A&P Lecture Exam 2 (Chapters 6, 7, 9)
In first-degree burns, the healing time averages about ______ days, and typically no scarring results.
3-5
______ layers of keratinocytes comprise the stratum granulosum.
3-5
Compact bone makes up ______ of bone mass.
80%
True or false: The palms of the hands have more hair than the soles of the feet.
False
A central canal of an osteon is also called a ______ canal.
Haversian
Which statements characterize bone remodeling?
It helps maintain calcium and phosphate levels in body fluids.; It can be stimulated by stress on a bone.; It occurs at the periosteal and endosteal surfaces of a bone.
______ are large phagocytic cells found in bone.
Osteoclasts
______ glands are also called sweat glands.
Sudoriferous
True or false: Bone growth begins during embryologic development.
True
True or false: Regeneration in the skin replaces damaged or dead cells with the same cell type and restores organ function.
True
True or false: Skin cancer can develop in people of any age.
True
True or false: The reason the cells of the stratum spinosum have a spiny appearance when viewed under a microscope is due to shrinkage of the cytoplasm.
True
A bone's growth in diameter is called ______ growth.
appositional
In the development of embryonic skin, the ______ layer gives rise to the epidermis, and the ______ gives rise to the dermis.
basal, mesenchyme
Hemangiomas are ______ tumors.
benign
A hemangioma is a congenital anomaly that results in skin discoloration due to ______ that proliferate and form a benign tumor.
blood vessels
Each nail plate consists of a pinkish nail ______ and a distal whitish free ______.
body; edge
Ossification refers to the formation and development of ______.
bone
The continual deposition of new bone tissue and the removal of old bone tissue is called ______.
bone remodeling
The hormone that is produced in the thyroid gland and has the greatest effect on children's blood calcium levels is ______.
calcitonin
Which hormone promotes calcium deposition in bone and inhibits osteoclast activity?
calcitonin
The two primary hormones that regulate blood calcium are ______.
calcitriol and parathyroid hormone
Bone formation requires ______.
calcium, vitamin D, phosphate
Spongy bone is also called ______.
cancellous bone
Osteoclasts are ______.
cells that break down bone
The cells that produce most of the matrix of cartilage are called ______.
chondroblasts
Chondrocytes are ______.
chondroblasts that have become encased with matrix
Bone is a type of ______ tissue.
connective
Nails are derived from the same type of cells that produce the stratum ______ layer of the epidermis.
corneum
There are four layers of cells in the epidermis of thin skin. From superficial to deep, these layers are stratum ______, stratum ______, stratum ______, and stratum basale.
corneum; granulosum; spinosum
The exposed parts of nails and hair are composed of _______ keratinocytes.
dead
Osteoporosis is a disease of ______.
decreased bone mass
The dermis is ______ to the epidermis and contains primarily ______.
deep; collagen fibers
In addition to keratinocytes, the stratum spinosum also contains another epidermal cell type called epidermal ______ cells that help to fight infection.
dendritic
The keratinocytes within stratum lucidum are flattened and filled with the protein ______, an intermediate product in the process of keratin maturation.
eleidin
Bone remodeling begins during ______.
embryologic development
The bones of the upper and lower limbs are produced through ______ ossification.
endochondral
The nails, hair, and exocrine glands of the skin are known as ______.
epidermal appendages
The most superficial layer of the integument is the ______.
epidermis
First-degree burns involve only the ______ and are characterized by ______, pain, and slight edema (swelling).
epidermis; redness
Sebaceous glands and sweat glands are types of ______ glands of skin.
exocrine
Friction ridges on the tips of fingers are known as ______.
fingerprints
Breaks in bones are called ______.
fractures
In the layer of the epidermis called the stratum ______, the process of keratinization begins.
granulosum
Epidermal dendritic cells are found in which of the following strata? Choose all that apply.
granulosum, spinosum
During bone development, the liver releases somatomedin in response to ______ hormone.
growth
The subcutaneous layer is also known as the ______ or superficial fascia.
hypodermis
The function of parathyroid hormone is to ______.
increase blood calcium levels
Spongy bone is located ______ to compact bone.
internal
A long bone's growth in length is called ______.
interstitial growth
The flat bones of the skull are formed through ______ ossification.
intramembranous
Which statements correctly describe compact bone?
it is solid and relatively dense; it forms the external walls of a long bone
Within the stratum, granulosum begins a process called ______.
keratinization
The most numerous cells of the epidermis are ______ and the protein they produce is called ______.
keratinocytes, keratin
Chondrocytes occupy small spaces called ______.
lacunae
periderm
layer of cells covering the developing embryonic epithelium
mesenchyme
layer of embryonic cells that develops into the dermis
The first three strata of the epidermis consists of ______ keratinocytes and the most superficial strata contain ______ keratinocytes.
living; dead
In thick skin, there is an extra layer of epidermal cells. This layer is called the stratum ______.
lucidum
Choose the bones produced through intramembranous ossification.
mandible; flat bones of the skull; maxilla
Osteocytes are ______.
mature bone cells
Scattered among the keratinocytes of the stratum basale are pigment-producing cells called ______.
melanocytes
Another name for the calcification of bone is ______.
mineralization
During the process of keratinization, the cell's ______ and organelles disintegrate and the cells start to die.
nucleus
The main function of melanin pigment is to protect the ______ of keratinocytes from UV radiation.
nucleus or DNA
Another term for bone tissue is ______ connective tissue.
osseous
The formation and development of bone is ______.
ossification
Mature bone cells sitting in lacunae are called ______.
osteocytes
When osteoblasts become entrapped in the matrix they produce, they become cells called ______.
osteocytes
Decreased bone mass can cause a disease called ______.
osteoporosis
Hair is found almost everywhere on the body except the sides and ______ of the hands and fingers, the sides and ______ of the feet and toes, the lips, and portions of the external genitalia.
palms, soles
Calcitonin is produced by the ______ cells in the thyroid gland.
parafollicular
The release of ______ hormone increases blood calcium levels.
parathyroid
Osteoblasts function to ______.
produce osteoid
To reduce the likelihood of skin cancer, people should use sunscreen regularly and avoid ______.
prolonged exposure to the sun
Which is a function of bone?
protection of organs
Functions of bone include ______.
protection, mineral storage, blood cell formation (hematopoiesis), support
The main functions of the subcutaneous layer are which of the following?
protects the body, acts as an energy reservoir, provides thermal insulation
Anemia is a disease of low oxygen delivery to tissues. This is sometimes the result of a low number of ______.
red blood cells
In what two ways are damaged skin tissues normally repaired?
regeneration ,fibrosis
The connective tissue fibers of the ______ layer of the dermis are extensively interwoven with those of the ______ layer to stabilize the position of the skin and bind it to the underlying tissues.
reticular; subcutaneous
When compressed, tactile cells release chemicals that stimulate ______ endings in the dermis.
sensory nerve
After a stem cell divides in the stratum basale, the resulting daughter cell enters the stratum ______ and it begins to lose its ability to divide.
spinosum
Cancellous or trabecular bone is also called ______ bone.
spongy
Calcium is required for ______.
stimulation of the heart; blood clotting; initiation of muscle contraction
Classify the tissue type of the epidermis: keratinized ______ epithelium.
stratified squamous
The layer of the skin from which most new epidermal cells are derived from is the ______.
stratum basale
The most superficial layer of the epidermis is the ______.
stratum corneum
On many parts of the body, the components of the dermis include blood vessels, ______ glands, ______ glands, hair follicles, nail roots, sensory nerve endings, and smooth muscle tissue.
sweat, sebaceous
The skin houses two types of general exocrine glands, which are ______ glands and ______ glands.
sweat; sebaceous
Scattered among the cells of the stratum basale are cells that are sensitive to touch. These sensory cells are called ______.
tactile cells
Which statements characterize central canals of osteons?
they contain blood vessels; they contain nerves; they are a cylindrical channel
Which statements characterize osteoclasts?
they have ruffled borders; they are phagocytic
Which statements characterize osteocytes?
they reside in lacunae; they maintain bone matrix
The stratum lucidum is found only in ______.
thick skin
The release of water vapor from sweat glands when we are not sweating is a process called ______.
transpiration
Choose the bones formed through endochondral ossification.
upper limb bones; vertebrae; lower limb bones
The skin is best described as ______.
water resistant
vernix caseosa
waterproof protective covering composed of sebum and sloughed off cells
Severe anemia can trigger the conversion of ______ bone marrow into ______ bone marrow.
yellow; red