A&P II Chapter 24 Mastering (The Urinary System)
The arteriole that delivers blood to the glomerulus is the _________________.
afferent arteriole
What should NOT be found in filtrate?
albumin
Which of the following solutes are not able to pass through the filtration membrane in a healthy kidney?
albumin
Which is NOT a major function of the kidneys?
hematopoiesis
Which of the following hormones causes sodium reabsorption in the distal tubule?
Aldosterone
Which of the following statement about aldosterone is NOT correct?
Aldosterone increases sodium reabsorption by increasing the number of Na+-K+ ATPase pumps in the luminal membrane of the proximal tubule.
Name the strong transparent covering that encases the kidney.
Fibrous capsule
The amount of filtrate formed by both kidneys in 1 minute is defined as the _________________.
GFR
Calculate the net filtration pressure if capillary hydrostatic pressure is 60 mm Hg, capillary osmotic pressure is 25 mm Hg, and capsular hydrostatic pressure is 10 mm Hg.
25 mm Hg
The Net Filtration Pressure (NFP) is equal to:
GHP - (GCOP + CHP)
An increase in blood pressure will cause an increase in ________.
Glomerular hydrostatic pressure (GHP)
Which of the following forces drives filtration?
Glomerular hydrostatic pressure (GHP)
Where does the ureter penetrate the kidney?
Hilum
Which of the following is true about tubular reabsorption?
It involves carrier-mediated transport
Calculate the NFP, if the GHP is 50 mm Hg, the GCOP is 30 mm Hg, and the CHP is 15 mm Hg.
NFP = 5 mm Hg
Which structure is found separating the renal pyramids?
Renal columns
Where does the kidney filter the blood?
Renal corpuscle
Where does filtration of the blood occur within the kidneys?
Renal cortex
Which of the following regions of the kidneys is in contact with the fibrous capsule?
Renal cortex
Which region of the kidney is the most superficial?
Renal cortex
Where are the renal columns located?
Renal medulla
A major calyx is a component of which of the following anatomical structures?
Renal pelvis
Furosemide is a loop diuretic drug that inhibits the pump responsible for active reabsorption of Na and Cl in the nephron loop. Predict the effect of furosemide on the quantity of urine produced.
There will be a large amount o urine produced
The ureter, blood vessels, and nerves penetrate the kidney on its medial surface.
True
Which of the following would be a "potassium sparing diuretic." a drug that causes an increase in water loss, and a decrease in potassium loss in the kidneys?
a drug that blocks the effect of aldosterone
Each of the following is typical of urine EXCEPT:
a pH of 3.0
The detrusor muscle _________________.
compresses the urinary bladder and expels urine
Which of the following will result in a decrease of GFR?
constriction of the afferent arteriole
Angiotensin II promotes:
constriction of the efferent arteriole
The mucosa of the bladder _________________.
contains rugae
The most common type of nephrons, which have a relatively short nephron loop that does NOT extend deep into the medulla, are called ____________ nephrons.
cortical
A substance will have the fastest renal clearance is it is _____________________.
filtered and secreted
Reabsorption moves water and solutes:
from filtrate to blood
Filtration happens at the:
glomerulus
If there was no reabsorption in the proximal tubule, which of the following useful substances would be lost in urine:
glucose
What is the primary driving force (pressure) that produces glomerular filtration?
hydrostatic pressure of blood (blood pressure)
The hormone ANP causes an _______________.
increase in GFR
Increased water reabsorption in the descending limb of the nephron loop will result in _______________.
increased NaCl reabsorption in the ascending limb
Furosemide is a loop diuretic that inhibits the pump responsible for active reabsorption of Na and Cl in the nephron loop. Which of the following is one of the common side effects of furosemide?
increased natriuresis (Na loss)
Which of the following substances is used to measure renal clearance?
inulin
The thick ascending limb of the nephron loop is mostly permeable to:
ions, such as Na and Cl
What is the osmolarity of the filtrate at the end of proximal tubule?
isotonic - 300 mOsm
As filtrate moves down the descending limb of the nephron loop:
its concentration increases
Which of the following cells or organs releases renin?
juxtaglomerular cells
Which of the following is NOT a component of the urinary tract?
kidneys
If there was no medullary gradient, the kidneys would produce:
large amount of dilute urine
A decrease in GFR will cause ____________________
lower Na and Cl ion concentration in the distal tubule
Aldosterone antagonist drugs prevent aldosterone from having an effect at its receptors. As a result ________________________.
more urine will be produced
If the osmotic pressure in the glomerular capillaries increased from 28 m Hg to 35 mm Hg, would net filtration increase or decrease?
net filtration would decrease
Which of the following is controlled voluntarily?
opening of the external urethral sphincter
Reabsorption in which substances pass between adjacent tubular cells is called:
paracellular
Which of the following will NOT pass across the filtration membrane?
plasma proteins
Which substance would be found in higher concentration if the membrane were damaged?
protein
Most nutrients, such as glucose are reabsorbed in the _____________________.
proximal tubule
The distal tubule is a site for:
reabsorption and secretion
Which of the following is NOT one of the functions of the urinary system?
regulation of leukocyte production
What are the two main subdivisions of the nephron?
renal corpuscle and renal tubule
Which of the following is NOT part of the filtration membrane?
squamous epithelial cells of the glomerular capsule
The micturition reflex is initiated by _______________.
stretch receptors in the wall of the bladder
Consuming alcohol inhibits the release of ADH. As a result ___________________.
urine volume will increase
The thin descending limb of the nephron loop is permeable to ___________________.
water
In severe dehydration or blood loss, what would be the levels of ADH and what would be the urine flow rate?
ADH - high; low urine flow rate (0.25 ml/min)
In overhydration, what would be the levels of ADH (high, normal, or low) and what would be the osmolarity of the urine?
ADH - low; 100 mOsm (urine)
Which of the following statements about ADH (antidiuretic hormone) is correct?
ADH is released by the posterior pituitary gland.
What is the function of the renal pelvis?
Collects newly formes urine
Identify the correct direction of urine flow from formation to exiting the kidney.
Cortex, medulla, renal pelvis, ureter
Secretion happens via:
Facilitated transport only
The fibrous capsule is a layer of adipose tissue that surrounds the kidney.
False
The medullary pyramids contain collecting tubules (ducts) that travel towards the renal cortex, carrying urine to exit the kidney.
False
If the filtrate concentration is lower than normal at the turn of the nephron loop:
active transport in the thick ascending limb will be less effcient
Which hormones promote facultative water reabsorption?
aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
The filtrate is most concentrated _______________.
at the turn of the nephron loop
Which of the following substances is not normally found in filtrate?
blood cells and large particles
Increase in urine volume is usually accompanied by ________________ in urine concentration.
decrease
Simple squamous epithelium is located in the:
descending limb of the nephron loop (loop of Henle)
Which of the following will cause an increase in GHP and GFR?
dilation of the afferent arteriole
Which of the following is NOT a component of the filtration membrane?
epithelial cells of the glomerular capsule
The glomerular filtration rate is defines as:
the amount of filtrate formed by both kidneys in one minute
Renal clearance is defined as:
the rate at which the kidneys remove a substance from the blood
Recall that the sympathetic nervous system causes activation of Angiotensin II. With this knowledge, how would the sympathetic nervous system be affected by a treatment for high blood pressure?
the sympathetic nervous system would be inhibited
Which of the following is a normal property or urine?
translucent
Returning fluid and solutes from filtrate to blood happens via _____________.
tubular reabsorption