A&P II: The Urinary System

pelvis

Urine collection occurs in the ___ of the kidney.

In females the urethra is shorter than in males

What anatomical difference makes urinary tract infections more common in females than in males?

c. Red Blood Cells

What component of her urine sample could contribute to the dark brown color of her urine? a. Uric Acid b. Creatine c. Red Blood Cells d. White Blood Cells

The male urethra is shared with the reproductive system.

What is the functional difference between a male urethra and a female urethra?

The vasa recta receive the dilute filtrate from the distal convoluted tubule.

What role do the vasa recta play in urine formation?

The afferent arterioles would constrict.

What type of response by the afferent arterioles would you expect if blood pressure increased?

a. The volume would increase.

What would be the effect on urine output if sodium channels in the tubule cells were inhibited a. The volume would increase. b .The volume would decrease, then quickly resume. c. The volume would decrease by half the sodium concentration. d. The volume would decrease by one-tenth the sodium concentration.

a. renal corpuscles.

When Melinda was asked to identify a "mystery" slide on a histology test, she immediately identified it as renal cortex because of the presence of scattered: a. renal corpuscles. b. thin segments. c. renal papillae. d. vasa recta.

The walls are highly folded into rugae and the epithelium is transitional.

Which feature of the bladder predisposes it to being able to stretch and relax repeatedly?

adrenal

Which gland sits atop each kidney?

renal fascia

Which layer of the External Kidney would attach to the surrounding organs of the abdominal cavity and help to anchor the Kidneys in place?

cortical

85% of nephrons are described by this term that relates to their location in the kidney.

True

Aldosterone is a hormone that causes the renal tubules to reclaim sodium ions from the filtrate. (T or F)

cortical radiate arteries

Arteries that branch to form the afferent arterioles to the glomeruli are:

renal pelvis

At which of the three areas of the internal kidney would you expect the renal arteries and veins to enter the kidney at?

True

Atrial natriuretic peptide inhibits sodium reabsorption. (T or F)

Thin segment of the nephron loop

Based on the histology of a renal tubule, which section would be most severely inhibited if simple squamous epithelium were damaged?

renal pelvis

Before it enters the ureter, urine collects in the:

False

Blood pressure in the renal glomerulus is lower than in most parts of the body in order to conserve body water. (T or F)

juxtaglomerular apparatus

Blood pressure is regulated by a specialized structure, known as the _______ , that contacts both the afferent arteriole and the terminal end of the nephron loop.

afferent arteriole

Blood vessel that contains granular cells involved in blood pressure regulation:

False

Both the male and female urethras serve both the urinary and the reproductive systems. (True or False)

detrusor

Contraction of this muscle forces urine from the bladder.

False

Cortical nephrons are responsible for producing concentrated urine. (T or F)

Alcohol inhibits ADH secretion.

Drinking too much alcohol results in a headache the next day. Why does this happen?

b. the ureters run medially for some distance within the posterior bladder wall.

During a dissection, Arnie saw the ureters entering the lateral corners of the bladder but found the internal openings of the ureters in the trigone near the midline of the bladder. His observation necessarily means that: a. the ureters and urethra are really the same tube. b. the ureters run medially for some distance within the posterior bladder wall. c. each ureter must have four distinct openings into the bladder. d. this bladder had a congenital defect.

systemic blood pressure

Extrinsic controls regulate glomerular filtration rate as a means of regulating:

False

Glomerular filtration is an ATP-driven process. (T or F)

ADH increases the permeability of the collecting duct to water by stimulating the insertion of aquaporins into the luminal membrane.

How does ADH contribute to the formation of concentrated urine?

d. systemic blood pressure will go up

If the diameter of the afferent arterioles leading to the glomerulus increases (vasodilation) which of the following is not likely to occur? a. glomerular filtration rate will increase b. net filtration pressure will increase c. urine output will increase d. systemic blood pressure will go up

True

In the absence of hormones, the distal tubule and collecting ducts are relatively impermeable to water. (T or F)

parasympathetic fibers

In the micturition reflex, the detrusor muscle is stimulated to contract by:

a. Ability to transport urine from bladder through ureters without obstruction

Inflammation at the Glomerulus, that causes altered functioning, would impair these functions of the urinary system EXCEPT the: a. Ability to transport urine from bladder through ureters without obstruction b. Ability to prevent essential blood components from being excreted c. Ability to maintain fluid and electrolyte balance d. Ability to regulate blood pressure

peritubular capillaries

Most water and solutes are resorbed from the convoluted renal tubules into the _______.

Low pressure; porous vessels that reabsorb solutes and water from the tubule cells.

Peritubular capillaries

collecting duct

Region of the nephron with receptors sensitive to antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

the granular cells

Renin is produced in:

d. the ureters are capable of peristalsis like that of the gastrointestinal tract

Select the correct statement about the ureters. a. ureters contain sphincters at the entrance to the bladder to prevent the backflow of urine b. the epithelium is stratified squamous like the skin, which allows a great deal of stretch c. the ureteris innervated by parasympathetic nerve endings only d. the ureters are capable of peristalsis like that of the gastrointestinal tract

nephron loop

The U-shaped _____ is located between the proximal and distal convoluted tubules.

arcuate

The _____ artery is located between the interlobar and cortical radiate arteries.

trigone

The area between the ureters and urethra that is often the location of infection is called the ______ in the baldder.

glomerulus

The blood-filtering structure of the kidney is called the:

ureter

The calyces and renal pelvis are all flared branches off the _____ , which is an organ that transmits urine to the bladder.

transitional

The epithelium lining the urinary bladder that permits distension is:

determine the final volume and concentration of urine.

The function of the collecting duct is to:

spongy urethra

The longest of the three parts of the male urethra is the:

False

The macula densa cells are chemoreceptors that respond to changes in the urea content of the filtrate. (T or F)

hilum

The medial concave cleft in which vessels, ureters, and nerves enter/leave the kidney:

pons of the brain stem

The micturition center is located in the:

have the same basic function as transitional epithelium—accommodating stretch as the bladder fills.

The mucosal folds in the bladder (rugae):

proximal tubule

The part of the nephron whose epithelial cells are most responsible for resorption and secretion is the:

True

The position of the kidneys behind the peritoneal lining of the abdominal cavity is described by the term retroperitoneal. (T or F)

b. damage to the filtration membrane

The presence of protein in the urine indicates which of the following? a. too much protein in the diet b. damage to the filtration membrane c. high levels of transcription and translation by the bodies tissues d. damage to the renal tubules

d. aids in the passive movement of water out of the tubule

The thin segment of the nephron loop's descending limb................. a. helps to pack a greater number of nephron loops into a smaller space b. is easily broken and replaced often c. aids in the passive excretion of nitrogenous waste d. aids in the passive movement of water out of the tubule

d. have a muscularis layer that is stimulated to contract by the stretching of their walls as urine enters them.

The ureters: a. are lined by stratified squamous epithelium. b. contain only an inner circular layer in their muscularis. c. do not have an adventitia layer. d. have a muscularis layer that is stimulated to contract by the stretching of their walls as urine enters them.

True

The urethra contains an internal sphincter of smooth muscle. (T or F)

transitional

The urinary bladder is composed of ..............................epithelium.

nephrons

The urine-forming units of the kidney are the:

Juxtamedullary nephrons

The vasa recta are associated with which structures in the kidney?

c. eliminates solid, undigested wastes and excretes carbon dioxide, water, salts and heat

Which of the choices below is not a function of the urinary system? a. maintains blood osmolarity b. regulates blood glucose levels and produces hormones c. eliminates solid, undigested wastes and excretes carbon dioxide, water, salts and heat d. helps maintain homeostasis by controlling the composition, volume and pressure of blood

d. Endothelium

Which of the following is not a layer of the ureter? a. Muscularis b. Mucosa c. Adventitia d. Endothelium

d. vasa recta

Which of the following is not associated with the renal corpuscle? a. efferent arteriole b. a fenestrated capillary c. a podocyte d. vasa recta

b. the nephron loop

Which of the following is not found in the renal corpuscle? a. the glomerulus b. the nephron loop c. glomerular capsule d. podocytes

b. a great deal of active transport takes place in the PCT

Which of the following is the best explanation for why the cells of the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) contain so many mitochondria? a. cells of the PCT go through a great deal of mitosis b. a great deal of active transport takes place in the PCT c. contraction of the PCT moves filtrate through the tubule d. this provides the energy needed to fight kidney infection

d. collecting duct

Which of the following regions of the nephron is most likely to be found in the renal medulla? a. glomerulus b. proximal convoluted tubule c. distal convoluted tubule d. collecting duct

a. In females, the bladder lies posterior to the uterus but anterior to the rectum.

Which of the following statements about the urinary bladder is false? a. In females, the bladder lies posterior to the uterus but anterior to the rectum. b. The ureters attach to the bladder through oblique posterolateral orifices. c. Two ureteral openings and the internal urethral orifice bound the trigone of the bladder. d. When empty, the bladder lies inferior to the abdominal cavity.

c. extrinsic controls have the greatest effect on systemic blood pressure while intrinsic control have a greater effect on GFR

Which of the following statements best describes the difference between the intrinsic and extrinsic controls of the kidney? a. extrinsic and intrinsic controls work in nearly opposite ways b. extrinsic controls will reduce blood plasma volume while intrinsic controls will increase blood plasma volumes c. extrinsic controls have the greatest effect on systemic blood pressure while intrinsic control have a greater effect on GFR d. intrinsic controls raise blood pressure while extrinsic controls lower blood pressure

interlobar arteries

Which vessels lie within the renal columns?

Aldosterone stimulates the sodium-potassium pump to reabsorb sodium while simultaneously secreting potassium

Why do high levels of potassium stimulate aldosterone secretion?

Glucose occupies all the transport carriers and it is no longer reabsorbed.

Why is glucose in the urine an indicator of diabetes mellitus?

Podocytes

______ are large cells with complex "footlike" processes that wrap around the glomerular capillaries.

Granular

________ cells are modified smooth muscle cells of the afferent and efferent arterioles that secrete the hormone renin.