic

a(n) ___ reflex has at least interneuron placed between the sensory & motor neurons

17

actin & myosin slide past each other

10

action potential travels from sarcolemma down t-tubules to sarcoplasmic reticulum

sodium-potassium pump

after an action potential occurs, the resting membrane potential of a neuron is restored by the

occipital lobe

after suffering a blow to the back of the head, phil loses his vision. the blow probably caused damage to the

eustachian tube

allows for equalization of pressure on either side of the tympanic membrane but can also be an entry point for bacteria from nasopharynx to the middle ear leading to otitis media

gap junction

allows neighboring cells exchange small molecules quickly, found in the cardiac muscle

they both have extensive vascularity

both cartilage & bone share all of the following characteristics except

12

calcium binds to toponin

8

calcium flows into axon terminal crossing synaptic vessicles to release ACh into synaptic cleft

11

calcium leaves sarcoplasmic reticulum

does not change

central adaption ___ the number of action potentials reaching the CNS

third

charlie is badly burned in an accident. when he reaches the ER, the examining physician finds he can poke the burn w/ a needle & charlie feels no pain which means the burn extends through the dermis destroying sensory nerve endings. this is a ___ degree burn

many organs are innervated by both the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches, however some organs are innervated by only 1 branch

choose the correct statement in regards to the 2 branches of the autonomic nervous system

cornea

clear portion of the fibrous layer of the eye

outer ear

collects sound waves & transmits them to the middle ear

osteons

compact bone is made up of functional units called

ciliary body

contraction changes the shape of the lens, leading to accommodation

choroid plexus -> ventricles ->central canal -> subarachnoid space -> arachnoid granulations

correct pathway for the flow of CSF

loss of hearing

damage to the auditory cortex in the temporal lobe of the cerebrum could result in:

inability to speak

damage to the broca's area in the cerebrum could result in

inability to form new long term memories

damage to the hippocampus, a component of the limbic system, leads to

the vital centers for the control of blood pressure, heart rate, & breathing are located there

damage to the medulla oblongata can result in death because

Parkinson's disease

damage to the substantia nigra causes a decrease in the neurotransmitter dopamine. this causes a gradual, generalized increase in muscle tone, which is the main symptom of

inferior colliculi of the corpora quadrigemina

damage to this area could decrease primitive auditory reflexes such as flinching/moving away from a loud noise

reticular activating system (RAS)

damage to this area of your brain could result in you being in a coma- an ongoing state of unconsciousness:

1

dendrites receive a signal which opens a channel

14

exposing active site on actin

lens

focuses light on the photoreceptor cells by changing shape

smooth muscle

forms the walls of most hollow organs such as the stomach, has ability to contract

containing genes to regulate cell differentiation

functions of the plasma membrane include all of the following except

skeletal muscle

ganglionic neurons if the ANS innervate all of the following except

holocrine

glands that release their product by the cell wall bursting to release the secretory contents thereby destroying the cell in the process are ____ glands

produce an effect that decreases from the point of stimulation

graded potentials

15

head of myosin binds the active site on actin

they cause the heart rate if osteoblast activity at the epiphyseal plate to exceed the rate of epiphyseal cartilage production resulting in eventual closure of the epiphyseal plate

how do sex hormones affect bone growth

vitamin d is involved in calcium absorption by the digestive tract

how is vitamin d related to calcium homeostasis in bone?

it is facilitated & it will be easier ti produce an action potential

if a neuron's membrane potential has shifted closer to threshold, what can we say about that neuron?

7

impulse travels down axon, voltage gated calcium channels in axon terminal open

convergence

in a ____ circuit, several neurons synapse on a single postsynaptic neuron

matrix

in connective tissue proper, the combination of extracellular fibers & viscous ground substance create the

the sensation must be received by the cerebrum

in order for perception of a sensation to occur what must happen?

myosin

inside a sarcomere, the main protein component of the thick filament is ____

Creatine Kinase (CK)

inside muscle fibers, this enzyme catalyzes the conversion of creatine phosphate & ADP into creatine & ATP when there is a need for energy. this enzyme can also be found in the bloodstream & detected on blood analysis when damage to the sarcolemma occurs

trabeculae

interconnecting tiny arches/struts of bone tissue found in spongy bone are called

epidermis, dermis, hypodermis

layers of integument moving superficial to deep

sensory input would be blocked

mary is in an automobile accident & suffers an injury causing compression the posterior root of a spinal nerve. what symptoms will she experience as a result?

nuclei

masses of gray matter containing neuron cell bodies w/in the peripheral nervous system are called ganglia, while in the brain they are called:

a ligament is stretched & collagen fibers in the ligament are damaged

mike falls off his bike & sprains his ankle. which of the following occurs w/ a sprain?

aerobic

muscle cells at rest produce ATP by primarily using __ respiration

18

muscle contracts

lactic acid

muscle fatigue occurs because of the buildup of ___

16

myosin heads bend

-axons exit the wall of the eye as the optic nerve -partial crossover at the optic chiasm -form optic tracts to lateral geniculate body of thalamus w/ collateral branches to brainstem -travel via optic radiation to the visual cortex of the occipital lobe of cerebrum

order of visual pathway

periosteum

outer layer covering compact bone that functions to isolate bone from surrounding tissue, serves as a site for muscle tendon attachment & plays a role in fracture healing is known as the

decreases

peripheral adaption ___ the number of action potentials that reach the CNS

rods

photoreceptors responsible for vision in dim light, don't detect differences in wavelengths of light therefore don't detect colors

cones

photoreceptors which are responsible for detecting color

allowing some substances to pass through but not others

plasma membranes are said to be selectively permeable because they:

cochlea

portion of the inner ear responsible for hearing

hyaline cartilage

provides protection to the end of long bones, inside synovial joints

the axon would be unable to generate an action potential

puffer fish poison blocks voltage gated sodium channels like a cork preventing movement of sodium ions across the membrane. what effect would this neurotoxin have on the function of neurons?

Cardinal signs of inflammation

redness, heat, pain, swelling

innate

reflexes based on synapses formed during fetal development (you were born w/ them) are ___ reflexes

a condition called hydrocephalus will develop because the CSF will be unable to drain normally & this will cause it to accumulate w/in the ventricles of the brain

regarding CSF w/in the CNS: if a blockage occurs in the cerebral aqueduct, which of the following is true?

iris

regulates the amount of light that passes to the photoreceptors of the eye, acting similar to adjusting the aperture in a camera

2

resulting in a graded potential

subarachnoid space

samples of CSF for diagnostic purposes are normally obtained by placing the tip of a needle in the ____ where CSF flows & is most safely collected

tympanic membrane

separates the outer & middle ear, sound waves result in vibration which is transmitted to bones of the middle ear

olfaction

some neural tissues retain stem cells & thus the capacity to divide & replace lost neurons. Which of these special senses can replace damaged neural receptors

dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater

spinal meninges from outermost layer to innermost layer

both sensory & motor

spinal nerves are

have a stroke

stacey develops a blood clot in 1 of the arteries that supplies blood to her brain. The clot shuts off blood supply to a potion of stacey's brain, this would cause her to

tight junctions

stops material from crossing the epithelium between cells

desmosomes

strong intercellular connections formed by spots of proteoglycans reinforced w/ intermediate filaments; reason for epidermis being lost in sheets after sunburn

cerebrum

structure that controls conscious thought, intellect, stores memories

3

summation of graded potentials until membrane depolarizes to threshold at axon hillock/trigger zone

lingual papillae

tastebuds on the tongue are associated w/ epithelial projections called what?

CT Proper, Fluid CT, Supporting CT

the 3 main categories of connective tissue (CT) include:

sympathetic

the ____ nervous system is know as the "fight or flight" branch

all stimuli great enough to bring the membrane to threshold will produce an identical action potential

the all or none principle of action potentials states that

hyaline carilage

the articular cartilage of a typical long bone is composed of what type of cartilage?

arthritis

the clinical term for joint inflammation is:

epimysium

the connective tissue layers in a muscle which surround the entire muscle is called the

weaker & more flexible

the disease osteomalacia causes decreased mineralization due to phosphorus & calcium loss from the skeleton. based on your knowledge of the composition of osseous tissue, this disease would result in bones that are

menisci

the fibrocartilaginous pads in the knee that protect & cushion the joint are known as:

epiphysis

the flared distal ends of a long bone such as the femur are called

synovial fluid

the fluid that fills the joint cavity in a diarthrosis is

vitreous body/humor

the gelatinous material that gives the eyeball its basic shape is the:

central canal

the internal passageway w/in the spinal cord which is filled w/ CSF is the

thoracolumbar, craniosacral

the neurons of the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system have a ____ distribution, while the neurons of the parasympathetic branch have a ____ distribution

remodeling; throughout life

the ongoing process of tearing down & rebuilding bone matrix is called _____ & this occurs ____.

depolarize

the opening of a sodium channel & influx of sodium into a neuron that was at resting membrane potential will cause the membrane potential to

a blind spot because there are no photoreceptors

the optic disc is:

afferent

the part of the peripheral nervous system that carries sensory information to the CNS is designated

melanin, basale

the pigment responsible for skin tone is ___ & it is produced in specialized cells in the stratum ____

hydrophilic heads & hydrophobic tails

the plasma/cell membrane is made up of:

prefrontal cerebral cortex

the region of the brain responsible for predicting the consequence of events or actions is the

gyri, sulci

the rounded elevations of the cerebrum that increases its surface area are called ____, while the grooves or furrows that run between the elevations are called ____.

afferent

the sensory receptors, neurons, & pathways leading to the CNS make up the ___ division of the nervous system

sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)

the shortage & release site for calcium ions in a muscle fiber is called the

synapse

the site of intercellular communication between a neuron & another cell is called a

Keratinocytes

the specific type of epithelial cells that make up the strata in the epidermis are

cytology

the study of cells is called

homeostasis

the tendency for the physiological systems of the body to stabilize internal conditions is called:

the heart & lungs

the thoracic cavity houses:

stratum corneum

the tough superficial layer of the epidermis is known as the

exteroceptors

the type of sensory receptor which monitors our external environment are called

vestibule & semicircular canals

the vestibular complex includes the:

somatic

the withdrawal reflex, which results in you pulling your hand away if you touch a hot stovetop, can be classified as

dopamine

this neurotransmitter can have an inhibitory or excitatory effect on the postsynaptic cell. a deficiency in this neurotransmitter can cause parkinsons like symptoms

4

threshold reached/action potential starts at trigger zone

auditory ossicles

tiny bones found w/in the middle ear which transmit movements from tympanic membrane to oval window

otoliths

tiny crystal-like weights necessary for the static sense of equilibrium

synaptic cleft

to communicate/transmit info, a neurotransmitter is released from the axon terminal of the presynaptic neuron & crosses the ___ to a receptor on the postsynaptic neuron

semicircular canals

together w/ the vestibule these make up the vestibular complex

the digits are distal to the brachial area

using directional references for a person in an anatomical position, how would you best describe the relationship of the digits compared to the brachial area?

it helps synthesize the visual pigments which absorb photons of light in the photoreceptors

vitamin A is important in the process of vision, especially at night because it ______

6

voltage gated potassium channels open, potassium flows out, gates open

5

voltage gated sodium channels open, sodium flows in, gates close

insensible, increase

water loss due to evaporation of interstitial fluid that has diffused to the skin surface is called _____ perspiration. A third degree burn may ___ this loss.

midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

what structures make up the brainstem?

comminuted

what term best describes a fracture that has not broken through the skin?

grow longer, interstitial growth

when cartilage is produced at the epiphyseal side of the metaphysis at the same rate as bone is deposited on the opposite side, bones ____. This is called _____.

13

which changes shape of tropomyosin

adductor longus

which muscle is involved in adducting the thighs?

sclera

which of the eye, part of outer fibrous layer, extrinsic eye muscles insert here

bending these will produce an action potential in hair cells w/in the ear

which of the following best describes stereocilia:

fibroblasts

which of the following connect tissue proper cells secrete proteins to form extracellular matrix?

touch

which of the following is a general sense & not 1 of the special senses?

humerus

which of the following is an example of a long bone?

highly vascular

which of the following is not a characteristic of epithelial tissue?

consolidation of memories

which of the following is not a function of the hypothalamus:

synthesis of vitamin c

which of the following is not a function of the integumentary system?

forcing blood out of the heart into major arteries

which of the following is not a recognized function of the skeletal muscle?

osseous tissue

which of the following is not one of the 4 main tissue categories?

it operates under conscious control

which of the following is not true in regards to the ANS?

it has many nerve endings

which of the following is true regarding the cornea of the eye?

a blue tint to the skin is called cyanosis & is due to the fact that the pigment hemoglobin is not binding enough oxygen

which of the following is true?

moving arm laterally, away from the body

which of the following movements would be an example of abduction?

masseter

which of the following muscles is involved in elevating the mandible?

levator scapulae

which of the following muscles is involved in elevating the scapulae?

rectus abdominis

which of the following muscles is involved in flexing the vertebral column

sternocleidomastoid

which of the following muscles is involved in laterally flexing head towards the shoulder?

orbicularis oculi

which of the following muscles is involved when closing the eyelids?

flexor carpi radialis

which of the following muscles is responsible for flexion of the wrist?

pronator teres

which of the following muscles is responsible for pronating the forearm?

bones of cranium, cerebrospinal fluid, meninges

which of the following structures helps support & protect the brain?

olfactory

which of the following types of sensory information reaches the cerebral cortex directly?

dehydration

while assessing a patient you pinch the skin of the back of their hand & it remains peaked. this is a sign of:

metastatic & malignant

while reviewing radiographs (xrays) from a patient that has a primary tumor in the liver you see that there are many small tumors w/in the lungs. these smaller tumors that have appeared in the lungs mean that this cancer is most likely

Chemoreceptors

you are stuck on a long car ride & haven't been able to stop for a bathroom break. your bladder is very full giving a sense of pressure that's detected by

nociceptors

you cut your finger & cry out in pain, this sensation is detected by

proprioceptors

you get pulled over by the police at a sobriety check point. you are asked to touch your finger to your nose. you're able to do this because your brain knows where your nose is in relation to your finger thanks to these receptors

thermoreceptors

you step outside on thanksgiving morning & it has started snowing, you get the chills due to the drop in temp. this change in temp is detected by

baroreceptors

you're a smoker w/ emphysema & experience low levels of oxygen in your blood, these are detected by

tactile receptors

your dog licks the back of your hand, this is detected by