A&P Test 1
Which type of cartilage growth occurs within the tissue and is where chondroblasts divide, secrete matrix, and get trapped in lacuna and go dormant?
Interstitial growth
Can an adequate exchange of gases between the atmosphere and lungs take place with any pressure?
No, an optimum pressure is necessary
If blood pressure is unstable in the body can blood flow occur?
No, blood pressure is necessary for blood flow in the body
If earth's atmosphere is made up of 22% oxygen is that normal?
No, earth's atmosphere is 21% oxygen
If a person's body composition has 50% water is that normal?
No, the human body is made up of 65% water.
If the human body's temperature is 36 degrees Celsius is that optimal?
No, the optimum body temperature is 37 degrees Celsius or 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit.
Will the temperatures of organs in the human body always stay the same?
No, they'll vary
Are the requirements of life the same as what's necessary to maintain life?
No, they're different
How are glands classified?
according to the site of product release
What form of CT cells secretes the matrix and divides to make more cells, actively mitotic, undifferentiated, and end in the suffix blast?
active form
What is the body's potential to adjust to outer stimuli?
adaptability
What type of connective tissue is used for energy and storage?
adipose
What type of connective tissue is used insulate?
adipose
What type of tissue arises from mesenchyme?
all connective tissue
What is produced from the digestion of protein and then excreted through the urinary tract?
amonia
What fills space produced by CT cells?
amorphous (without structure) material in ground substance
What energy building process results in an increase in the amount of protoplasm?
anabolism
If a person needs to know where the veins in the brachial are located they must know the study of what?
anatomy
What epithelial layer can have microvillae to increase surface area for absorption, secretion, etc.?
apical layer
What sweat glands are found in the skin, pubic region and breast areolae?
apocrine
What glands have a loss of cytoplasm and secretory product, ex: mammary glands?
apocrine glands
What are the the types of reproduction?
asexual: mitosis, few animals sexual: gametes (sex cells) parthenogenesis: from unfertilized eggs-lizards, drone bees, seedless fruit
What makes up matter?
atoms
What is the trait of all epithelial tissues that means no blood vessels called?
avascular
What epithelial layer acts as a selective filter?
basement membrane
What epithelial layer attaches to underlying CT?
basement membrane
What epithelial layer is composed of basal and reticular lamina?
basement membrane
What epithelial layer is made of glycoproteins?
basement membrane
What is the border between epithelial layer and connective tissue?
basement membrane
What epithelial layer is without cells?
basement membrane is acellular
What are the 3 types of desmosomes?
belt, buttons, hemidesmosomes
What type of connective tissue is used to bind and support?
bone, cartilage, ligaments, tendons
What type of connective tissue is used to protect?
bone, cartilage, ligaments, tendons, adipose
How is epithelia nourished?
by blood vessels in the underlying CT
How do cancer cells break boundaries?
by invading tissue below epithelium
What inorganic molecules are nutrients required for life?
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, vitamins, water, and minerals
What element is a waste produced in cells and excreted through the lungs?
carbon dioxide
What is considered an external and internal response?
carbon dioxide is reached by chemical sensors, that alert the brain and cause breathing changes
What type of muscle is in the heart walls, uninucleated, and has a branching sturucture of intercalated discs?
cardiac muscle
What tissue has no capacity for regeneration?
cardiac muscle, nervous tissue, things replaced by scar tissue
What does chondro, osteo, hemo, adipo, and fibro stand for?
cartliage, bone, blood, fat, CT proper
What breaking down process results in a release of energy for responsiveness, growth, reproduction, and movement?
catabolism
What type of molecules bind to each other and to extracellular materials and attach the base of epithelia to underlying basement membrane?
cell adhesion molecules
What are the two species that undergo reproduction?
cellular and organismal
What characteristic of epithelial tissue has lots of cells, tightly packed, and narrow spaces between cells?
cellularity
What glands are modified sweat glands in the external auditory meatus?
ceruminous glands
What are in the apical layer of epithelial tissue that are motile and propel substances in the trachea's lining?
cilia
What do cells use for movement?
cilia
What fiber is the most common, thick, bundled, shiny white, high tensile strength, and in ligaments and tendons?
collagen
What are the 3 types of fibers in CT?
collagen, elastic, reticular
What type of cells are column-like, very thick, found in cells that do a lot of secreting and active transport?
columnar
What is each organ made up of?
combinations of 2 or more of the 4 basic tissues
In connective tissue what do tissues differ in?
composition and arrangement of matrix
What tissue is used to support and attach?
connective
What type of tissue is the most abundant and varied type in the body?
connective tissue
What do multicellular exocrine structures do?
continuously secrete like stomach, salivary, secretory glands
What type of cells are square, some diffusion surface and some secretion (glandular)?
cuboidal
What is the study of cells?
cytology
What are 2 modifications in the digestive tract?
dense microbilli and goblet cells
What is the study of structural changes in an individual from conception to old age?
developmental
What is the process where a cell becomes a muscle cell?
differentiation
What process causes a substance to break down into its component parts?
digestion
What are button desmosomes?
discs to stablize the cell shapes
What form of CT cells surround themselves with matrix, they turn off, maintain he health of he matrix, and end in the suffix cyte?
dormant form
What sweat glands secrete directly on to the skin surface?
eccrine
What fiber is a thin coiled shape, found in structures that stretch and regain shape, blood vessels, skin, and lungs?
elastic
What area is the study of only changes before a person's birth?
embryology
What gland excretes internally?
endocrine
What glands are ductless, produce hormones, and are pinched off epithelial sheet undergo exocytosis and then into extracellular space?
endocrine
What type of simple squamous epithelium is the inner cover and special for cardiovascular lining?
endothelium
What tissue is used for covering and secretion?
epithelial
What tissue removes nutrients out of the digestive and respiratory tracts and what is this process?
epithelial, absorption
What tissue has a very well capacity for regeneration?
epithelial, bone, areolar CT, dense irregular CT, blood forming tissue
What are the four basic types of tissues?
epithelial, connective, muscle, nerve
What tissue selectively removes nutrients out of tracts and what is this process?
epithelial, excretion
What tissue protects against surface injury and what is this process?
epithelial, protection
What tissue puts substances (mucus) into digestive, respiratory, etc. tracts and what is this process?
epithelial, secretion
What tissue has sense organs made of specialized cells of lining and what is this process?
epithelial,sensory
What process removes wastes from the body?
excretion
What gland excretes externally?
exocrine
What is an indigestible product that is excreted naturally through the digestive tract?
feces
What provides support and is secreted by CT cells?
fibers
What type of tissue repair leads to scar tissue?
fibrosis
What is necessary for something to be considered a nutrient?
it must be brought into the body by consumption
What is an example of an epithelial tissue used for excretion, absorption, secretion, and filtration?
kidney
What epithelial layer is made of coarse protein fibers produced by CT cells?
lamina densa
What epithelial layer is the barrier to stuff underlying CT closer to epithelium?
lamina lucida
What two epithelial layers attach to basal lamina?
lamina lucida and lamina densa
What type of connective tissue is used to transport nutrients, ions, and waste?
lymph
What must epithelia do in order to be an effective barrier?
maintain physical integrity
What glands secrete products by exocytosis as they are produced like the pancreas, most sweat, and salivary glands?
merocrine glands
What tissue looks stratified and lines most of the respiratory tract, nasal cavity, male reproductive tract and secretes mucous?
pseudostratified columnar epithelium
What tissue repair process involves organization, restores blood supply, has fibroblasts produce collagen fibers, and involves macrophages, microphages, and granulation tissue?
regeneration
What type of tissue repair replaces tissue with the same kind of tissue?
regeneration
If a person gets stabbed with a knife what kind of tissue repair occurs?
regeneration and fibrosis
What are the two ways tissue repair occurs?
regeneration and fibrosis
What is the process that passes on traits?
reproduction
What are desmosomes?
resist stretching and twisting, proteoglycans reinforced by intermediate filaments, very strong, damaged cells lost in sheets (sunburn)
What causes the body to respond to environmental conditions in order to remain internally balanced?
responsiveness
What fiber is fine, small, and has branching extensions off of collagen fibers that form "nets" around structures, blood vessels and soft tissue organs?
reticular
What glands are serous and mucous glands?
salivary glands
What glands are absent in the palms and soles?
sebaceous
What oil glands secrete a mix of fats, cholesterol, protein, and organic salts?
sebaceous
What tissue layer is 1 layer thick and for food or diffusion surfaces?
simple
What tissue is 1 layer of column cells, used for diffusion and secretion and protects against chemcials and absorbs nutrients?
simple columnar epithelium
What tissue is 1 layer of square cells; for absorption and secretion glands, can secrete enzymes and buffers. ex: kidney tubules, pancreas, saliva glands?
simple cuboidal epithelium
What tissue is 1 layer thick of flat-shaped cells; found making up structures for diffusion, filtration, usually slick, ex: capillaries?
simple squamous epithelium
What type of muscle tissue is voluntary, multinucleated, striated, and can't divide newly?
skeletal muscle
What tissue has a weak capacity for regeneration?
skeletal muscle, cartilage
What is an example of epithelial tissue used for protection?
skin
What type of muscle is made of spindle shaped cells with no striations, forms hollow organ walls, and is found in the digestive, urinary systems, blood vessels and uterus?
smooth muscle
What tissue has a moderate capacity for regeneration?
smooth muscle, dense regular CT
If a surgeon needs to perform heart surgery they must be skilled in what kind of anatomy?
special
What is the study of specific organs considered?
special physiology
What characteristic of epithelial tissue fits closely together to form sheets-tight junctions and desmosones on the body surface?
specialized contacts
How does aging affect tissue repair?
speed and effectiveness decreases, tissue things and easily damages, cancer rates increase
What type of cells are very thin, flattened?
squamous
What are the cell junctions in epithelia?
tight junctions, gap junctions, desmosones
What are the major functions of connective tissue?
to bind, support, protect, insulate, energy/storage, and transport nutrients
What is the function of goblet cells in the digestive tract?
to produce mucous
What is the function of the serous membrane?
to reduce friction and for protection
What type of tissue stretches and is found in the bladder, ureters, and parts of urethra?
transitional epithelium
What are the two types of exocrine structures?
unicellular and mulicellular
What type of exocrine structure includes goblet cells?
unicellular, goblet cells produce mucin
What is required for the human body to remain at a constant temperature?
water
What serves as a lubricant in the joints and body cavities?
water
What serves as a transport medium for: nutrients, hormones, wastes, enzymes, etc.?
water
What are tight junctions?
water tight, fusion of lipid layers of adjoining membranes, ex: digestive tract
Does connective tissue vary in vascularity?
yes, it has different degrees of vascularity, cartilage is avascular
How is cartilage tissue nourished?
By blood vessels found in the well vascularized perichondrium
What are hemi desmosomes?
1/2 button, attach to basement
If a person has an oral temperature of 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit what is the temperature of their liver?
105 degrees Fahrenheit
If a person has an oral temperature of 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit what is the temperature of their brain?
109 degrees Fahrenheit
What does the human body get by breaking down compounds?
Adenosine triphosphate
Which type of cartilage growth occurs along the sides, allows outward edge growth and contains chondroblasts?
Appositional growth
Which type of cartilage growth only repairs in adults?
Appositional growth
If blood pressure is stable what bodily reaction occurs?
Blood flow occurs and oxygen goes into the blood
What is the most atypical connective tissue?
Blood tissue
What tissue consists of blood cells and matrix (plasma)?
Blood tissue
What tissue is found in blood vessels for transportation of gases in the cardiovascular system?
Blood tissue
What tissues are considered fluid CT?
Blood tissue and lymph tissue
What bodily activities require movement?
Blood, urine, food, etc.
What are the basic units of life?
Cells
In life what are functions that must be met?
Commonalities
If a person is exposed to too much ultraviolet light what can occur?
Damage to the body
What is Hyaline Cartilage, its function and location?
Description: amorphous but firm matrix; collagen fibers form an imperceptible network; chondroblasts produce the matrix and when mature (chondrocytes) lie in lacunae. Function: supports and reinforces; serves as resilient cushion; resists compressive stress. Location: forms most of the embryonic skeleton; covers the ends of long bones in joint cavities; forms costal cartilages of the ribs; cartilages of the nose, trachea, and larynx
What is Cardiac muscle, its function and location?
Description: branching, striated, generally uninucleate cells that interdigitate at specialized junctions called intercalated discs. Function: as it contracts, it propels blood into the circulation; involuntary control. Location: the walls of the heart.
What is Elastic Connective tissue proper (dense connective tissue), its function and location?
Description: dense regular connective tissue containing a high proportion of elastic fibers. Function: allows recoil of tissue following stretching; maintains pulsatile flow of blood through arteries; aids passive recoil of lungs following inspiration. Location: walls of large arteries; within certain ligaments associated with the vertebral column; within the walls of the bronchial tubes.
What is Embryonic (Mesenchyme) connective tissue, its function, and location?
Description: embryonic connective tissue; gel-like ground substance containing fibers; star-shaped mesenchymal cells. Function: gives rise to all other connective tissue types. Location: primarily in embryo.
What is Areolar Connective tissue proper (loose connective tissue), its function, and location?
Description: gel-like matrix with all three fiber types; cells: fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, and some white blood cells. Function: wraps and cushions organs; its macrophages phagocytize bacteria; plays important role in inflammation; holds and conveys tissue fluid. Location: widely distributed under epithelia of body, e.g., forms lamina propria of mucous membranes; packages organs; surrounds capillaries.
What is Bones (osseous tissue), its function and location?
Description: hard, calcified matrix containing many collagen fibers; osteocytes lie in lacunae. Very well vascularized. Function: bone supports and protects (by enclosing); provides levers for the muscles to act on; stores calcium and other minerals and fat; marrow inside bones is the site for blood cell formation (hematopoiesis). Location: bones
What is Skeletal muscle, its function and location?
Description: long, cylindrical, multinucleate cells; obvious striations. Function: voluntary movement; locomotion; manipulation of the environment; facial expression; voluntary control. Location: in skeletal muscles attached to bones or occasionally to skin.
What is Adipose Connective tissue proper (loose connective tissue), its function, and location?
Description: matrix as in areolar, but very sparse; closely packed adipocytes, or fat cells, have nucleus pushed to the side by large fat droplet. Function: provides reserve fuel; insulates against heat loss; supports and protects organs. Location: under skin; around kidneys and eyeballs; within abdomen; in breasts.
What is Fibrocartilage cartilage its function and location?
Description: matrix similar to but less firm than that in hyaline cartilage; thick collagen fibers predominate. Function: tensile strength with the ability to absorb compressive shock. Location: interverbral discs; pubic symphysis; discs of knee joint.
What is Reticular Connective tissue proper (loose connective tissue), its function, and location?
Description: network of reticular fibers in a typical loose ground substance; reticular cells lie on the network. Function: fibers form a soft internal skeleton (stroma) that supports other cell types, including white blood cells, mast cells, and macrophages. Location: lymphoid organs (lymph nodes, bone marrow, and spleen).
What is Dense Irregular Connective Tissue proper (dense connective tissue), its function and location?
Description: primarily irregularly arranged collagen fibers; some elastic fibers; major cell type is the fibroblast. Function: able to withstand tension exerted in many directions; provides structural strength. Location: fibrous capsules of organs and of joints; dermis of the skin; submucosa of digestive tract.
What is Dense Regular Connective tissue proper (dense connective tissue) its function and location?
Description: primarily parallel collagen fibers; a few elastic fibers; major cell type is the fibroblast. Function: attaches muscles to bones or to muscles; attaches bones to bones; withstands great tensile stress when pulling force is applied in one direction. Location: tendons, most ligaments, aponeuroses.
What is Blood, its function and location?
Description: red and white blood cells in a fluid matrix (plasma). Function: transport of respiratory gases, nutrients, wastes, and other substances. Location: contained within blood vessels.
What is Elastic Cartilage, its function and location?
Description: similar to hyaline cartilage, but more elastic fibers in matrix. Function: maintains the shape of a structure while allowing great flexibility. Location: supports the external ear (auricle); epiglottis.
What is Smooth muscle, its function and location?
Description: spindle-shaped cells with central nuclei; no striations; cells arranged closely to form sheets. Function: propels substances or objects (foodstuffs, urine, a baby) along internal passageways; involuntary control. Location: mostly in the walls of hollow organs.
Which type of cartilage has a higher tolerance for bending and stretching and is found in the earlobes and epiglottis?
Elastic
Which type of cartilage is found between vertebra, knees joints, and pubic symphsis?
Fibrocartilage
If the ozone layer is damaged what if any harm can occur?
Humans will be endangered by UV light, the ozone layer prevents most UV radiation from reaching the earth
Which type of cartilage is the most abundant, has lots of collagen and forms the nose, larynx, and part of the respiratory tract?
Hyaline
Are fingers and toes more or less metabolically active than the core?
Less
Where are 99% of lymphocytes and what forms as interstitial fluid and enters lymphatic vessels?
Lymph tissue
What systems does an organism use to look for food and reproduction?
Muscular & skeletal systems
What membrane is under lain by a thin layer of loose CT called lacuna propria?
Mucous
What membrane lines cavities like the digestive, respiratory, reproductive, and urinary tracts?
Mucous
What are some metabolically active organs?
Oral, liver, and brain temperatures
What element of maintaining life maintains boundaries and inside vs. outside?
Organization
What tissue is found in bones and organs?
Osseous/bone tissue
What deposits calcium salts on collagen fibers, gets trapped in lacuna and become osteocytes?
Osteoblasts
What is the process called when a substance enters a person's bloodstream for distribution to bodies' cells for use for fuel?
absorption
What is necessary to carry on cellular respiration?
Oxygen
What is the dense connective tissue surrounding the cartilage?
Perichondrium
What are gap junctions?
interlocking membrane proteins, ex: cardiac, smooth muscle
What is the ability to receive transmit and react to a stimulus?
Responsiveness
What membrane has simple squamous underlain by areolar CT?
Serous
What membrane is made of mesothelium?
Serous
What membrane lies within the pleura, pericardia, and peritoneum?
Serous
What level is everything treated at?
The cellular level
What organ system protects against water loss, invasion of bacteria, chemical damage, heat, light, etc.?
The integumentary system
What cellular boundary controls what enters and exits the cell?
The selectively permeable membrane
If an area is more metabolically active will it be colder or warmer?
Warmer
What brings nutrients to osteocytes?
Well vascularized canaliculi
How does the human body break down compounds?
With oxygen
Do commonalities apply to animal life?
Yes, all animal life has functions that must be met
Do the atoms and molecules that make up the protoplasm of the cell move?
Yes, they're in constant movement due to kinetic energy
What type of cells are good for permeability-absorption and filtration?
flat
What are belt desmosomes?
formed into hands
What type of cells are at the base of epithelial tissue?
germinative cells
What type of cells and process do epithelial cells use for maintenance and repair?
germinative cells near the basal lamina
What is an example of epithelial tissue used for secretion?
glands
What is the organ that produces and secretes a product that is aqueous plus protein?
glands
What type of tissue is a special case of cuboidal and specialized for secretion?
glandular epithelium
What category of anatomy are the muscles, heart, etc.?
gross or macroscopic
What is the medium for diffusion that slows the spread of pathogens?
ground substance
What is the common structural plan of connective tissue?
ground substance, fibers, and cells
What process always occurs after reproduction when anabolism outweighs catabolism?
growth
What process causes an increase in number of cells and size of cells?
growth
What two processes occur in a cell or individual organism?
growth and differentiation
What always follows reproduction?
growth and differention
What trait of epithelial tissue means replaced often?
highly regenerative
What is the study of tissues?
histology
What glands accumulate their products within them until they rupture; replaced by underlying cells, ex: sebaceous glands?
holocrine glands
Where is transudate located?
in the serous membrane
Where do chemical reactions in the human body take place?
in water
What tissue repair process increases blood flow, is considered a positive feedback mechanism, and occurs with necrosis and pus?
inflammation
What is the process called when a person puts something into their body>?
ingestion
What is the trait of all epithelial tissues that means containing nerve cells called?
innervated
What is part of epithelia that bonds adjacent cells-made of proteoglycans?
intercellular cement
What type of simple squamous epithelium is the middle cover and makes up serous membranes of the ventral cavity?
mesothelium
What is the sum total of all chemical reactions taking place within an organism?
metabolism
What produces substances that if found in too high a concentration are poisonous?
metabolism
What are small, thin extensions of the plasma membrane and if tightly packed for a BRUSH BORDER?
microvillae
What is made up of atoms?
molecules
What is the study of how form affects function?
morphology
What tissue is used for movement?
muscle
What tissue is made of long spindle shaped cells that contain myofilaments?
muscle tissue
What tissue is used for electrical impulse transmission for info and control?
nerve
What organ system has the longest cells in the body and makes up the brain, spinal, cord and nerves?
nervous system
What cell type is made of support cells, and non-conducting cells that feed, support and protect the neurons?
neuroglia
What cell type is made of long, branching cells that conduct electrical currents?
neurons
if an organism is microscopic can it be seen with the naked eye?
no, you need a microscope to see it
What is required for life but must be brought into the human body?
nutrients
What is the study of effects of disease?
pathology
If a person must know how blood is transported through the veins they must be skilled in what?
physiology
Where do human's get nutrients required for life?
plant/animal based foods and fungus
What characteristic of epithelial tissue has a aplical (front) and basal (back) surface attached to other tissues?
polarity
What tissue layer is several layers thick?
stratified
What type of tissue is rare and found in the male urethra, pharynx, and epiglottis?
stratified columnar
What type of tissue is found in the sweat and mammary glands?
stratified cuboidal
What type of tissue is found on the skin, mouth, esophagus, anus, vagina?
stratified squamous epithelium
If a nurse needs to start an IV they must be skilled in what kind of anatomy?
surface
What form do tissues return to if damaged?
the active form
What membrane is associated with skin, dry, covered by the epidermis, and underlain by dense irregular CT?
the cutaneous membrane
What consists of interstitial fluid, cell adhesion proteins, hyaluron and proteoglycans?
the ground substance of CT
What do ground substance + fibers make up?
the matrix
What tissue is metabolically active, cellular, vascularized, innervated, and can conduct electrical current?
the muscle tissue
What system is involved with most of the responses?
the nervous system
What shape and location conforms to the cell shape?
the nucleus
What is the layer in the serous membrane that is attached to the cavity wall?
the parietal layer
What allows connective tissue to bear weight, withstand tension, and endure abuse?
the presence of extracellular matrix (non-living); cells are dispersed in matrix
If a person needs to know the abdominal or thoracic area they need to know what?
the regional structure
What produces mucin and sends it to the golgi apparatus to exit the cell through exocytosis?
the rough endoreticulum
What membrane is composed of areolar CT with elastic fibers and some adipose?
the serous membrane
What membranes line the cavities of the freely moveable joints?
the synovial membranes
If a person needs to know the processes of an organ system they need to know what?
the systemic structure
What is the layer in the serous membrane that covers and attaches to the organs inside the cavity?
the visceral layer
What do all stratified tissues have in common?
they regenerate from below, protect, obtain nutrients from underlying CT, and have viable surface cells
What type of cells are good for protection/secretion-high abrasion areas?
thicker
