A&P Terms

What are the 3 components of most negative feedback mechanisms

(1) a receptor, which monitors the value of a variable; (2) a control center, which receives information about the variable from the receptor, establishes the set point, and controls the effector; and (3) an effector, which produces responses that change the value of the variable

Nucleic Acids

(DNA & RNA) genetic material stores and uses information.

Proteins

(amino acids) which raise in size/ stability. They regulate physiological processes

4 Important macromolecules of this chapter

Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, and Nucleic Acid

6 most important elements used by biological systems which account for 99% of all atoms

Carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen,phosphorus, sulfur

What are the basic structural and functional units of plants and animals?

Cells

Name the six levels of organization in the body in order.

Chemical Level: Cells combine to form molecules. Cellular Level: Molecules form organelles Tissue Level: Similar cells + surrounding materials make up tissues Organ Level: Different tissues combine to form organs Organ System Level: organs such as urinary bladder and kidneys function together to make up organ systems Organism Level: Organ systems combine to make up organisms.

Lipids

Fats oils and waxes which are used as a source of energy

Negative Feedback

Helps maintain homeostasis; Negative means that any deviation from the set point is made smaller or is resisted; therefore, in a negative-feedback mechanism, the response to the original stimulus results in deviation from the set point, becoming smaller. Ex: maintaining normal blood pressure

How are polysaccharides stored?

In plants: converted to starch. In animals: glycogen.

Cells combine to form ____________

Molecules

Which carbohydrate sugar is the primary source of energy in the body?

Monosaccharides

Carbohydrates: What are the different types of sugars?

Monosaccharides-one sugar (glucose) Disaccharides- two sugars (sucrose) Polysaccharides- many sugars

Molecules combine to form ____________

Organelles

What are which are the small structures that make up cells?

Organelles

List the six characteristics of life

Organization, metabolism, responsiveness, growth, development, reproduction.

Micro anatomy

Seen with a magnifying system (tissues, cells, organelles)

What are the 4 basic types of tissue?

epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous

Differentiation

is change in cell structure and function from generalized to specialized

Morphogenesis

is change in the shape of tissues, organs, and the entire organism ex: following fertilization, generalized cells specialize to become specific cell types, such as skin, bone, muscle, or nerve cells.

Homeostasis

is the existence and maintenance of a relatively constant environment within the body.

Surface anatomy

is the study of the external form of the body and its relation to deeper structures. For example, the sternum (breastbone) and parts of the ribs can be seen and palpated (felt) on the front of the chest

What are disaccharides used for?

quick energy, split into monosaccharides and break bonds for energy. more stable than monosaccharides, they are more difficult to break down.

Carbohydrates

sugars that provide the body with energy

Anatomy

the branch of science that studies the structure of body parts

Physiology

the branch of science that studies what body parts do and how they function

What are the 11 organ systems in the body?

the integumentary (skin/hair), skeletal (bones), muscular, nervous (nerves, brain, spine), endocrine (glands), cardiovascular (heart&veins), lymphatic (lymph), respiratory (lungs), digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems

Gross anatomy

the study of structures that can be examined without the aid of a microscope

_______ accounts for 60-80% of cell volume

water (H2O)