A&P Test 1

Which type of cartilage growth occurs within the tissue and is where chondroblasts divide, secrete matrix, and get trapped in lacuna and go dormant?

Interstitial growth

Can an adequate exchange of gases between the atmosphere and lungs take place with any pressure?

No, an optimum pressure is necessary

If blood pressure is unstable in the body can blood flow occur?

No, blood pressure is necessary for blood flow in the body

If earth's atmosphere is made up of 22% oxygen is that normal?

No, earth's atmosphere is 21% oxygen

If a person's body composition has 50% water is that normal?

No, the human body is made up of 65% water.

If the human body's temperature is 36 degrees Celsius is that optimal?

No, the optimum body temperature is 37 degrees Celsius or 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit.

Will the temperatures of organs in the human body always stay the same?

No, they'll vary

Are the requirements of life the same as what's necessary to maintain life?

No, they're different

How are glands classified?

according to the site of product release

What form of CT cells secretes the matrix and divides to make more cells, actively mitotic, undifferentiated, and end in the suffix blast?

active form

What is the body's potential to adjust to outer stimuli?

adaptability

What type of connective tissue is used for energy and storage?

adipose

What type of connective tissue is used insulate?

adipose

What type of tissue arises from mesenchyme?

all connective tissue

What is produced from the digestion of protein and then excreted through the urinary tract?

amonia

What fills space produced by CT cells?

amorphous (without structure) material in ground substance

What energy building process results in an increase in the amount of protoplasm?

anabolism

If a person needs to know where the veins in the brachial are located they must know the study of what?

anatomy

What epithelial layer can have microvillae to increase surface area for absorption, secretion, etc.?

apical layer

What sweat glands are found in the skin, pubic region and breast areolae?

apocrine

What glands have a loss of cytoplasm and secretory product, ex: mammary glands?

apocrine glands

What are the the types of reproduction?

asexual: mitosis, few animals sexual: gametes (sex cells) parthenogenesis: from unfertilized eggs-lizards, drone bees, seedless fruit

What makes up matter?

atoms

What is the trait of all epithelial tissues that means no blood vessels called?

avascular

What epithelial layer acts as a selective filter?

basement membrane

What epithelial layer attaches to underlying CT?

basement membrane

What epithelial layer is composed of basal and reticular lamina?

basement membrane

What epithelial layer is made of glycoproteins?

basement membrane

What is the border between epithelial layer and connective tissue?

basement membrane

What epithelial layer is without cells?

basement membrane is acellular

What are the 3 types of desmosomes?

belt, buttons, hemidesmosomes

What type of connective tissue is used to bind and support?

bone, cartilage, ligaments, tendons

What type of connective tissue is used to protect?

bone, cartilage, ligaments, tendons, adipose

How is epithelia nourished?

by blood vessels in the underlying CT

How do cancer cells break boundaries?

by invading tissue below epithelium

What inorganic molecules are nutrients required for life?

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, vitamins, water, and minerals

What element is a waste produced in cells and excreted through the lungs?

carbon dioxide

What is considered an external and internal response?

carbon dioxide is reached by chemical sensors, that alert the brain and cause breathing changes

What type of muscle is in the heart walls, uninucleated, and has a branching sturucture of intercalated discs?

cardiac muscle

What tissue has no capacity for regeneration?

cardiac muscle, nervous tissue, things replaced by scar tissue

What does chondro, osteo, hemo, adipo, and fibro stand for?

cartliage, bone, blood, fat, CT proper

What breaking down process results in a release of energy for responsiveness, growth, reproduction, and movement?

catabolism

What type of molecules bind to each other and to extracellular materials and attach the base of epithelia to underlying basement membrane?

cell adhesion molecules

What are the two species that undergo reproduction?

cellular and organismal

What characteristic of epithelial tissue has lots of cells, tightly packed, and narrow spaces between cells?

cellularity

What glands are modified sweat glands in the external auditory meatus?

ceruminous glands

What are in the apical layer of epithelial tissue that are motile and propel substances in the trachea's lining?

cilia

What do cells use for movement?

cilia

What fiber is the most common, thick, bundled, shiny white, high tensile strength, and in ligaments and tendons?

collagen

What are the 3 types of fibers in CT?

collagen, elastic, reticular

What type of cells are column-like, very thick, found in cells that do a lot of secreting and active transport?

columnar

What is each organ made up of?

combinations of 2 or more of the 4 basic tissues

In connective tissue what do tissues differ in?

composition and arrangement of matrix

What tissue is used to support and attach?

connective

What type of tissue is the most abundant and varied type in the body?

connective tissue

What do multicellular exocrine structures do?

continuously secrete like stomach, salivary, secretory glands

What type of cells are square, some diffusion surface and some secretion (glandular)?

cuboidal

What is the study of cells?

cytology

What are 2 modifications in the digestive tract?

dense microbilli and goblet cells

What is the study of structural changes in an individual from conception to old age?

developmental

What is the process where a cell becomes a muscle cell?

differentiation

What process causes a substance to break down into its component parts?

digestion

What are button desmosomes?

discs to stablize the cell shapes

What form of CT cells surround themselves with matrix, they turn off, maintain he health of he matrix, and end in the suffix cyte?

dormant form

What sweat glands secrete directly on to the skin surface?

eccrine

What fiber is a thin coiled shape, found in structures that stretch and regain shape, blood vessels, skin, and lungs?

elastic

What area is the study of only changes before a person's birth?

embryology

What gland excretes internally?

endocrine

What glands are ductless, produce hormones, and are pinched off epithelial sheet undergo exocytosis and then into extracellular space?

endocrine

What type of simple squamous epithelium is the inner cover and special for cardiovascular lining?

endothelium

What tissue is used for covering and secretion?

epithelial

What tissue removes nutrients out of the digestive and respiratory tracts and what is this process?

epithelial, absorption

What tissue has a very well capacity for regeneration?

epithelial, bone, areolar CT, dense irregular CT, blood forming tissue

What are the four basic types of tissues?

epithelial, connective, muscle, nerve

What tissue selectively removes nutrients out of tracts and what is this process?

epithelial, excretion

What tissue protects against surface injury and what is this process?

epithelial, protection

What tissue puts substances (mucus) into digestive, respiratory, etc. tracts and what is this process?

epithelial, secretion

What tissue has sense organs made of specialized cells of lining and what is this process?

epithelial,sensory

What process removes wastes from the body?

excretion

What gland excretes externally?

exocrine

What is an indigestible product that is excreted naturally through the digestive tract?

feces

What provides support and is secreted by CT cells?

fibers

What type of tissue repair leads to scar tissue?

fibrosis

What is necessary for something to be considered a nutrient?

it must be brought into the body by consumption

What is an example of an epithelial tissue used for excretion, absorption, secretion, and filtration?

kidney

What epithelial layer is made of coarse protein fibers produced by CT cells?

lamina densa

What epithelial layer is the barrier to stuff underlying CT closer to epithelium?

lamina lucida

What two epithelial layers attach to basal lamina?

lamina lucida and lamina densa

What type of connective tissue is used to transport nutrients, ions, and waste?

lymph

What must epithelia do in order to be an effective barrier?

maintain physical integrity

What glands secrete products by exocytosis as they are produced like the pancreas, most sweat, and salivary glands?

merocrine glands

What tissue looks stratified and lines most of the respiratory tract, nasal cavity, male reproductive tract and secretes mucous?

pseudostratified columnar epithelium

What tissue repair process involves organization, restores blood supply, has fibroblasts produce collagen fibers, and involves macrophages, microphages, and granulation tissue?

regeneration

What type of tissue repair replaces tissue with the same kind of tissue?

regeneration

If a person gets stabbed with a knife what kind of tissue repair occurs?

regeneration and fibrosis

What are the two ways tissue repair occurs?

regeneration and fibrosis

What is the process that passes on traits?

reproduction

What are desmosomes?

resist stretching and twisting, proteoglycans reinforced by intermediate filaments, very strong, damaged cells lost in sheets (sunburn)

What causes the body to respond to environmental conditions in order to remain internally balanced?

responsiveness

What fiber is fine, small, and has branching extensions off of collagen fibers that form "nets" around structures, blood vessels and soft tissue organs?

reticular

What glands are serous and mucous glands?

salivary glands

What glands are absent in the palms and soles?

sebaceous

What oil glands secrete a mix of fats, cholesterol, protein, and organic salts?

sebaceous

What tissue layer is 1 layer thick and for food or diffusion surfaces?

simple

What tissue is 1 layer of column cells, used for diffusion and secretion and protects against chemcials and absorbs nutrients?

simple columnar epithelium

What tissue is 1 layer of square cells; for absorption and secretion glands, can secrete enzymes and buffers. ex: kidney tubules, pancreas, saliva glands?

simple cuboidal epithelium

What tissue is 1 layer thick of flat-shaped cells; found making up structures for diffusion, filtration, usually slick, ex: capillaries?

simple squamous epithelium

What type of muscle tissue is voluntary, multinucleated, striated, and can't divide newly?

skeletal muscle

What tissue has a weak capacity for regeneration?

skeletal muscle, cartilage

What is an example of epithelial tissue used for protection?

skin

What type of muscle is made of spindle shaped cells with no striations, forms hollow organ walls, and is found in the digestive, urinary systems, blood vessels and uterus?

smooth muscle

What tissue has a moderate capacity for regeneration?

smooth muscle, dense regular CT

If a surgeon needs to perform heart surgery they must be skilled in what kind of anatomy?

special

What is the study of specific organs considered?

special physiology

What characteristic of epithelial tissue fits closely together to form sheets-tight junctions and desmosones on the body surface?

specialized contacts

How does aging affect tissue repair?

speed and effectiveness decreases, tissue things and easily damages, cancer rates increase

What type of cells are very thin, flattened?

squamous

What are the cell junctions in epithelia?

tight junctions, gap junctions, desmosones

What are the major functions of connective tissue?

to bind, support, protect, insulate, energy/storage, and transport nutrients

What is the function of goblet cells in the digestive tract?

to produce mucous

What is the function of the serous membrane?

to reduce friction and for protection

What type of tissue stretches and is found in the bladder, ureters, and parts of urethra?

transitional epithelium

What are the two types of exocrine structures?

unicellular and mulicellular

What type of exocrine structure includes goblet cells?

unicellular, goblet cells produce mucin

What is required for the human body to remain at a constant temperature?

water

What serves as a lubricant in the joints and body cavities?

water

What serves as a transport medium for: nutrients, hormones, wastes, enzymes, etc.?

water

What are tight junctions?

water tight, fusion of lipid layers of adjoining membranes, ex: digestive tract

Does connective tissue vary in vascularity?

yes, it has different degrees of vascularity, cartilage is avascular

How is cartilage tissue nourished?

By blood vessels found in the well vascularized perichondrium

What are hemi desmosomes?

1/2 button, attach to basement

If a person has an oral temperature of 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit what is the temperature of their liver?

105 degrees Fahrenheit

If a person has an oral temperature of 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit what is the temperature of their brain?

109 degrees Fahrenheit

What does the human body get by breaking down compounds?

Adenosine triphosphate

Which type of cartilage growth occurs along the sides, allows outward edge growth and contains chondroblasts?

Appositional growth

Which type of cartilage growth only repairs in adults?

Appositional growth

If blood pressure is stable what bodily reaction occurs?

Blood flow occurs and oxygen goes into the blood

What is the most atypical connective tissue?

Blood tissue

What tissue consists of blood cells and matrix (plasma)?

Blood tissue

What tissue is found in blood vessels for transportation of gases in the cardiovascular system?

Blood tissue

What tissues are considered fluid CT?

Blood tissue and lymph tissue

What bodily activities require movement?

Blood, urine, food, etc.

What are the basic units of life?

Cells

In life what are functions that must be met?

Commonalities

If a person is exposed to too much ultraviolet light what can occur?

Damage to the body

What is Hyaline Cartilage, its function and location?

Description: amorphous but firm matrix; collagen fibers form an imperceptible network; chondroblasts produce the matrix and when mature (chondrocytes) lie in lacunae. Function: supports and reinforces; serves as resilient cushion; resists compressive stress. Location: forms most of the embryonic skeleton; covers the ends of long bones in joint cavities; forms costal cartilages of the ribs; cartilages of the nose, trachea, and larynx

What is Cardiac muscle, its function and location?

Description: branching, striated, generally uninucleate cells that interdigitate at specialized junctions called intercalated discs. Function: as it contracts, it propels blood into the circulation; involuntary control. Location: the walls of the heart.

What is Elastic Connective tissue proper (dense connective tissue), its function and location?

Description: dense regular connective tissue containing a high proportion of elastic fibers. Function: allows recoil of tissue following stretching; maintains pulsatile flow of blood through arteries; aids passive recoil of lungs following inspiration. Location: walls of large arteries; within certain ligaments associated with the vertebral column; within the walls of the bronchial tubes.

What is Embryonic (Mesenchyme) connective tissue, its function, and location?

Description: embryonic connective tissue; gel-like ground substance containing fibers; star-shaped mesenchymal cells. Function: gives rise to all other connective tissue types. Location: primarily in embryo.

What is Areolar Connective tissue proper (loose connective tissue), its function, and location?

Description: gel-like matrix with all three fiber types; cells: fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, and some white blood cells. Function: wraps and cushions organs; its macrophages phagocytize bacteria; plays important role in inflammation; holds and conveys tissue fluid. Location: widely distributed under epithelia of body, e.g., forms lamina propria of mucous membranes; packages organs; surrounds capillaries.

What is Bones (osseous tissue), its function and location?

Description: hard, calcified matrix containing many collagen fibers; osteocytes lie in lacunae. Very well vascularized. Function: bone supports and protects (by enclosing); provides levers for the muscles to act on; stores calcium and other minerals and fat; marrow inside bones is the site for blood cell formation (hematopoiesis). Location: bones

What is Skeletal muscle, its function and location?

Description: long, cylindrical, multinucleate cells; obvious striations. Function: voluntary movement; locomotion; manipulation of the environment; facial expression; voluntary control. Location: in skeletal muscles attached to bones or occasionally to skin.

What is Adipose Connective tissue proper (loose connective tissue), its function, and location?

Description: matrix as in areolar, but very sparse; closely packed adipocytes, or fat cells, have nucleus pushed to the side by large fat droplet. Function: provides reserve fuel; insulates against heat loss; supports and protects organs. Location: under skin; around kidneys and eyeballs; within abdomen; in breasts.

What is Fibrocartilage cartilage its function and location?

Description: matrix similar to but less firm than that in hyaline cartilage; thick collagen fibers predominate. Function: tensile strength with the ability to absorb compressive shock. Location: interverbral discs; pubic symphysis; discs of knee joint.

What is Reticular Connective tissue proper (loose connective tissue), its function, and location?

Description: network of reticular fibers in a typical loose ground substance; reticular cells lie on the network. Function: fibers form a soft internal skeleton (stroma) that supports other cell types, including white blood cells, mast cells, and macrophages. Location: lymphoid organs (lymph nodes, bone marrow, and spleen).

What is Dense Irregular Connective Tissue proper (dense connective tissue), its function and location?

Description: primarily irregularly arranged collagen fibers; some elastic fibers; major cell type is the fibroblast. Function: able to withstand tension exerted in many directions; provides structural strength. Location: fibrous capsules of organs and of joints; dermis of the skin; submucosa of digestive tract.

What is Dense Regular Connective tissue proper (dense connective tissue) its function and location?

Description: primarily parallel collagen fibers; a few elastic fibers; major cell type is the fibroblast. Function: attaches muscles to bones or to muscles; attaches bones to bones; withstands great tensile stress when pulling force is applied in one direction. Location: tendons, most ligaments, aponeuroses.

What is Blood, its function and location?

Description: red and white blood cells in a fluid matrix (plasma). Function: transport of respiratory gases, nutrients, wastes, and other substances. Location: contained within blood vessels.

What is Elastic Cartilage, its function and location?

Description: similar to hyaline cartilage, but more elastic fibers in matrix. Function: maintains the shape of a structure while allowing great flexibility. Location: supports the external ear (auricle); epiglottis.

What is Smooth muscle, its function and location?

Description: spindle-shaped cells with central nuclei; no striations; cells arranged closely to form sheets. Function: propels substances or objects (foodstuffs, urine, a baby) along internal passageways; involuntary control. Location: mostly in the walls of hollow organs.

Which type of cartilage has a higher tolerance for bending and stretching and is found in the earlobes and epiglottis?

Elastic

Which type of cartilage is found between vertebra, knees joints, and pubic symphsis?

Fibrocartilage

If the ozone layer is damaged what if any harm can occur?

Humans will be endangered by UV light, the ozone layer prevents most UV radiation from reaching the earth

Which type of cartilage is the most abundant, has lots of collagen and forms the nose, larynx, and part of the respiratory tract?

Hyaline

Are fingers and toes more or less metabolically active than the core?

Less

Where are 99% of lymphocytes and what forms as interstitial fluid and enters lymphatic vessels?

Lymph tissue

What systems does an organism use to look for food and reproduction?

Muscular & skeletal systems

What membrane is under lain by a thin layer of loose CT called lacuna propria?

Mucous

What membrane lines cavities like the digestive, respiratory, reproductive, and urinary tracts?

Mucous

What are some metabolically active organs?

Oral, liver, and brain temperatures

What element of maintaining life maintains boundaries and inside vs. outside?

Organization

What tissue is found in bones and organs?

Osseous/bone tissue

What deposits calcium salts on collagen fibers, gets trapped in lacuna and become osteocytes?

Osteoblasts

What is the process called when a substance enters a person's bloodstream for distribution to bodies' cells for use for fuel?

absorption

What is necessary to carry on cellular respiration?

Oxygen

What is the dense connective tissue surrounding the cartilage?

Perichondrium

What are gap junctions?

interlocking membrane proteins, ex: cardiac, smooth muscle

What is the ability to receive transmit and react to a stimulus?

Responsiveness

What membrane has simple squamous underlain by areolar CT?

Serous

What membrane is made of mesothelium?

Serous

What membrane lies within the pleura, pericardia, and peritoneum?

Serous

What level is everything treated at?

The cellular level

What organ system protects against water loss, invasion of bacteria, chemical damage, heat, light, etc.?

The integumentary system

What cellular boundary controls what enters and exits the cell?

The selectively permeable membrane

If an area is more metabolically active will it be colder or warmer?

Warmer

What brings nutrients to osteocytes?

Well vascularized canaliculi

How does the human body break down compounds?

With oxygen

Do commonalities apply to animal life?

Yes, all animal life has functions that must be met

Do the atoms and molecules that make up the protoplasm of the cell move?

Yes, they're in constant movement due to kinetic energy

What type of cells are good for permeability-absorption and filtration?

flat

What are belt desmosomes?

formed into hands

What type of cells are at the base of epithelial tissue?

germinative cells

What type of cells and process do epithelial cells use for maintenance and repair?

germinative cells near the basal lamina

What is an example of epithelial tissue used for secretion?

glands

What is the organ that produces and secretes a product that is aqueous plus protein?

glands

What type of tissue is a special case of cuboidal and specialized for secretion?

glandular epithelium

What category of anatomy are the muscles, heart, etc.?

gross or macroscopic

What is the medium for diffusion that slows the spread of pathogens?

ground substance

What is the common structural plan of connective tissue?

ground substance, fibers, and cells

What process always occurs after reproduction when anabolism outweighs catabolism?

growth

What process causes an increase in number of cells and size of cells?

growth

What two processes occur in a cell or individual organism?

growth and differentiation

What always follows reproduction?

growth and differention

What trait of epithelial tissue means replaced often?

highly regenerative

What is the study of tissues?

histology

What glands accumulate their products within them until they rupture; replaced by underlying cells, ex: sebaceous glands?

holocrine glands

Where is transudate located?

in the serous membrane

Where do chemical reactions in the human body take place?

in water

What tissue repair process increases blood flow, is considered a positive feedback mechanism, and occurs with necrosis and pus?

inflammation

What is the process called when a person puts something into their body>?

ingestion

What is the trait of all epithelial tissues that means containing nerve cells called?

innervated

What is part of epithelia that bonds adjacent cells-made of proteoglycans?

intercellular cement

What type of simple squamous epithelium is the middle cover and makes up serous membranes of the ventral cavity?

mesothelium

What is the sum total of all chemical reactions taking place within an organism?

metabolism

What produces substances that if found in too high a concentration are poisonous?

metabolism

What are small, thin extensions of the plasma membrane and if tightly packed for a BRUSH BORDER?

microvillae

What is made up of atoms?

molecules

What is the study of how form affects function?

morphology

What tissue is used for movement?

muscle

What tissue is made of long spindle shaped cells that contain myofilaments?

muscle tissue

What tissue is used for electrical impulse transmission for info and control?

nerve

What organ system has the longest cells in the body and makes up the brain, spinal, cord and nerves?

nervous system

What cell type is made of support cells, and non-conducting cells that feed, support and protect the neurons?

neuroglia

What cell type is made of long, branching cells that conduct electrical currents?

neurons

if an organism is microscopic can it be seen with the naked eye?

no, you need a microscope to see it

What is required for life but must be brought into the human body?

nutrients

What is the study of effects of disease?

pathology

If a person must know how blood is transported through the veins they must be skilled in what?

physiology

Where do human's get nutrients required for life?

plant/animal based foods and fungus

What characteristic of epithelial tissue has a aplical (front) and basal (back) surface attached to other tissues?

polarity

What tissue layer is several layers thick?

stratified

What type of tissue is rare and found in the male urethra, pharynx, and epiglottis?

stratified columnar

What type of tissue is found in the sweat and mammary glands?

stratified cuboidal

What type of tissue is found on the skin, mouth, esophagus, anus, vagina?

stratified squamous epithelium

If a nurse needs to start an IV they must be skilled in what kind of anatomy?

surface

What form do tissues return to if damaged?

the active form

What membrane is associated with skin, dry, covered by the epidermis, and underlain by dense irregular CT?

the cutaneous membrane

What consists of interstitial fluid, cell adhesion proteins, hyaluron and proteoglycans?

the ground substance of CT

What do ground substance + fibers make up?

the matrix

What tissue is metabolically active, cellular, vascularized, innervated, and can conduct electrical current?

the muscle tissue

What system is involved with most of the responses?

the nervous system

What shape and location conforms to the cell shape?

the nucleus

What is the layer in the serous membrane that is attached to the cavity wall?

the parietal layer

What allows connective tissue to bear weight, withstand tension, and endure abuse?

the presence of extracellular matrix (non-living); cells are dispersed in matrix

If a person needs to know the abdominal or thoracic area they need to know what?

the regional structure

What produces mucin and sends it to the golgi apparatus to exit the cell through exocytosis?

the rough endoreticulum

What membrane is composed of areolar CT with elastic fibers and some adipose?

the serous membrane

What membranes line the cavities of the freely moveable joints?

the synovial membranes

If a person needs to know the processes of an organ system they need to know what?

the systemic structure

What is the layer in the serous membrane that covers and attaches to the organs inside the cavity?

the visceral layer

What do all stratified tissues have in common?

they regenerate from below, protect, obtain nutrients from underlying CT, and have viable surface cells

What type of cells are good for protection/secretion-high abrasion areas?

thicker