A&P The Respiratory System

Which bone does not form part of the lateral or superior walls of the nasal cavity? A) maxilla B) mandible C) nasal D) ethmoid E) sphenoid

B) mandible

Contraction of the intrinsic laryngeal muscles can

close the glottis.

The nasal cavity, pharynx, and larynx constitute the ________ portion of the airway

conducting

The ring-shaped cartilage just inferior to the thyroid cartilage is the ________ cartilage.

cricoid

Physical damage to the lamina propria of the nasal mucosa is likely to result in

epistaxis or nosebleeds.

Quiet breathing is to ________ as shallow breathing is to ________.

eupnea; costal breathing

Air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is

greater than the pressure in the atmosphere.

Primary bronchi enter their respective lungs along with pulmonary vessels, nerves, and lymphatics at which region?

hilum

A patient with a connective tissue disease experiences increased pulmonary vascular resistance. Over a period of time, you would expect to observe

increased thickness of the right ventricular wall.

During quiet breathing,

inspiration involves muscular contractions and expiration is passive.

Expiratory movements are produced by contraction of the ________ muscle.

internal intercostal

The nasal cavity opens into the nasopharynx through a connection known as the

internal nares.

The process by which dissolved gases are exchanged between the cells and interstitial fluids is

internal respiration.

Which pressure remains negative throughout the respiratory cycle?

intrapleural

Boyleʹs law states that the pressure of a gas is

inversely proportional to the volume of its container.

The ________ branch from the trachea at the carina.

primary bronchi

Which of the following descriptions best matches the term external intercostal?

primary muscle of inspiration

The interlobular septa divide the lungs into

pulmonary lobules.

The physical movement of air into and out of lungs is termed

pulmonary ventilation.

The nasopharynx transitions into the oropharynx at the level of the

soft palate.

Accidently sending fluid up out of the nose happens when the ________ fails to close off the ________.

soft palate; nasopharynx

The glottis is

the opening to the larynx.

When the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract,

the volume of the thorax increases.

A common site to place a tracheostomy tube is through the ligament that connects the cricoid cartilage to the ________ cartilage.

thyroid

The largest cartilage of the larynx is the ________ cartilage.

thyroid

Air entering the body is filtered, warmed, and humidified by the

upper respiratory tract.

If a patient inhales as deeply as possible and then exhales as much as possible, the volume of air expelled would be the patientʹs

vital capacity.

________ is the amount of air that moves into the respiratory system during a single respiratory cycle.

Tidal volume

An acute infection of the throat that can lead to swelling and closure of the glottis and cause suffocation is known as

acute epiglottitis.

The respiratory portion of the respiratory tract includes the

alveoli.

Air that remains in conducting passages and doesnʹt participate in gas exchange is termed

anatomic dead space.

An elastic ________ ligament and the ________ muscle connect the ends of tracheal cartilage.

anular; trachealis

The paired cartilages that articulate with the superior border of the cricoid cartilage are the ________ cartilages.

arytenoid

A pneumothorax typically causes

atelectasis.

The normal respiratory rate of a resting adult ranges from ________ breaths each minute, or roughly one for every four heartbeats.

12-18

Lung tissue receives oxygen and nutrients from the

bronchial arteries.

Carbon dioxide and water combine to form

carbonic acid.

Which of these is not part of the upper respiratory system? A) larynx B) pharynx C) nasal cavity D) nose E) sinuses

A) larynx

Which of the following organs is not part of the lower respiratory system? A) pharynx B) trachea C) larynx D) bronchi E) alveoli

A) pharynx

________ = respiratory rate × (tidal volume - anatomic dead space)

Alveolar ventilation rate

The ________ of the lungs is an indication of their expandability, how easily the lungs expand and contract.

compliance

The conchae

create turbulence in the air to trap particulate matter in mucus.

The ligament bridging the larynx with the trachea is the ________ ligament.

cricotracheal

Increasing the alveolar ventilation rate will

decrease the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the alveoli.

Which of the following factors would increase the amount of oxygen discharged by hemoglobin to peripheral tissues?

decreased pH

The elastic cartilage that covers the opening to the larynx during swallowing is the

epiglottis.

The flap-like structure that prevents food from entering the larynx is called the

epiglottis.

Damage to the phrenic nerves would

force reliance on costal breathing.

In which direction does carbon dioxide move during internal respiration?

from the tissue cells into the blood

The partial pressure of oxygen in atmospheric air at sea level is

greater than the partial pressure of oxygen in atmospheric air at the top of Mt. Everest.

The percent of oxygen saturation of hemoglobin when the temperature is 38 degrees centigrade is

greater than the percent of oxygen saturation of hemoglobin when the temperature is 43 degrees centigrade.

The nasal cavity is separated from the oral cavity by the

hard palate.

Tina is singing a song. At a certain point in the song, she forces a large volume of air out of the glottis and at the same time increases the tension on her vocal cords. The sound that she produces is

high pitched and loud

Use of the accessory respiratory muscles is characteristic of forced breathing, or

hyperpnea.

Boyleʹs law of gases states that

if the volume goes up, the pressure goes down.

Inhaling through the nostrils is preferred over the mouth because

it allows better conditioning of the inhaled air.

The superior region of the pharynx is called the

nasopharynx.

The ________ fissure separates the lobes of the left lung.

oblique

All of the following provide chemoreceptor input to the respiratory centers of the medulla oblongata except the

olfactory epithelium.

Factors affecting the release of oxygen from hemoglobin can be visualized by using a

oxygen-hemoglobin saturation curve.

The ________ inhibit the apneustic centers and promote passive or active exhalation

pheumotaxic centers

The resulting pain and inflammation when pleural fluid is unable to prevent friction between the opposing pleural surfaces is known as

pleurisy.

The Hering-Breuer reflex

protects the lungs from damage due to overinflation.

The entire array of protective mechanisms in the respiratory system is called the

respiratory defense system.

The condition resulting from inadequate production of surfactant and the resultant collapse of alveoli is

respiratory distress syndrome.

Which of the following can be calculated if the tidal volume and respiratory rate are known?

respiratory minute volume

During a choking episode, most foreign objects are lodged in the ________ bronchus due to its larger diameter and steeper angle.

right primary

If PO2 increases

saturation goes up and hemoglobin stores oxygen.

One way to improve respiratory performance with age is to

stop smoking.

Air flows between nasal conchae through the

superior, middle, and inferior nasal meatuses.

Lungs are held tightly to the wall of the thorax due to

surface tension of the pleural fluid and negative pressure in the cavity.

During inhalation, air continues to move into the lungs until

the internal pressure is the same is atmospheric pressure.

Which of the following are not present prior to birth?

Alveoli are expanded.

Severing the sensory fibers from the lungs would result in all of the following except A) less inhibition of the inspiratory center during forced breathing. B) a drop in tidal volume. C) potential damage to the lungs due to overinflation. D) a disappearance of the Hering-Breuer reflexes. E) less stimulation of the expiratory center during forced breathing.

B) a drop in tidal volume.

Each 100 ml of blood leaving the alveolar capillaries carries away roughly ________ ml of oxygen.

20

The following is a list of some airways. What is the order in which air passes through them? 1. lobar bronchus 2. bronchioles 3. alveolar ducts 4. primary bronchus 5. respiratory bronchiole 6. alveoli 7. terminal bronchiole

4, 1, 2, 7, 5, 3, 6

Under quiet conditions, blood returning to the heart retains about ________ of its oxygen content.

75 percent

Higher brain centers that alter the activity of the respiratory centers include all of the following except A) cortical association areas. B) the precentral motor gyrus. C) the limbic system. D) the hypothalamus. E) Brocaʹs center.

B) the precentral motor gyrus.

The normal rate and depth of breathing is established by the ________ center(s).

DRG and VRG

________ involves active inspiratory and expiratory movements and calls on accessory muscles to assist with inhalation, while exhalation involves contraction of the internal intercostal muscles and sometimes abdominal muscles, too.

Forced breathing

For maximum loading of hemoglobin with oxygen at the lungs, the

PO2 should be as high as possible.

Information from chemoreceptors travels to the brain via the ________ nerves.

vagus and glossopharyngeal

The partial pressure of carbon dioxide is greatest in

venous blood.

The portion of the nasal cavity contained within the flexible tissues of the external nose is the

vestibule.

The serous membrane that covers the lungs is the

visceral pleura.

A pair of ligaments covered by laryngeal epithelium that function in sound production are the

vocal folds.

The function of pulmonary ventilation is to

maintain adequate alveolar ventilation.

Alveolar ventilation refers to the

movement of air into and out of the alveoli.

An important component of the lamina propria in the upper respiratory system is

mucus glands.

The ________ is shared by the respiratory and digestive systems.

pharynx

Air passing through the glottis vibrates the vocal folds and produces

phonation.

The term ________ describes the result from an injury that permits air to leak into the intrapleural space.

pneumothorax

Most of the carbon dioxide in the blood is transported as

bicarbonate ions.

The actual sites of gas exchange within the lungs are the

blood air barrier of the alveoli.

The most important chemical regulator of respiration is

carbon dioxide.

Respiratory function deteriorates as a result of pneumonia because inflammation

causes fluids to leak into the alveoli.

Blocking afferent action potentials from the chemoreceptors in the carotid and aortic bodies would interfere with the brainʹs ability to regulate breathing in response to

changes in PCO2, PO2, and pH.

The pneumotaxic center of the pons

modifies the rate and depth of breathing.

Stimulation of the apneustic center would result in

more intense inhalation.

Which is not a reason gas exchange is efficient at the blood air barrier? A) Partial pressure differences are substantial. B) Distance is short. C) Surface area is large. D) Gap junctions facilitate fast movement. E) Gases are lipid soluble.

D) Gap junctions facilitate fast movement.

Each of the following factors affects the rate of external respiration except the A) PO2 of the alveoli. B) PCO2 of the blood. C) thickness of the respiratory membrane. D) PN2 of the alveoli. E) solubility of oxygen in plasma.

D) PN2 of the alveoli.

62) Which of the following descriptions best matches the term bronchiolar smooth muscle? A) accessory muscle of expiration B) accessory muscle of inspiration C) primary muscle of inspiration D) contraction increases airway resistance E) affects lung compliance

D) contraction increases airway resistance

The laryngeal cartilage which is not composed of hyaline cartilage is the A) arytenoid. B) corniculate. C) cricoid. D) epiglottis. E) thyroid.

D) epiglottis.

Which of the following statements about the trachea is false? A) It is lined by pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium. B) Tracheal cartilages prevent tracheal collapse. C) It contains many mucous glands. D) It alters its diameter in response to the autonomic nervous system. E) It is completely wrapped in smooth muscle.

E) It is completely wrapped in smooth muscle.

________ is the amount of air that you can inhale above the resting tidal volume.

Inspiratory reserve volume

If the volume of the lungs increases, what happens to the air pressure inside the lungs?

It decreases.

Primary bronchi are to ________ as secondary bronchi are to ________.

main bronchi; lobar bronchi

As an astronaut is lifted into Earthʹs orbit, what is the first change to take place in response to the drop in cabin pressure?

decreased alveolar PO2

Which of the following decreases respiratory efficiency?

decreased blood flow

External respiration involves the

diffusion of gases between the interstitial fluid and the external environment.

Asthma is

due to an excessive stimulation of smooth muscle in bronchioles.

When does oxyhemoglobin form during respiration?

during external respiration

When the inspiratory muscles relax, the rib cage returns to its original position as a result of

elastic rebound.

A condition that increases lung compliance is

emphysema.

Total alveolar surface area is reduced in

emphysema.

The C shape of the tracheal cartilages is important because

large masses of food can move through the esophagus.

The thyroid cartilage is also called the

laryngeal prominence and Adamʹs apple.

The larynx, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles all make up the

lower respiratory tract.

Which of the following changes does not occur at birth when an infant takes his or her first breaths?

Blood flow to the lungs decreases.

The effect of pH on hemoglobin saturation is known as the

Bohr effect.

Which of the following age-based changes is false? A) The lungs lose elastic tissue. B) The lungʹs compliance changes. C) Vital capacity increases. D) Respiratory muscles weaken. E) Costal cartilages become more flexible.

C) Vital capacity increases.

Which of the following statements about the chloride shift is false? A) It involves a movement of chloride ion into RBCs. B) It depends on the chloride-bicarbonate countertransporter. C) It involves a movement of bicarbonate ions into the plasma. D) It is driven by a rise in PCO2. E) It causes RBCs to swell.

It causes RBCs to swell.

Which of the following is not a true statement?

The DRG functions in forced breathing only.

If the dorsal respiratory group of neurons in the medulla oblongata were destroyed bilaterally,

a person would stop breathing.

Prolonged inspirations can result from stimulating the ________ center.

apneustic

A 10 percent increase in the level of carbon dioxide in the blood will

double the respiratory rate.

Which of these factors does not affect hemoglobinʹs affinity for oxygen?

electrolyte balance

The term hypercapnia refers to

elevated PCO2.

The obstructive lung disease in which connective tissues are lost, alveolar surfaces are damaged, and the respiratory surface is reduced is called

emphysema.

Low pH alters hemoglobin structure so that oxygen binds less strongly to hemoglobin at low PO2. This increases the effectiveness of

internal respiration.

Hemoglobinʹs affinity for oxygen when the BPG level is high is

less than hemoglobinʹs affinity for oxygen when the BPG level is low.

The apneustic centers of the pons

provide stimulation to the inspiratory center.

During exercise, which of the following contract for active exhalation?

rectus abdominis and internal intercostal muscles

When there is no air movement, the relationship between the intrapulmonary and atmospheric pressure is that

they are equal.

The airway that connects the larynx to the bronchial tree is the

trachea.

The chloride shift occurs in order to

transport bicarbonate ions into the blood plasma.