A&P Lecture Exam 2 (Chapters 6, 7, 9)

In first-degree burns, the healing time averages about ______ days, and typically no scarring results.

3-5

______ layers of keratinocytes comprise the stratum granulosum.

3-5

Compact bone makes up ______ of bone mass.

80%

True or false: The palms of the hands have more hair than the soles of the feet.

False

A central canal of an osteon is also called a ______ canal.

Haversian

Which statements characterize bone remodeling?

It helps maintain calcium and phosphate levels in body fluids.; It can be stimulated by stress on a bone.; It occurs at the periosteal and endosteal surfaces of a bone.

______ are large phagocytic cells found in bone.

Osteoclasts

______ glands are also called sweat glands.

Sudoriferous

True or false: Bone growth begins during embryologic development.

True

True or false: Regeneration in the skin replaces damaged or dead cells with the same cell type and restores organ function.

True

True or false: Skin cancer can develop in people of any age.

True

True or false: The reason the cells of the stratum spinosum have a spiny appearance when viewed under a microscope is due to shrinkage of the cytoplasm.

True

A bone's growth in diameter is called ______ growth.

appositional

In the development of embryonic skin, the ______ layer gives rise to the epidermis, and the ______ gives rise to the dermis.

basal, mesenchyme

Hemangiomas are ______ tumors.

benign

A hemangioma is a congenital anomaly that results in skin discoloration due to ______ that proliferate and form a benign tumor.

blood vessels

Each nail plate consists of a pinkish nail ______ and a distal whitish free ______.

body; edge

Ossification refers to the formation and development of ______.

bone

The continual deposition of new bone tissue and the removal of old bone tissue is called ______.

bone remodeling

The hormone that is produced in the thyroid gland and has the greatest effect on children's blood calcium levels is ______.

calcitonin

Which hormone promotes calcium deposition in bone and inhibits osteoclast activity?

calcitonin

The two primary hormones that regulate blood calcium are ______.

calcitriol and parathyroid hormone

Bone formation requires ______.

calcium, vitamin D, phosphate

Spongy bone is also called ______.

cancellous bone

Osteoclasts are ______.

cells that break down bone

The cells that produce most of the matrix of cartilage are called ______.

chondroblasts

Chondrocytes are ______.

chondroblasts that have become encased with matrix

Bone is a type of ______ tissue.

connective

Nails are derived from the same type of cells that produce the stratum ______ layer of the epidermis.

corneum

There are four layers of cells in the epidermis of thin skin. From superficial to deep, these layers are stratum ______, stratum ______, stratum ______, and stratum basale.

corneum; granulosum; spinosum

The exposed parts of nails and hair are composed of _______ keratinocytes.

dead

Osteoporosis is a disease of ______.

decreased bone mass

The dermis is ______ to the epidermis and contains primarily ______.

deep; collagen fibers

In addition to keratinocytes, the stratum spinosum also contains another epidermal cell type called epidermal ______ cells that help to fight infection.

dendritic

The keratinocytes within stratum lucidum are flattened and filled with the protein ______, an intermediate product in the process of keratin maturation.

eleidin

Bone remodeling begins during ______.

embryologic development

The bones of the upper and lower limbs are produced through ______ ossification.

endochondral

The nails, hair, and exocrine glands of the skin are known as ______.

epidermal appendages

The most superficial layer of the integument is the ______.

epidermis

First-degree burns involve only the ______ and are characterized by ______, pain, and slight edema (swelling).

epidermis; redness

Sebaceous glands and sweat glands are types of ______ glands of skin.

exocrine

Friction ridges on the tips of fingers are known as ______.

fingerprints

Breaks in bones are called ______.

fractures

In the layer of the epidermis called the stratum ______, the process of keratinization begins.

granulosum

Epidermal dendritic cells are found in which of the following strata? Choose all that apply.

granulosum, spinosum

During bone development, the liver releases somatomedin in response to ______ hormone.

growth

The subcutaneous layer is also known as the ______ or superficial fascia.

hypodermis

The function of parathyroid hormone is to ______.

increase blood calcium levels

Spongy bone is located ______ to compact bone.

internal

A long bone's growth in length is called ______.

interstitial growth

The flat bones of the skull are formed through ______ ossification.

intramembranous

Which statements correctly describe compact bone?

it is solid and relatively dense; it forms the external walls of a long bone

Within the stratum, granulosum begins a process called ______.

keratinization

The most numerous cells of the epidermis are ______ and the protein they produce is called ______.

keratinocytes, keratin

Chondrocytes occupy small spaces called ______.

lacunae

periderm

layer of cells covering the developing embryonic epithelium

mesenchyme

layer of embryonic cells that develops into the dermis

The first three strata of the epidermis consists of ______ keratinocytes and the most superficial strata contain ______ keratinocytes.

living; dead

In thick skin, there is an extra layer of epidermal cells. This layer is called the stratum ______.

lucidum

Choose the bones produced through intramembranous ossification.

mandible; flat bones of the skull; maxilla

Osteocytes are ______.

mature bone cells

Scattered among the keratinocytes of the stratum basale are pigment-producing cells called ______.

melanocytes

Another name for the calcification of bone is ______.

mineralization

During the process of keratinization, the cell's ______ and organelles disintegrate and the cells start to die.

nucleus

The main function of melanin pigment is to protect the ______ of keratinocytes from UV radiation.

nucleus or DNA

Another term for bone tissue is ______ connective tissue.

osseous

The formation and development of bone is ______.

ossification

Mature bone cells sitting in lacunae are called ______.

osteocytes

When osteoblasts become entrapped in the matrix they produce, they become cells called ______.

osteocytes

Decreased bone mass can cause a disease called ______.

osteoporosis

Hair is found almost everywhere on the body except the sides and ______ of the hands and fingers, the sides and ______ of the feet and toes, the lips, and portions of the external genitalia.

palms, soles

Calcitonin is produced by the ______ cells in the thyroid gland.

parafollicular

The release of ______ hormone increases blood calcium levels.

parathyroid

Osteoblasts function to ______.

produce osteoid

To reduce the likelihood of skin cancer, people should use sunscreen regularly and avoid ______.

prolonged exposure to the sun

Which is a function of bone?

protection of organs

Functions of bone include ______.

protection, mineral storage, blood cell formation (hematopoiesis), support

The main functions of the subcutaneous layer are which of the following?

protects the body, acts as an energy reservoir, provides thermal insulation

Anemia is a disease of low oxygen delivery to tissues. This is sometimes the result of a low number of ______.

red blood cells

In what two ways are damaged skin tissues normally repaired?

regeneration ,fibrosis

The connective tissue fibers of the ______ layer of the dermis are extensively interwoven with those of the ______ layer to stabilize the position of the skin and bind it to the underlying tissues.

reticular; subcutaneous

When compressed, tactile cells release chemicals that stimulate ______ endings in the dermis.

sensory nerve

After a stem cell divides in the stratum basale, the resulting daughter cell enters the stratum ______ and it begins to lose its ability to divide.

spinosum

Cancellous or trabecular bone is also called ______ bone.

spongy

Calcium is required for ______.

stimulation of the heart; blood clotting; initiation of muscle contraction

Classify the tissue type of the epidermis: keratinized ______ epithelium.

stratified squamous

The layer of the skin from which most new epidermal cells are derived from is the ______.

stratum basale

The most superficial layer of the epidermis is the ______.

stratum corneum

On many parts of the body, the components of the dermis include blood vessels, ______ glands, ______ glands, hair follicles, nail roots, sensory nerve endings, and smooth muscle tissue.

sweat, sebaceous

The skin houses two types of general exocrine glands, which are ______ glands and ______ glands.

sweat; sebaceous

Scattered among the cells of the stratum basale are cells that are sensitive to touch. These sensory cells are called ______.

tactile cells

Which statements characterize central canals of osteons?

they contain blood vessels; they contain nerves; they are a cylindrical channel

Which statements characterize osteoclasts?

they have ruffled borders; they are phagocytic

Which statements characterize osteocytes?

they reside in lacunae; they maintain bone matrix

The stratum lucidum is found only in ______.

thick skin

The release of water vapor from sweat glands when we are not sweating is a process called ______.

transpiration

Choose the bones formed through endochondral ossification.

upper limb bones; vertebrae; lower limb bones

The skin is best described as ______.

water resistant

vernix caseosa

waterproof protective covering composed of sebum and sloughed off cells

Severe anemia can trigger the conversion of ______ bone marrow into ______ bone marrow.

yellow; red