AAOSECTSI11E Chapter 1-17
What are the 7 situations where the rapid extrication technique is used?
1. vehicle/scene is unsafe 2. explosives/HazMat on scene 3. fire 4. patient can't be assessed before being moved 5. patient needs immediate intervention 6. patient blocks the EMT's access to other injured patient
ventilation rate
10 breaths/minute for adults 12 breaths/minute for children
How far apart should your hands be when doing the power grip?
10"
infant pulse range
100 - 160 beats/minute
minimum number of chest compressions that should be delivered per minute to a 4 month old infant
100 compressions
there are how many cranial nerves?
12
cranial nerves
12 nerves that run to various parts fo the head
what is the estimated maximum life expectancy for humans
120
the rate of compressions for an infant is how many compressions per minute
120 to 150
How far apart should your legs be when lifting?
15"
When pulling a patient you should extend your arms no more than.
15'" to 20 " in front of your torso
when performing two rescuer CPR on and infants and children the ratio of compressions to ventilation is
15:2
What percentage of exhaled oxygen is delivered during mouth-to-mask breathing without supplemental oxygen?
16%
by _______to 24 months toddlers begin to understand cause and _______
18 effect
What year was the white paper, (Accidental Death and Disability) The Neglected disease of Modern Society published?
1966
respiration ratio
1:3 active inhalation phase:passive exhalation phase
defibrillation works best if it takes place within how many minutes of the onset of cardiac arrest
2 minutes
what age can an infant start tracking objects with their eyes and recognizing familiar faces?
2 months
the proper depth of chest compression on an adult is
2 to 2.4"
toddler (1 to 3 years
90-150 pulse, respiration's 20-30, systolic blood pressure 80-100 , temperature: 96.8-99.6
neonate (0 to 1 month)
90-180 pulse, respiration's 30-60, systolic blood pressure 50-70 , temperature: 98 to 100
pertussis
(whooping cough) is an airborne disease caused by bacteria that mostly affects children younger than 6 years
pain of acute myocardial infarction
- may or may not be caused by exertion - does not resolve within a few minutes - may or may not be relieved by rest or nitroglycerin
thrombosis
A blood clot either in the arterial or venous system. when the clot occurs in a cerebral artery . it may result in the interruption of cerebral blood flow and subsequent
Bilateral
A body part or condition that appears on both sides of the midline.
bilateral
A body part that appears on both sides of the midline.
load-distributing band (LDB)
A circumferential chest compression device composed of a constricting band and backboard that is either electrically or pneumatically driven to compress the heart by putting inward pressure on the thorax.
Morality
A code of conduct that can be defined by society, religion, or a person, affecting character, conduct and conscience.
head tilt-chin lift maneuver
A combination of two movements to open the airway by tilting the forehead back and lifting the chin; not used for trauma patients.
interoperable communications system
A communication system that uses voice-over internet-protocol (VoIP) technology to allow multiple agencies to communicate and transmit data.
gastric distention
A condition in which air fills the stomach, often as a result of high volume and pressure during artificial ventilation.
Which of the following statements regarding the scoop stretcher is NOT correct?
A scoop stretcher will provide adequate immobilization of a patient's spinal column
emergency
A serious situation such as injury or illness that threatens the life or welfare of a person or group of people and requires immediate intervention.
Health Care Proxies
A type of advance directive executed by a competent adult that appoints another individual to make medical treatment decisions on his or her behalf in the even that the person making the appointment loses decision making capacity. Also know as a durable power of attorney.
durable power of attorney for healthcare
A type of advance directive executed by a competent adult that points another individual to make medical treatment decisions on his or her behalf, in the event that the person making the appointment loses decision-making capacity.
Expressed Consent
A type of consent in which a patient gives verbal or nonverbal authorization for provision of care or transport.
impedance threshold device (ITD)
A valve device placed between the endotracheal tube and a bag-mask device -Limits the amount of air entering the lungs during the recoil phase between chest compressions.
health care directive
A written document that specifies medical treatment for a competent patient should he or she become unable to make decisions. Also known as an advance directive or a living will.
tort
A wrongful act that gives rise to civil lawsuit.
A - the patient is awake V - the patient responds to verbal stimulation P - the patient responds to painful stimuli U - the patient is completely unresponsive
AVPU scale
decision-making capacity
Ability to understand and process information and make a choice regarding appropriate medical care.
Competent
Able to make rational decisions about personal well-being
Superior
Above a body part or nearer to the head.
Cardiac arrest determined by
Absence of pulse at carotid artery
1st Key to Lifting
Always keep your back in upright position + lift without twisting.
What agency supported the EMT course and prepared and published the first EMT textbook?
American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons
channel
An assigned frequency or frequencies that are used to carry voice and/or data communications.
Which of the following statements regarding an emergency patient move is correct?
An emergency move is performed before the primary assessment and treatment.
credentialing
An established process to determine the qualifications necessary to be allowed to practice a particular profession or to function as an organization.
coronal plane
An imaginary plane where the body is divided into front and back parts.
Fowler position
An inclined position in which the head of the bed raised
Paramedic
An individual who has extensive training in advanced life support including endotracheal intubation emergency pharmacolocgy cardia monitoring and other advanced assessment and treatment skillPs.
Emergency Medical Technician (EMT)
An individual who has training in basic life support including automated external defibrillation use of a definitive airway adjunct and assisting patients with certain medications.
Advanced Emergency Medical Technician (AEMT)
An individual who has training in specific aspects of advanced life support such as intravenous therapy and the administration of certain emergency medications
Breathing assessment questions
Choking? Respiratory rate too fast/too slow? Respirations shallow/deep? Is patient cyanotic? Abnormal sounds when listening to lungs? Is patient moving air into and out of lungs on both sides?
True of false EMT personnel are the highest qualified members of the prehospital care team?
False
True or False DNR orders give you permission not to attempt resuscitation at your discretion.
False
True or False Diversity is an ineffective way to strengthen a public safety workforce?
False
True or False EMS systems that use repeaters are unable to get good signals from portable radios?
False
True or False EMT's are not typically responsible for reporting suspected child abuse?
False
Deep
Farther inside the body and away from the skin.
Renal system change with age
Filtration function declines Kidney mass declines due to decreased effectiveness of blood vessels that supply blood to nephrons
What is your first step when initiation communication with a non-English speaking patient?
Find out how much English the patient can speak.
Which of the following statements regarding the power lift is correct?
It is the safest and most powerful method of lifting a patient.
What is the Information System
It allows EMS providers to efficiently document the care that has been delivered
Prefix
Part of a term that appears before a word root, changing the meaning of the term
Medial
Parts of the body that lie closer to the midline: also called inner structure.
Lateral
Parts of the body that lie farther from the midline: also called outer structures
When should urgent moves be used?
Patient as altered level of consciousness, inadequate ventilation, shock
What should you do if you suspect your patient has tuberculosis?
Place a particulate air respirator on yourself and a surgical mask on the patient.
A transmission range of a _________ is more limited than that of a mobile or base station radio?
Portable Radio
The safest most reliable source for long-term energy production is?
Protein
medications administered via metered-dose inhaler (MDI)
Proventil, Ventolin, albuterol Alupent, Metaprel, metaproterenol Brethine, terbutaline
UHF (ultra-high frequency)
Radio frequencies between 300 and 3,000 MHz.
You and your partner enter the residence of an elderly couple, both of whom are found unconscious in their bed. There is no evidence of trauma. As you begin your assessment, you and your partner notice the smell of natural gas in the residence. Which of the following should be your MOST appropriate action?
Rapidly remove the patients from their residence using a blanket or clothes drag
delayed stress reaction
Reaction to stress that occurs after a stressful situation.
acute stress reactions
Reaction to stress that occurs during a stressful situation.
rigor mortis
Stiffening of the body muscles: a definitive sign of death.
Organs in left upper quadrant
Stomach, spleen and portion of colon
Where does force go during a proper lift?
Straight down the spinal column
What refers to the tactics that have been shown to alleviate or eliminate stress reactions.
Stress Management
duplex
The ability to transmit and receive simultaneously.
infection
The abnormal invasion of a host or host tissues by organisms such as bacteria, viruses, or parasites, with or without signs or symptoms of disease.
What is death defined as in many states?
The absence of circulatory function, respiratory function and brain dead.
Forcible Restraint
The act of physically preventing an individual from initiating any physical action.
T/F A minimum of five personnel should be present when restraining a combative patient.
T
T/F A portable stretcher is typically a lightweight folding device that does not have the undercarriage and wheel of a true ambulance stretcher.
T
T/F An isolette is used to transport neonatal patients.
T
T/F Bariatrics is a new field of medicine that deals with the care of the obese.
T
T/F One-person techniques for moving patients should be used only when immediate patient movement is necessary due to a life-threatening hazard and only one EMT is available.
T
T/F The most important feature of the bariatric stretcher is the increased weight-lifting capacity.
T
T/F The term "power lift" refers to a posture that is safe and helpful for EMTs when they are lifting.
T
jaw-thrust maneuver
Technique to open the airway by placing the fingers behind the angle of the jaw and bringing the jaw forward; used for patients who may have a cervical spine injury.
trunking
Telecommunication systems that allow a computer to maximize utilization of a group of frequencies.
In which of the following situations is an emergency patient move indicated?
The EMT is unable to protect the patient from scene hazards.
What nongovernmental agency provides national standardized EMS testing and certification in much of the united states.
The National Registry of Emergency Medical Technicians - NREMT
designated officer
The individual in the department who is charged with the responsibility of managing exposures and infection control issues.
Which of the following statements regarding the neonatal isolette is correct?
The isolette serves to keep the neonate warm and protects from excess handling
What two organizations provide do no use lists identifying abbreviations that lead to errors?
The joint commission The institute for safe medication practices
patient care report (PCR)
The legal document used to record all patient care activities. This report has direct patient care functions but also administrative and quality control functions. PCRs are also known as prehospital care reports.
Wood Root
The main part of a term that contains the primary meaning.
Which of the following statements regarding patient weight distribution is correct?
The majority of a horizontal patient's weight is in the torso
applied ethics
The manner in which principles of ethics are incorporated into professional conduct.
Standard of Care
The manner is which you must act or behave. Written accepted levels of emergency care expected by reason of training and profession: written by legal or professional organizations so that patients are not exposed to unreasonable risk or harm.
proxemics
The study of space between people and its effects on communication.
topographic anatomy
The superficial landmarks of the body that serve as guides to the structures that lie beneath them.
Quality Control
The responsibility of the medical director to ensure the appropriate medical care standards are met by EMT's on each call.
patient autonomy
The right of a patient to make informed choices regarding his or her health care.
thoracic spine
The second 12 vertebrae. One pair of ribs is attached to each of the thoracic vertebrae
kidnapping
The seizing, confining, abducting, or carrying away of a person by force, including transporting a competent adult for medical treatment without his or her consent
airborne transmission
The spread of an organism in aerosol form.
How the EMT is required to act or behave with a patient is called?
The standard of care
The standards for prehospital emergency care and the people who provide it are governed by the laws of each state they serve and are typically regulated by who?
The state off of EMS
Extension
The straightening of a joint
statute of limitations
The time within which a case must be commenced.
communication
The transmission of information to another person-verbally or through body language.
True of false men can produce sperm well into their 80's
True
True or False A durable power of attorney for health care is a designated person who is authorized to make medical decision on behalf of he patient.
True
True or False Children can easily see through lies or deception
True
True or False Construction-type helmets are not well suited for rescue situation?
True
True or False Denial is usually the first step in the grieving process
True
True or False EMT textbooks are often used in court to establish standards of care?
True
True or False EMT's can legally restrain patients against their will if they pose a threat to themselves or others.
True
True or False Failure to provide care to a patient once you have been called to the scene is considered negligence?
True
True or False Falsifying information on the PCR may result in suspension and/or revocation of your certification or license?
True
True or False If a patient is unconscious and a true emergency exists, the doctrine of implied consent applies?
True
True or False Most EMS training programs must adhere to national standards established by the accrediting organizations.
True
True or False One of the most fundamental aspects of what EMT's do is to ask questions?
True
True or False Physical conditioning, nutrition and sleep are several factors the EMT can control in helping to reduce stress?
True
True or False When speaking on the radio, speak in plain English and avoid code words?
True
True or False Your PCR will reflect on you professionally and can be used as evidence in court?
True
True or false Patient care should be focused on procedures that have proven useful in improving outcomes.
True
ethnocentrism
When a person considers his or her own cultural values as more important when interacting with people of a different culture.
When you use a body drag to move a patient: a. your back should always be locked and straight b. you should encourage twisting so that the vertebrae can flex during the move c. consider hyperextending to gain more leverage d. drag the patient by the ankles
a
Which of the following is not an indication for use of the rapid extrication technique? a. the patient is in severe pain b. the patient's condition cannot be properly assessed before being removed from the car c. the patient blocks access to another seriously injured patient d. the vehicle or the scene is unsafe
a
nonrebreathing mask
a combination mask and reservoir bag system that is the preferred way to give oxygen in the prehospital setting; delivers up to 90% inspired oxygen and prevents inhaling the exhaled gases
head tilt - chin life maneuver
a combination of two movements to open the airway by tilting the forehead back and lifting the chin; not used for trauma patients
herpes simplex
a common virus that is asymptomatic in 80% of people carrying it but characterized by small blisters on the lips (HSV1) or genitals (HSV2) in symptomatic infections
circulatory system
a complex arrangement of connected tubes, including the arteries arterioles capillaries venules and veins.
larynx
a complex structure formed by many independent cartilaginous structures that all work together; where the upper airway ends and the lower airway begins; also called the voice box
Sorbitol
a complex sugar that is frequently suspended with active charcoal. it has a laxative effect, increase risk is dehydration (dangerous in children)
carbon dioxide retention
a condition characterized by a chronically high blood level of CO2 in which the respiratory center no longer responds to high blood levels of CO2
hypoxic drive
a condition in which chronically low levels of oxygen in the blood stimulate the respiratory drive seen in patients with chronic lung diseases
status epilepticus
a condition in which seizures recur every few minutes or lost more than 30 minutes
distributive shock
a condition that occurs when there is widespread dilation of the small aterioles, small venules or both. as a result the circulating blood volume pools in the expanded vascular beds and tissue perfusion decreases.
In which of the following situations would a direct ground lift be the MOST appropriate method of moving a patient?
a conscious patient complaining of abdominal pain
hypoxia
a dangerous condition in which the body tissues and cells do not have enough oxygen
mucosal atomizer device (MAD)
a device that is used to change a liquid medication into a spray and pushes it into a nostril
bag-mask device
a device with a one-way valve and a face mask attached to a ventilation bag; when attached to a reservoir and connected to oxygen, delivers more than 90% supplemental oxygen
epiglottitis
a disease in which the epiglottis becomes inflamed and enlarged and may cause an upper airway obstruction.l
emphysema
a disease of the lungs in which there is extreme dilation and eventual destruction of the pulmonary alveoli with poor exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide; it is one form of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
communicable disease
a disease that can be spread from one person or species to another.
tuberculosis (TB)
a disease that can lay dormant in a person's lungs for decades then reactive; many strains are resistant to antibiotics. this is spread by cough
epilepsy
a disorder in which abnormal electrical discharges occur in the brain causing seizure and possible loss of consciousness
atherosclerosis
a disorder in which cholesterol and calcium build up inside the walls of the blood vessels, forming plaque
congestive heart failure (CHF)
a disorder in which the heart loses part of its ability to effectively pump blood, usually as a result of damage to the heart muscle and usually resulting in a backup of fluid into the lungs. swollen ankles, rales
transient ischemic attack (TIA)
a disorder of the brain in which brain cells temporarily stop working because of insufficient oxygen, causing stroke-like symptoms that resolve completely within 24 hours of onset
parasympathetic nervous system
a division of the autonomic nervous system that controls involuntary function by sending signals to the cardiac, smooth, and glandular muscles.
syncope
a fainting spell or transient loss of consciousness
syncope
a fainting spell or transient loss of consciousness. occurs when the blood pools in the dialed vessels reducing the blood supply to the brain as a result the brain ceases to function normally and the patient faints.
syncope
a fainting spell or transientnt loss of conscious
manually triggered ventilation device
a fixed flow/rate ventilation device that delivers a breath every time its button is pushed; also referred to as a flow-restricted, oxygen-powered ventilation device
oxygen
a gas that all cells need for metabolism: the heart and brain especially cannot function without oxygen
cystic fibrosis
a genetic disorder that affects the lungs and digestive system, it disrupts normal cell function and causes mucus to be thick, sticky and hard to move, can lead to repeated lung infections
crepitus
a grating or grinding sensation caused by fractured bone ends or joints rubbing together, also air bubbles under the skin that produce crackling sounds or crinkly feeling
stridor
a harsh high pitched respiratory sound generally heard during inspiration that is caused by partial blockage or narrowing of the upper airway; may be audible without a stethoscope
stridor
a harsh high-pitched barking inspiratory sound often herd in acute laryngeal (upper airway) obstruction.
acute myocardial infarction (AMI)
a heart attack, death of heart muscle following obstruction of blood flow to it. Acute in this context means "new" or "happening right now" caused by blockage in a coronary artery. onset of pain is gradual with additional systems
stridor
a high pitched noise heard primarily on inspiration
wheezing
a high pitched whistling breath sound characteristically heard on expiration in patients with asthma or COPD
heart
a hollow muscular organ that pumps blod throughout the body
suction catheter
a hollow, cylindrical device used to remove fluid from the patient's airway
symphysis
a joint with limited motion in which teh bone ends are held together by fibrous tissue
ischemia
a lack of oxygen that deprives tissues of necessary nutrients resulting from partial or complete blockage of blood flow potentially reversible because permanent injury has not yet occurred
ischemia
a lack of oxygen that deprives tissues of necessary nutrients resulting from partial or complete blockage of blood flow potentially reversible because permanent injury has not yet occurred.
ischemia
a lack of oxygen that deprives tissues of necessary nutrients resulting from partial or complete blockage of blood flow; potentially reversible because permanent injury has not yet occurred
tension pheumothorax
a life-threatening collection of air within the pleural space; the volume and pressure have both collapsed the involved lung and caused a shift of the mediastinal structures to the opposite side
solution
a liquid mixture of one of more substances that cannot be separated by filtering or allowing the mixture to stand, can be given by almost any route
surfactant
a liquid protein substance that coats the alveoli in the lungs, decreases alveolar surface tension, and keeps the alveoli expanded; a low level in a premature infant contributes to respiratory distress syndrome
testicle
a male genital gland that contains specialized cells that produce hormones and sperm.
infectious disease
a medical condition caused by the growth and spread of small harmful organisms within the body.
agonist
a medication that causes stimulation of receptors
Nitroglycerin
a medication that increases cardiac perfusion by causing blood vessels to dilate. Systolic BP must be over 100 to administer.
epinephrine
a medication that increases heart rate and blood pressure but also eases breathing problems by decreasing muscle tone of the bronchiole tree. main hormone that controls the body's fight or flight reaction. acts as antidote to histamine i) increases heart rate and blood pressure ii) dilates passages in the lungs (bronchodilation ) iii) constricts blood vessels (vasoconstriction)
aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid or ASA)
a medication that is an antipyretic (reduces fever) analgesic (reduces pain) anti-inflammatory (reduces inflammation) and a potent inhibitor of platelet aggregation (clumping of blood) contraindicated for asthma, bleeding disorders (relative) pre-existent liver damage, to aspirin (absolute)
lactic acid
a metabolic end product of the breakdown of glucose that accumulates when metabolism proceeds in the absence of oxygen
continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)
a method of ventilation used primarily in the treatment of critically ill patients with respiratory distress; can prevent the need for endotracheal intubation
metered-dose inhaler (MDI)
a miniature spray canister used to direct medications through the mouth and into the lungs.
suspension
a mixture of ground particles that are distributed evenly throughout a liquid but do not dissolve.
vagina
a muscular distensible tube that connects the uterus with the vulva (the external female genitalia) also called the birth canal
seizure
a neurologic episode caused by a surge of electrical activity in the brain; can be a convulsion characterized by generalized uncoordinated muscular activity and can be associated with loss of consciousness
norepinephrine
a neurotransmitter and drug sometimes used in the treatment of shock, produces vasoconstriction
capnography
a noninvasive method that can quickly and efficiently provide information on a patient's ventilatory status, circulation and metabolism. measures partial pressure of CO2
capnography
a noninvasive method to quickly and efficiently provide information on a patients ventilatory status circulation and metabolism. effectively measures the concentration of carbon dioxide in expired air over time
gag reflex
a normal reflex mechanism that causes retching; activated by touching the soft palate or the back of the thoat
pneumothorax
a partial or complete accumulation of air in the pleural space
pneumothorax
a partial or complete accumulation of air in the pleural space, most often caused by trauma
Situations in which you should use the rapid extrication technique include all of the following, EXCEPT:
a patient who can be properly assessed while still in the vehicle
These situations you should use the rapid extrication technique
a patient whose condition requires immediate transport a patient who needs immediate care that requires a supine position a patient who blocks access to another seriously injured patient
articular cartilage
a pearly layer of specialized cartilage covering the articular surface (contact surfaces on the ends of bones in synovial joints
once you begin CPR in the field you must continue until
a person of equal or higher training relieves you.
trust and mistrust
a phrase that refers to a stage of development from birth to approximately 18 months of age, during which infants gain trust their parents or caregivers if the world is planned, organized and routine.
diffusion
a process in which molecules move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
barrier device
a protective item, such as a pocket mask with a valve, that limits exposure to a patient's body fluids
neurogenic shock is caused by?
a radical change in the size of the vascular system
tachycardia
a rapid heart rate more than 100 beats BPM
ventricular tachycardia
a rapid heart rhythm, (150-200 BPM) in which the electrical impulse begins in the ventricle (instead of the atrium)which may result in inadequate blood flow and eventually deteriorate into cardiac arrest.
small volume nebulizer
a respiratory device that holds liquid medicine that is turned into a fine mist. the patient inhales the medication into the airways and lungs as a treatment of conditions such as asthma.
gallbladder
a sac on the undersurface of the liver that collects bile from the liver and discharges stored and concentrated bile into the duodenum
American Standard System
a safety system for large oxygen cylinders, designed to prevent the accidental attachment of a regulator to a cylinder containing the wrong type of gas
A folding or portable stretcher is MOST beneficial when:
a second patient must be transported on the squad bench of the ambulance
partial (focal) seizure
a seizure affecting a limited portion of the brain
generalized (tonic-clonic) seizure
a seizure characterized by unconsciousness and a generalized severe twitching of all the body's muscles that may last several minutes or more; formerly known as a grand mal seizure
gel
a semi-liquid substance that is administered orally in capsule form or through plastic tubes, glucose. given sublingually because it goes right to the mucous membranes
aura
a sensation experienced before a seizure, serves as a warning sign that seizure is about to occur
recovery position
a side-lying position used to maintain a clear airway in unconscious patients without injuries who are breathing adequately
oral glucose
a simple sugar that is readily absorbed by the bloodstream and counteracts the effects of hypoglycemia
bradycardia
a slow heart rate less than 60 BPM
prostate gland
a small gland that surrounds the male urethra where it emerges form the urinary bladder, it secretes a fluid that is part of the ejaculation fluid.
ureter
a small hollow tube that carries urine from the kidneys to the bladder
cardiogenic shock
a state in which not enough oxygen is delivered to the tissues of the body caused by the low output of blood from the heart (inadequate function) it can be a sever complication of large acute myocardial infarction (heart attack) as well as other conditions. do not give nitro
cardiogenic shock
a state in which not enough oxygen is delivered to the tissues of the body, caused by a low output of blood from the heart. Can be a severe complication of a large acute mycardial infarction, as well as other conditions. heart lacks pumping power, low blood pressure. nitroglycerine can be used to treat.
cardiac arrest
a state in which the heart fails to generate effective and detectable blood flow; pulses are not palpable in cardiac arrest even if muscular and electrical activity continues in the heart. pulseless, apneic
what is the basic definition of shock?
a state of collapse and failure of the cardiovascular system.
coma
a state of profound unconsciousness from which the patient cannot be roused
history taking
a step within the patient assessment process that provides detail about the patient's chief complaint and an account of the patient's signs and symptoms obtain SAMPLE history
symptom
a subjective condition that the patient feels and tells you about
allergen
a substance that causes an allergic reaction
psychogenic shock
a sudden reaction of the nervous system caused by a sudden temporary reduction to the blood supply (vascular dilation) to the brain that causes fainting (syncope)
glucose
a sugar that our cells use as fuel (commonly comes in gel form) can alter your mental status if too low. (normal levels 80-120)
aneurysm
a swelling or enlargement of a part of an artery, resulting in weaking of the arterial wall.
aneurysm
a swelling or enlargement of the wall of blood vessel that results from weakening of the vessel wall
pin-indexing system
a system established for portable cylinders to ensure that a regulator is not connected to a cylinder containing the wrong type of gas
incident command system
a system implemented to manage disasters and mass-casualty incidents in which section chiefs, including finance, logistics, operations and planning, report to the incident commander
A important safeguard against legal implication is?
Writing a complete and accurate run report.
do not resuscitate (DNR) orders
Written documentation by a physician giving permission to medical personnel not to attempt resuscitation in the event of cardiac arrest.
Advanced Directive
Written documentation that specifies medical treatment for a competent patient should the patient become unable to make decisions: Also called a living will or health care directive
standing orders
Written documents, signed by the EMS system's medical director, that outline specific directions, permissions, and sometimes prohibitions regarding patient care; also called protocols (offline)
interrogatories
Written questions that the defense and plaintiff send to one another.
What happens if you do not have a proper hold?
You will not be able to share the weight may lose grasp of one hand resulting in lower back injury
The transfer of care officially occurs during when?
Your oral report at the hospital.
What is the most important consideration at a hazardous materials incident?
Your own personal safety.
Because of the weight distribution on backboards and stretchers, the stronger the EMTs should be at the: a. head b. foot c. side d. front corner
a
Before any lifting is initiated, the team leader should do all of the following except: a. give a command of execution b. indicate where each team member is to be located c. rapidly describe the sequence of steps that will be performed d. give a brief overview of the stages
a
If you are alone and must remove an unconscious patient from a car, you should first move the patient's: a. legs b. head c. torso d. pelvis
a
In lifting with the palm down, the weight is supported by the _________ rather than the palm. a. fingers b. forearm c. lower back d. wrist
a
maturation of the reproductive system usually takes place during?
adolescence
endocrine glands
adrenal, above kidneys, stress response ovary and testes pancreas, retroperitoneal space, glucose metabolism parathyroid pituitary, base of skull, regulates all other endocrine glands thyroid, regulates metabolism
epinephrine
adrenaline, a hormone produced by the adrenal medulla that has a vital role in the function of the sympathetic nervous system
tachycardia
adult pulse rate greater than 100 beats/minute
bradycardia
adult pulse rate less than 60 beats/minute
normal respiratory ranges
adults 12-20 breaths/minute children 15-30 breaths/minute infants 25-50 breaths/minute
normal systolic blood pressure range
adults 90 to 140 children 80 to 110 infants 50 to 95
respiratory rates
adults and adolescents 12-20 breaths/minute children 15-30 breaths/minute infants 25-50 breaths/minute
ALS
advanced life support
a =
ae (plural)
p
after
post
after, behind
AMA
against medical advice
anti-
against, opposed to
contra-
against, opposite
signs of respiratory distress
agitation, anxiety, restlessness stridor, wheezing accessory muscle use tachypnea mild tachycardia nasal flaring, seesaw breathing, head bobbing
subcutaneous emphysema
air bubbles under the skin
spontaneous pneumothorax
air entering the pleural space without any provoking factor, such as trauma, surgery, or diagnostic intervention
what are the ABC's
airway (obstruction) breathing (respiratory arrest) circulation (cardiac arrest or sever bleeding)
nasopharyngeal airway
airway adjunct inserted into the nostril of an unresponsive patient, or a patient with an altered level of consciousness who is unable to maintain airway patency independently
oropharyngeal airway
airway adjunt inserted into the mouth of an unresponsive patient to keep the tongue from blocking the upper airway and the facilitate suctioning the airway if necessary
BLS is noninvasive emergency lifesaving care that is used to treat
airway obstruction, respiration arrest, cardiac arrest and hypovolemia.
what medication is commonly administered in a metered-dosed inhaler (MDI)
albuterol
medications administered via small-volume nebulizer
albuterol, metaproterenol and epinephrine
ETOH
alcohol intoxication
pan
all entire
respiratory system
all the structures of the body that contribute to respiration, includes nose, mouth, throat, larynx, trachea, bronchi and bronchioles, lungs, diaphram
ball-and-socket joint
allows rotation and bending (shoulder)
synovial fluid
allows the ends of the bones to glide over each other
what is a sign of hypoxia to the brain
altered mental status
the oxygen-carbon dioxide exchange takes place in the
alveoli
dose
amount of the medication that is given, depends on patient's weight or age and desired action of the medication. decrease for infants and older adults they cant process efficiently.
hypoglycemia
an abnormally low blood glucose level
asthma
an acute spasm of the smaller air passages called bronchioles, associated with excess mucus production and with swelling of the mucous lining of the respiratory passages
spacer
an adapter that fits over the inhaler like a sleeve and can be used to avoid misdirecting the spray. useful with young kids
older adult
an adult age 61 years or older
pertussis (whooping cough)
an airborne bacterial infection that affects mostly children younger than 6 years. patients will be feverish and exhibit a "whoop" sound on inspiration after a coughing attack (last over a minute) highly contagious through droplet infection.
hay fever
an allergic response usually to outdoor airborne allergens such as pollen or sometimes indoor allergens such as dust mites or pet dander, also called allergic rhinitis. causes cold like symptoms including runny nose, sneezing, congestion and sinus pressure.
pulse oximetry
an assessment tool that measures oxygen saturation of hemoglobin in the capillary bed
hypertensive emergency
an emergency situation created by excessively high blood pressure which can lead to serious complications such as stroke or aneurysm occurs with a systolic pressure greater than 160 mm Hg. severe headache, bounding pulses, ringing in the ears
spinal cord
an extension of the brain, composed of virtually all the nerves carrying messages between the brain and the rest of the body
anaphylaxis/ anaphylactic shock
an extreme life threatening systemic allergic reaction that may include shock and respiratory failure
anaphylaxis
an extreme life threatening systemic allergic reaction that may include shock and respiratory failure.
blood clots
an important response by the body to control blood loss. however they are prone to rupture because blood keeps moving as a result of pressure generated by the contraction of the heart and the actions of blood vessels as they dilate and constrict
the action of hormones such as epinephrine and norepinephrine stimulates _____________to maintain pressure in the system and as a result perfusion of all vital organs
an increase in strength of cardiac contractions
breath sounds
an indication of air movement in the lungs, usually assessed with a stethoscope
sucking reflex
an infant reflex in which the infant starts sucking when his or her lips are stroked
moro reflex
an infant reflex in which, when an infant is caught offguard, the infant opens his arms wide, spreads fingers and seems to grab at things
palmar grasp
an infant reflex that occurs when something is placed in the infants palms, the infant grasps the object
rooting reflex
an infant reflex that occurs when something touches an infant's cheek, and the infant instinctively turns his or her head toward the touch
diphtheria
an infectious disease in which a membrane forms, lining the pharynx this lining can severely obstruct the passage of air into the larynx
pneumonia
an infectious disease of the lung that damages lung tissue.
meningitis
an inflammation of the meningeal coverings of the brain and spinal cord. it is usually caused by a virus or a bacterium Symptoms: fever, stiff neck and altered mental status
meningococcal meningitis
an inflammation of the meningeal coverings of the brain and spinal cord; can be highly contagious
croup
an inflammatory disease of the upper respiratory system that may cause a partial airway obstruction and is characterized by a barking cough; usually seen in children
respiratory insufficiency
an insufficient concentration of O2 in the blood can produce shock, poisoning CO or Cyanide, anemia
stroke
an interruption of blood flow to the brain that results in the loss of brain function; also called a cerebrovascular accident (CVA)
cerebrovascular accident (CVA)
an interruption of blood flow to the brain that results in the loss of brain function; also called a stroke.
dysrhythmia
an irregular or abnormal heart rhythm
when blood flow to a particular part of the brain is cut off by a blockage inside a blood vessel the result is
an ischemic stroke
sign
an objective condition that you can observe about the patient
carbon monoxide
an odorless colorless tasteless and highly poisonous gas that results from incomplete oxidation of carbon in combustion.
stoma
an opening through the skin an into an organ or other structure; a stoma in the neck connects the trachea directly to the skin
echo technique
an order you repeat back to the physician (medical control) verbatim. this is done to let them know you heard the instructions correctly.
pandemic
an outbreak on a global scale
pandemic
an outbreak that occurs on a global scale
nasal cannula
an oxygen delivery device in which oxygen flows through two small, tubelike prongs that fit into the patient's nostrils; delivers 24-44% supplemental oxygen depending on the flow rate
side effects
any effects of a medication other than the desired ones, unintended effects and untoward effects
pertinent negative
any sign or symptom that commonly accompanies a particular condition but is absent
pertinent negatives
any sign or symptom that commonly accompanies a particular condition but is absent. Negative findings that warrant no care or intervention, record these to indication a thorough and complete examination and history were performed
gastrointestinal emergencies
appendicitis, pancreatitis, diverticulitis
An unrestrained patient is sitting in his car after an automobile crash. He is conscious and alert, has no visible trauma, and is complaining of neck and back pain. Before removing him from his car, you should:
apply a cervical collar and immobilize him with a vest-style device
When performing the rapid extrication technique to remove a patient from their vehicle, you should..
apply a cervical collar and remove the patient on a long backboard
normal electrical impulses originate in the sinus node, just above the?
atria
Situations in which you should use an emergency move include all of the following except: a. when fire, explosives, or hazardous materials are present b. when the patient feels like he or she might pass out c. when you are unable to gain access to others in a vehicle who need lifesaving care d. when you are unable to protect the patient from other hazards
b
To avoid the strain of unnecessary lifting and carrying, you should use _________ or assist an able patient to the stretcher whenever possible. a. the direct ground lift b. the extremity lift c. the draw sheet method d. a scoop stretcher
b
When you must carry a patient up or down a flight of stairs or other significant incline, use a ___________ if possible. a. backboard b. stair chair c. stretcher d. short spine board
b
Which of the follow statements is false regarding proper lifting? a. avoid twisting b. bend at the waist c. keep the weight close to your body d. bend at the knees
b
Which of the follow statements is false regarding the use of a stair chair? a. keep your back in a locked-in position b. lean back to help distribute the weight c. keep the patient's weight and you arms as close to your body as possible d. flex at the hips, not at the waist
b
Which of the following is false regarding the lifting and moving of geriatric patients? a. many geriatric patients have great fear when being transported b. most patients will be able to lie supine on a backboard without problems c. geriatric patients tend to have brittle bones d. some patients may require you to use towels and blankets to assist with immobilization
b
full-body scan
a systematic head-to-toe examination that is performed during the secondary assessment to identify hidden injuries and causes that may not have been found during the rapid scan, performed on a patient who has sustained a significant mechanism or injury, is unconscious, or is in critical condition
active compression-decompression CPR
a technique that involves compressing the chest and then actively pulling back up to its neutral position or beyond (decompression) may increase the amount of blood that returns to the heart and thus the amount of blood ejected from the heart during the compression
Sellick maneuver
a technique that is used to prevent gastric distention in which pressure is applied to the cricoid catilage; also referred to as cricoid pressure
delirium
a temporary change in mental status characterized by disorganized thoughts inattention memory loss disorientation striking changes in personality and affect hallucinations delusions or a decreased level of consciousness
polypharmacy
a term referring to the use of multiple medications by one person
acute coronary syndrome (ACS)
a term used to describe a group of symptoms caused by myocardial ischemia; includes angina and myocardial infarction (decreased blood flow to the heart)
poor air exchange
a term used to describe the degree of distress in a patient with a mild airway obstruction. With poor air exchange, the patient often has a weak, ineffective cough, increased difficulty breathing, or possible cyanosis and may produce a high-pitched noise during inhalation (stridor)
good air exchange
a term used to distinguish the degree of distress in a patient with a mild airway obstruction. With good air exchange, the patient is still conscious and able to cough forcefully, although wheezing maybe heard.
capillary refill
a test that evaluates distal circulatory system function by squeezing blood from an area (nail bed) and watching the speed of its return after releasing the pressure more reliable indicator of cardiovascular stress in children than in adults
lymph
a thin straw colored fluid that carries oxygen nutrients and hormones to the cells and carries waste products of metabolism away from the cells and back into the capillaries so tat they may be excreted.
artifact
a tracing on an ECG that is the result of interference such as patient movement rather than the hearts electrical activity
pre-conventional reasoning
a type of reasoning in which a child acts almost purely to avoid punishment to get what he wants
post-conventional reasoning
a type of reasoning in which a child bases decisions on his or her conscience
conventional reason
a type of reasoning in which a child looks for approval from peers and society.
tonic-clonic seizure
a type of seizure that features rhythmic back-and-forth motion of an extremity and body stiffness
hemorrhagic stroke
a type of stroke that occurs as a result of bleeding inside the brain.
ischemic stroke
a type of stroke that occurs when blood flow to a particular part of the brain is cut off by a blockage (eg a blood clot) inside a blood vessel
a patient suffering from a heart attack should be transported to
a university hospital with a catheterization lab 15 minutes away
automatic transport ventilator (ATV)
a ventilation device attached to a control box that allows the variables of ventilation to be set. It frees the EMT to perform other tasks while the patient is being ventilated
When should nonurgent moves be used?
When both scene and patient are stable
embolus
a blood clot or other substance in the circulatory system that travels to a blood vessel where it causes a blockage
MERS-CoV Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus
a virus most commonly found in bats and camels living in the middle east.
respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
a virus that causes an infection of the lungs and breathing passages, can lead to other serious illnesses that affect the lungs or heart, such as bronchiolitis and pneumonia. RSV is highly contagious and spread through droplets. highly contagious
influenza
a virus that has crossed the animal/human barrier and infected humans and that kills thousands of people every year
septum
a wall that divides the heart down the middle into right and left sides.
embolus
a blood clot or other substance in the circulatory system that travels to a blood vessel where it causes a blockage.
pulmonary emoblism
a blood clot that breaks off from a large vein and travels to the blood vessels of the lung causing obstruction of blood flow
thromboembolism
a blood clot that has formed within a blood vessel and is floating within the bloodstream until it reaches an area too narrow to pass, causing it to block blood flow
cyanosis
a blue skin discoloration that is caused by reduced level of oxygen in the blood. (late sign of anaphylactic shock)
bilateral
a body part or condition that appears on both sides of the midline
secure attachment
a bond between an infant and his parent or caregiver in which the infant understands that his parents/caregiver will be responsive to his needs and take care of him when he needs help
hypoxia
a condition in which the body's cells and tissues do not have enough oxygen
hypoxic drive
a condition in which the body's cells and tissues do not have enough oxygen. backup system to control respirations when oxygen levels fall
shock
a condition in which the circulatory system fails to provide sufficient circulation to enable every body part to perform its functions. refers to a state of collapse and failure of the cardiovascular system. AKA - hypoperfusion (sever fractures, abdominal or chest injuries, spinal injury, sever infection, major heart attack, anaphylaxis)
hypothermia
a condition in which the internal body temperature falls below 95 degrees F
hypothermia
a condition in which the internal body temperature falls below 95F after exposure to a cold environment
oxygen toxicity
a condition of excessive oxygen consumption resulting in cellular and tissue damage
abdomi(n)-
abdomen
dys
abnormal or dysfunctional
apnea
absence of spontaneous breathing
true or false bleeding is the most common cause of cardiogenic shock
false
circulatory system
complex arrangements of connected tubes, including the arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules and veins. Also called cardiovascular system
parenteral medications
enter the body by a route other than the digestive tract, skin or mucous membranes, often in liquid form using syringes or needles, absorbed more quickly
true or false shock occurs only with massive blood loss from the body
false
true or false short jabbing compressions are more effective than rhythmic compressions
false
true or false singular words that end in "a" change to "es" when plural
false
true or false sublingual meds are rapidly absorbed into the digestive system
false
true or false the ratio of compressions to ventilations for one person CPR on an adult is 2:1
false
distal
farthest from the point of attachment
deep
farthest from the surface of the skin
Tachy
fast
Tachycardia
fast heart rate
what is generally thought of in relation to the oncoming pain and the outcome of the illness or trauma?
fear
photophobia
fear of light
ovaries
female glands that produces sex hormones and ova (eggs)
gynec(0)-
females; female reproductive organs
signs and symptoms of croup
fever barking cough mostly seen in pediatric patients
joint capsule
fibrous sac that holds the bone ends of a joint together, composed of ligaments
functions of blood
fighting infection (white blood cells) transporting oxygen (red blood cells) transporting CO2 (plasma) controlling pH (chemicals within plasma) transporting wastes and nutrients (plasma) clotting (platelets)
bronchioles
final divisions of the bronchi
for CPR to be effective the patient must be lying supine on a
firm flat surface
primi
first
in a conscious infant who is choking you would first give five back slaps followed by
five chest thrusts
alpha-adrenergic receptors
found in blood vessels, causes blood vessels to constrict increasing blood pressure, nervous system
beta-adrenergic receptors
found in the heart and lungs, beta-1 receptors cause the heart to increase rate and squeeze harder, beta-2 receptors cause bronchi to dilate
cardiac muscles
found only in the heart
smooth muscle
found within blood vessels and intestines
You should not attempt to lift a patient who weighs more than 250 lb with fewer than _______ rescuers, regardless of individual strength
four
the heart has how many chambers
four
QID
four times a day
fx
fracture
patients with altered mental status should be considered
high priority when determining transport options
hyper
high, over, excessive
hypertension
higher than normal blood pressure
Hx
history
"has this ever happened before" helps determine the
history of present illness
trachea (windpipe)
in front of esophagus, located at the bottom of the pharynx below the cricoid cartilage, 5" long and semi rigid
foramen magnum
large opening at the base of the skull where the spinal cord connects to the brain
rectum
large, hollow organ that is adapted to store feces
tonsil tips
large, semi-rigid suction tips recommended for suctioning the pharynx; also called Yankauer tips
radius
larger in the distal forearm, lateral side
ulna
larger in the proximal forearm, medial side
tibia (shin bone)
larger of the lower leg bones, anterior of the leg
irreversible shock
last stage of shock when it is terminal (effects infants and children)
epiglottis
leaf-shaped valve that protects the opening of the trachea
sagittal (lateral) plane
left and right
midsagittal plane (midline)
left and right equal halves
Which of the following is the MOST appropriate device to use when immobilizing a patient with a suspected spinal injury?
long backboard
fallopian
long slender tubes that extend from the uterus to the region of the ovary on the same side and through which the ovum passes from the ovary to the uterus.
topical medications
lotions, creams and ointments applied to the surface of the skin and affect only that area. lotions contain the most water and are absorbed most rapidly
Hypoxia
low oxygen
hypovolemic shock is a result of
low volume
hypo
low, under, below normal
ventricle
lower chamber
LLQ
lower left quadrant
treatment of anaphylactic shock
manage the airway, assist ventilations, administer high flow O2, determine cause, assist with epinephrine, transport
common meds administered by EMTs
oxygen, oral glucose, activated charcoal, naloxone, (narcan) asprin, epinephrine, through standing orders all set by the state and medical director
these are inserted when the electrical control system of the heart is so damaged that it cannot function properly
pacemakers
What is often associated with illness or trauma?
pain
signs of irreversible or biologic death include clinical death along with
pale skin
The arm and hand have their greatest lifting strength when facing ________ up.
palm
shock position
modified Trendelenburg's position, the head and torso are supine and lower extremities are elevated to help increase blood flow to the brain
wrist
modified ball and socket joint formed by the ends of the radius and ulna and eight carpal bones
pulse oximeters measure the percentage of hemoglobin saturated with
oxygen
this passes from the blood through capillaries to tissue cells
oxygen
pulse oximetry
photoelectric device that monitors oxygen saturation of hemoglobin in the capillary beds used to evaluate effectiveness of oxygenation
When moving a conscious, weak patient down a flight of stairs, you should:
place the wheeled stretcher at the bottom of the stairs and carry the patient down the stairs with a stair chair.
a collection of fluid outside the lungs on one or both sides of the chest is called a
pleural effusion
a pneumothorax is a partial or complete accumulation of air in the
pleural space
an obstruction to the exchange of gases between the alveoli and the capillaries may result from
pneumonia
carina
point at which the trachea bifurcates into the left and right mainstem bronchi
rales
sounds of air trying to pass through fluid in the alveoli, congestive heart failure
interstitial space
space between cells
logist
specialist
sweat glands
the glands that secret sweat located in the dermal layer of the sin
wheezing
the production of whistling sounds during expiration such as occurs in asthma and bronchiolitis.
true of false a hypertensive emergency usually occurs only with a systolic pressure greater than 180mm Hg
true
true or false medication form an inhaler is delivered through the respiratory tract to the lung
true
true or false patients with carbon monoxide poisoning initially complain of headache, fatigue and nausea
true
true or false patients with decreased level of consciousness should not be given anything by mouth
true
true or false patients with migraine headaches are sometimes sensitive to light and sound
true
true or false psychological problems and complications of medication can cause altered mental status
true
true or false pulmonary edema is commonly associated with congestive heart failure
true
true or false with pneumothorax the lung collapses because the negative vacuum pressure in the pleural space is lost
true
VS
vital signs
an acute myocardial infarction is more likely to occur in larger thick-walled left ventricle which needs more ____________________ than the right ventricle
blood and oxygen
sphygmomanometer
blood pressure cuff, mm Hg
dependent lividity
blood settling to the lowest point of body, causing discoloration of the skin: a definitive sign of death.
dependent lividity
blood settling to the lowest point of the body causing discoloration of the skin; a definitive sign of death
coronary arteries
blood vessels that carry blood and nutrients to the heart muscle
cyan(o)-
blue
cyanosis
bluish skin color that occurs when a patient has low levels of oxygen in the blood
To avoid injury to you, the patient, or your partners, you will have to learn how to lift and carry the patient properly, using proper __________ _________ and a power grip.
body mechanics
phalanges
bones that make up the fingers
ambi
both
damage to the inferior area of the heart often presents with
bradycardia (slow heart rate)
signs and symptoms of neurogenic shock
bradycardia, low blood pressure, hypotension, signs of neck injury
nervous system
brain and spinal cord along with thousands of nerves
chemical control of breathing
brain stem monitors level of CO2 in blood and spinal fluid, and adjusts breathing: medulla oblongata stimulates the phrenic nerve, signally the diaphragm
bariatrics
branch of medicine management of obesity
trade name
brand name that a manufacturer gives to a medication, the name is capitalized
pnea
breathing
inhalation - rapid rate
breathing into the lungs. medications that are inhaled into the lungs are absorbed quickly, helps minimize the effects of the medication in other body tissues
spontaneous respirations
breathing that occurs with no assistance
labored breathing
breathing that requires greater than normal effort; may be slower or faster than normal and usually requires the use of accessory muscles
labored breathing
breathing that requires visibly increased effort; characterized by grunting, stridor, and use of accessory muscles
infectious diseases associated with dyspnea
bronchitis common cold tuberculosis diphtheria pneumonia epiglottitis croup respiratory syncytial virus petussis severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) influenza type A meningococcal menigitis
acidosis
buildup of excess acid in the blood or body tissues that results from primary illness (lowering CO2 helps compensate for other acids)
When log rolling a patient, you should do all of the following except: a. kneel as close to the patient's side as possible b. lean solely from the hips c. reach as far as possible to maintain stability d. use your shoulder muscles to help with the roll
c
When pulling a patient, you should do all of the following except: a. extend your arms no more than about 15"-20" b. reposition your feet so that the force of pull will be balanced equally c. when you can pull no farther, lean forward another 15"-20" d. pull the patient by slowly flexing your arms
c
A(n) _________ stretcher is commonly used in technical and water rescues
basket
The MOST appropriate carrying device to use when moving a patient across rough or uneven terrain is the:
basket strecher
a with a line above it
before
pre
before
ante-
before, foreward
pulmonary artery
begins at the right side of the heart and carries oxygen depleted blood to the lungs
retro
behind
cerebellum
behind brain stem, controls muscle and body coordination
dermis
below germinal layer, contains sweat glands, sebaceous glands, hair follicles, blood vessels and nerve endings
cricothyroid membrane
between the thyroid and cricoid cartilage
alkalosis
buildup of excess base (lack of acids) in the body fluids, excessive breathing can "blow off" too much CO2
spinal column
composed of 33 bones called vertebrae
Q / q
every
reassess patient
every 5 minutes for patients in unstable condition every 15 minutes for patients in stable condition
palpate
examine by touch
polycythemia
excessive red blood cell production
ventilation
exchange of air between the lungs and the environment spontaneously by the patient or with assistance from another person such as an EMTS
ventilation
exchange of air between the lungs and the environment, spontaneously by the patient or with assistance from another person, such as an EMT
Why should your team anticipate every move?
execute it in a coordinated manner
medical emergencies
emergencies that are not caused by an outside force; illnesses or conditions
trauma emergencies
emergencies that are the result of physical forces applied to the body; injuries
In a(n) _________ move, the patient is dragged or pulled from a dangerous scene before assessment and care are provided
emergency
What are some signs and symptoms of anxiety?
emotionally upset, sweaty and cool skin (diaphoretic) rapid breathing (hyperventilating) fast pulse (tachycardic) restlessness, tension, fear, shakiness
the front side of the brain controls?
emotions and thoughts
what is a lost of elastic material around the air spaces as a result of chronic stretching of the alveoli
emphysema
What is the best carry for this patient?
end to end carry
adrenal glands
endocrine glands located on top of the kidneys that release adrenaline when stimulated by the sympathetic nervous system
megaly
enlargement
which of the following changes in heart function occur in patients with congestive heart failure?
enlargement of the left ventricle
angina pain may be felt in the?
epigastrium (upper middle region of the abdomen)
when administering nito to a patient you should make sure the patient has not taken any medications for ____________________in the last 24 hours
erectile dysfunction
red blood cells
erythrocytes, contain hemoglobin which is responsible for carrying oxygen
is =
es (plural)
platelets
essential in the intial formation of a blood clot
ETA
estimated time of arrival
Prior to applying medical restraints to a combative patient, you should:
evaluate the patient for potentially correctible cause of combativeness, such as head injury, hypoxia, or hypoglycemia
ventilation
exchange of air between the lungs and the environment, spontaneously by the patient with assistance from another person such as an EMT
signs and symptoms of pneumonia
exertional dyspnea, a productive cough, chest discomfort and pain, wheezing, headache, nausea and vomiting, musculoskeletal pain, weight loss, and confusion
exhaled and inhaled air composition
exhaled: 16%O2, 3-5% CO2, rest is Nitrogen, inhaled: 21% CO2
Community Paramedicine
experienced paramedics receive advanced training to equip the to provide services within a community.
cumulative stress reactions
exposure to prolonged or excessive stress.
A(n) ___________ lift is used for patients who are supine or in a sitting position with no suspected extremity or spinal injuries
extremity
acr(o)-
extremity
A 56-year-old female is found supine in a narrow hallway of her mobile home. She complains of severe weakness and dizziness, and states that she is unable to walk. There is no evidence of trauma and the patient states that she did not fall. How should you and your partner move this patient to a more spacious area?
extremity lift
The _________ ________ ma be especially helpful when the patient is in a very narrow space or when there is not enough room for the patient and a team of EMTs to stand side by side.
extremity lift
Used for patients who are supine or sitting without an extremity or spinal injury
extremity lift
blephar(o)-
eyelid
signs and symptoms of stroke
facial drooping sudden weakness or numbness in the face, arm, leg or one side of the body loss of movement and sensation on one side of the body speech disorders aphasia sudden and severe headache trouble walking confusion, combativeness tongue deviation
Bad sleep patterns
fall asleep within seconds, routinely fatigued within an hour, unable to make it through and entire day without sever fatigue, cant concentrate on repetitive tasks
True of false adolescents (12-18) are at LESS risk than other populations for suicide and depression
false
True or False The likelihood of you becoming infected during routine patient care is high?
false
True or false mouth to mouth is considered an advanced life saving procedure
false
True or false you should suspect shock in a mild allergic reaction
false
true of false dissecting aortic aneurysms are rarely considered life threatening
false
true of false enteral medication enter the body through the skin
false
true of false if an AED malfunctions during use you must report that problem to the manufacturer and to human resources
false
true of false in the normal heart the need for increased blood flow to the myocardium is easily met by an increase in heart rate
false
true of false infarction is a temporary interruption of the blood supply to the tissue
false
true of false nitro works in most patients within 5 minutes to relieve the pain of AMI
false
true of false the links in the chain of survival include rapid defibrillation
false
true of false the pain of angina and the pain of AMI are easily distinguishable
false
true of false the right side of the heart pumps oxygen rich blood to the body
false
true of false white blood cells are the most numerous cells in the blood and help blood to clot
false
true of false you should give by mouth a patient with a decreased level of consciousness
false
true or false EMT's can receive a vaccination against HIV to protect them from exposure
false
true or false HIV is far more contagious than hepatitis B
false
true or false HIV is not considered a hazard when deposited on mucous membranes
false
true or false MERS-CoV is a virus most commonly found in cats and birds living in the middle east
false
true or false The ankle is proximal to the knee
false
true or false a barrier devise should be used in performing ventilation because it will prevent aspiration of foreign objects
false
true or false a patient who has bleeding in the brain may have a very low blood pressure
false
true or false a person in shock left untreated will survive?
false
true or false all seizures involve muscle twitching and general convulsions
false
true or false all strains of influenza are transmitted through oral and fecal contamination
false
true or false all unconscious patients need all elements of BLS
false
true or false anaphylactic reactions occur only in patients with a previous history of asthma or allergies
false
true or false chronic bronchitis is characterized by spasm and narrowing of the bronchioles due to exposure to allergens
false
true or false compensated shock is related to the last stages of shock
false
true or false conscious medical patients will always need a full body scan
false
true or false decompensated shock occurs when the systolic blood pressure falls below 120 mmHg
false
true or false decreased breath sounds in asthma occur because fluid in the pleural space has moved the lung away from the chest wall.
false
true or false epiglottitis is more predominant in the adult population
false
true or false families typically expect EMS providers to stop resuscitation and leave their loved one on scene
false
true or false hemiparesis is the inability to speak or understand speech
false
true or false hemorrhagic stroke is the most common type of stroke
false
true or false herpes simplex is primarily an animal respiratory disease that has mutated to infect humans
false
true or false hyperglycemia may stimulate a stroke
false
true or false hyperglycemia should be considered in a patient following a MVC (motor vehicle condition) with an altered mental status
false
true or false in the adult the sternum should be depressed 1 inch to 1.5 inches (2.5cm to 3.8cm) during chest compressions
false
true or false influenza is transmitted by direct contact with nasal secretions and aerosolized droplets
false
true or false letting the hospital know the specifics regarding the patients neurologic symptoms is generally not important
false
true or false metabolism is the cardiovascular systems circulation of blood and oxygen to all cells in different tissues and organs of the body
false
true or false right sided facial droop is most likely and indication of a problem in the right cerebral hemisphere
false
true or false the recovery position should be used to maintain an open airway in a patient with a head or spinal injury
false
true or false the suffix "plegia" refers to plastic surgery
false
true or false the word root occurs before the prefix
false
true or false the wrist is proximal to the elbow
false
true or false tuberculosis is found in open uncrowded living spaces
false
true or false when assisting a patient with a small volume nebulizer the oxygen flow meter should be set to 10L/min
false
true or false whooping cough is an airborne disease caused by a virus
false
true or false you should avoid asking family members for information regarding patient allergies and medication
false
true or false you should wait until you get an accurate pulse oximeter reading on a seizure patient before administering oxygen
false
true or false the postictal state following a seizure commonly lasts only about 3-5 minutes
false
True of false typically antisocial behavior will peak around age 13
false 14-16 years of age
True of false language is usually mastered by 24 months
false 36 months
True of false the majority of older adults live in assisted living facilities
false normally with a family member
lateral (outer)
farthest from the midline
duodenum
first part of the small intestine
metacarpals
five bones extending from the carpal bones serve as a base for each finger
aden(o)-
gland
all patients with an altered mental status should have a
glaskow coma scale score calculated
Minimum PPE when treating a patient with respiratory distress
gloves, eye protection and a HEPA respirator
physical findings of AMI include skin that is ___________ because of poor cardiac output and the loss of perfusion
gray
poli/o
gray
chlor/o
green
modes of transportation ultimately come in two categories
ground or air
GSW
gun shot wound
hemi
half
HHN
hand held nebulizer
angina pectoris
happens when the demand for oxygen by the muscles exceed the supply. blockage or narrowing in the blood vessels (vasoconstriction) that supply to the heart.
HBD
has been drinking
What do scene hazards include?
hazardous materials, electricity, and fire
cephal(o)-
head
What is the best method for carrying a patient up the steps
head first slightly elevated
Order of the secondary assessment
head, face, pupils chest & abdomen palpate the legs and arms back
patients with a subarachnoid hemorrhage typically complain of a sudden sever
headache
cardi(o)-
heart
What is the number one cause of all deaths today
heart disease
hematologic emergencies
hemophilia, sickle cell disease
people with uncontrolled hypertension have a higher risk of what kind of stroke
hemorrhagic
vaccinations are not available for which form of hepatitis
hepatitis C
mechanism of injury (MOI)
how traumatic injury occurred motor vehicle crashes, assaults, stabbings or gunshot wounds
Why shouldn't you do when reaching overhead?
hyperextend
consider the possibility of what in a patient who has had a seizure
hypoglycemia
what refers to the failure of the cardiovascular system?
hypoperfusion
shock
hypoperfusion, the state of inadequate circulation when it involves the entire body
causes of metabolic seizure
hypoxia abnormal blood chemical values hypoglycemia poisoning drug overdose sudden withdrawal from alcohol, medications
activated charcoal
i) an oral medication that binds and adsorbs ingested toxins in the gastrointestinal tract for treatment of some poisonings and medication overdoses. ii) Charcoal is ground into a very fine powder that provides the greatest possible surface area for binding medication that have been taken by mouth iii) not for patients who have ingested an acid, alkali or petroleum product
nitroglycerin administration
i) should NOT be used when patients systolic blood pressure is below 100 mm Hg ii) usually taken sublingually iii) should not be taken with medication that is used for treatment of erectile dysfunction within previous 24 hours
ex or ix =
ices (plural)
rebellious behavior can be part of an adolescent (12-18) trying to find their what?
identity
perfusion triangle: blood vessels
if all the blood vessels dilate at once the normal volume of blood is not enough to fill the system and provide adequate perfusion
perfusion triangle: blood
if enough blood is lost the volume of fluid in the cardiovascular system is not enough to support adequate perfusion
pericardiocentesis
involves penetrating the pericardium with a needle to withdrawal the accumulated blood from the pericardial sac. this procedure is an advanced skill and it's rarely performed in the field
ataxic respirations
irregular, ineffective respirations that may or may not have an identifiable pattern
chronic bronchitis
irritation of the major lung passageways from infectious disease or irritants such as smoke
pulmonary embolism
is a blood clot that that occurs in the pulmonary circulation and blocks the flow of blood thorough out the pulmonary vessels. it breaks off from a large vein and travels to the blood vessels of the lung causing obstruction of blood flow.
Alpha 1
located in the blood vessels, causes constriction and skin becomes clammy, pale and cool
Beta 1 and 2
located in the heart and lungs, increases heart rate force of heart contraction, and bronchodialation
apneustic center
located in the inferior portion of the pons, stimulates the DRG, resulting in longer, slower respirations
dorsal respiratory group (DRG)
located in the medulla oblongata, the main pacemaker for breathing, responsible for initiating inspiration
ventral respiratory group (VRG)
located in the medulla, helps to provide for forced inspiration or expiration as needed Responsible for modulating breathing during speech
pneumotaxic (pontine) center
located in the superior portion of the pons, helps shut off the DRG resulting in shorter, faster respirations
biceps
located on the anterior aspect of the humerus, moves the lower part of the arm toward the head
When you are rolling the wheeled ambulance stretcher, your back should be __________, straight, and untwisted.
locked
Be sure to pick up and carry the backboard with your back in the ________ position.
locked-in
incontinence
loss of bowel and or bladder control; may be the result of a generalize seizure
fibula
lower leg bone, lies on the lateral side of the leg
mandible
lower moveable portion of the jaw
hypotension
lower than normal blood pressure
orbit (eye socket)
made up of two facial bones, the maxilla and the zygoma, and the frontal bone of the cranium
bronchi
mainstem tubes that enter the lungs, right lung has three major bronchi, left lung has two bronchi
A critical aspect of the rapid extrication technique is to
maintain stabilization of the spine at all times
radial artery
major artery of the lower arm
brachial artery
major artery of the upper arm
femoral artery
major artery that supplies blood the lower extremities
carotid artery
major artery that supplies blood to the head and brain
small intestine
major hollow organ of the abdomen, composed of the duodenum, jejunum and ileum, site for chemical breakdown of food -absorption of products for digestion
skeletal muscle
muscle that is attached to bones and usually crosses at least one joint; striated or voluntary muscle.
voluntary muscle
muscle that is under direct voluntary control of the brain and can be contracted or relaxed at will: skeletal or striated muscle.
sphincters
muscles arranged in circles that are able to decreases the diameter of tubes, example are found within the rectum bladder and blood vessels
psych
mind
metered-dose inhaler (MDI)
miniature spray canister through which droplets or particles of medication may be inhaled. used to direct substances through the mouth and into the lungs, suspension must be shaken. delivers the same dose each time it is administered
chemoreceptors
monitor the levels of oxygen, CO2 and the pH of the cerebrospinal fluid and then provide feedback to the respiratory centers to modify the rate and depth of breathing based on the body's needs at any given time
abduction
motion away from the midline
hinge joints
motion is restricted to one plane (fingers, elbow, knee)
adduction
motion toward the midline
autonomic nervous system
motor functional division, body functions without voluntary control, digestion, dilation and constriction of blood vessels, sweating
somatic nervous system
motor functional division, regulates voluntary control activities
retractions
movements in which the skin pulls in around the ribs during inspiration
diaphram, intercostal muscles, abdominal muscles and petoral muscles
muscles involved in breathing. Diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract during inhalation lowering pressure in the chest cavity. Negative pressure breathing, active part of the cycle. Exhaling is the passive phase of the cycle.
MI
myocardial infarction (heart attack)
vertebrae
named according the section (5) of the spine and numbered from top to bottom
vasoconstriction
narrowing of a blood vessel, such as with hypoperfusion or cold extremities
oxygen-delivery devices
nasal cannula- flow 1 to 6L/min, 24-44% O2 nonrebreathing mask- flow 10-15L/min, up to 90% O2 bag-mask w/reservoir- flow 15L/min, nearly 100% O2 mouth-to-mask device-flow 15L/min, nearly 55% O2
apia
near the bottom of the brain
para
near, beside, beyond apart from
cervic(o)-
neck; cervix
gaseous medications
neither a solid or liquid most commonly used in gas form is oxygen (NRB, Nasal Cannula, BVM)
phrenic nerve
nerve that innervates the diaphragm, necessary for adequate breathing to occur
medulla oblongata
nerve tissue that is continuous inferiorly with the spinal cord, serves as a conduction pathway for ascending and descending nerve tracts, coordinates heart rate, blood vessel diameter, breathing, swallowing, vomiting, coughing and sneezing
motor nerves
nerves that carry information from the central nervous system to the muscles of the body
sensory nerves
nerves that carry sensations of touch, taste, heat, cold, pain and other modalities from the body to the central nervous system
you should assess pulse, motor and sensation in all of the extremities and check for pupillary reactions if you suspect a
neurologic problem
NTG
nitroglycerine
patients in cardiogenic shock should not receive?
nitroglycerine
paradoxical motion
only one section of the chest rises on inspiration while another area of the chest falls, motion is the opposite of normal motion during breathing, associated with fracture of ribs
Patent
open or unobstructed
patent
open, clear of obstruction
What six components must be included in the oral report
opening information detailed information any important history patients response to treatment vital signs other information
appendix
opens into the cecum, small tubular structure
oncontic pressure
opposite of hydrostatic pressure, a form of osmotic pressure exerted by proteins in the blood plasma that tends to pull water into the circulatory system and makes the blood thicker
sinoatrial node
origination point of normal impulses in the heart 60-100 BPM
The SCOOP STRETCHER is also known as
orthopedic stretcher
Dura matter
outer layer / next to the skull
ex(o)-
outside
Where should you place the wheeled stretcher for easy access?
outside front door
non-rebreathing mask
outside the hospital it's the preferred method of giving oxygen to patients who are experiencing significant respiratory distress.
extra-
outside; in addition
general impression
overall initial impression that determines the priority for patient care based on 1) patient's surroundings, 2) mechanism of injury, 3) signs and symptoms, and 4) chief complaint
Be careful that you do not push or pull from a(n) ________ position.
overhead
clavicle (collarbone)
overlies the superior boundaries of the thorax in front and articulates (joins) posteriorly with the scapula
an insufficient concentration of _____________ in the blood can produce shock as rapidly as vascular
oxygen
if you encounter a patient who has a hard lump beneath the skin in the chest near the heart you should assume the patient has a
pacemaker
spleen
part of the lymphatic system that processes blood
cranium
part of the skull composed of four major bones that fuse together to form a shell above the eyes and ears
diffusion
passive process in which molecules move from an area with higher concentration of molecules to an area of lower concentration
standard precautions
protective measures that have traditionally been developed by the CDC for use in dealing with objects, blood, body fluids, etc (also universal precautions)
interventions for respiratory problems
providing oxygen at 15L/min providing positive pressure ventilation using a bag mask using airway management techniques Fowler's position assisting with respiratory medications
a blood clot lodged in the pulmonary artery is referred to as a
pulmonary embolism
in CHF where does the blood tend to back up in increasing the pressure in the capillaries of the lungs
pulmonary veins
the only vein(s) in the body that carry oxygenated blood is/are the?
pulmonary veins
AED's should only be applied to an unresponsive patient with no?
pulse
infant vital signs (1 month to 1 year)
pulse 100-160, respirations 25-50, systolic blood pressure 70-95, temperature: >98.6
adult vital signs (13-till death)
pulse 60-100, respirations 12-20, systolic blood pressure 90-140, temperature: 98.6
school age vital signs (6 to 12 years)
pulse 70-120, respirations 15-20, systolic blood pressure 80-110, temperature: 98.6
preschoolers (3 to 6 years old
pulse 80-140, respiration's 20-25, systolic blood pressure 80-100, temperature: 98.6
this usually refers to a state of cardiac arrest despite an organized electrical complex
pulseless electrical activity
causes of shock
pump failure (heart) - poor vessel function (container) - low fluid volume (blood or fluid loss) bleeding, respiratory failure, acute allergic reactions, and overwhelming infection
right side of the heart
pumps blood out to the body
left side of the heart
pumps blood to the lungs
PERL or PERRL
pupils equal round and reactive to light
pink puffers
pursed lips, trip position, create back pressure in their airways 1-2 word sentences
In most instances, you should move a patient on a wheeled ambulance stretcher by:
pushing the head of the stretcher while your partner guides the foot
After determining that a patient is unresponsive, your next step should be to:
quickly scan the chest for signs of breathing.
What are the two types of sexual harassment?
quid pro quo (the harassers request sexual favors in exchange for something else) hostile work environment (jokes, touching, leering, dates
A(n) _________ extrication technique is used to move a patient from a sitting position inside a vehicle to supine on a backboard in less than 1 minute
rapid
list 3 signs/symptoms found in an anxious patient
rapid breathing, sweaty & cool skin, emotionally upset
primary assessment of suspected shock
rapid exam to determine level of consciousness, identify and manage life threatening concerns as they are found, determine priority of the patient and transport.
hyperventilation
rapid or deep breathing that lowers the blood carbon dioxide level below normal
hyperventilation
rapid or deep breathing that lowers the blood carbon dioxide level below normal; may lead to increased intrathoracic pressure
signs and symptoms of psychogenic shock
rapid pulse, normal or low blood pressure
signs and symptoms of hypovolemic shock
rapid, weak pulse, low blood pressure change in mental status, cyanosis cool, clammy skin, increased respiratory rate
signs and symptoms of respiratory insufficiency
rapid, weak pulse, low blood pressure, change in mental status, cyanosis, cool, clammy skin, increased respiratory rate
if the level of carbon dioxide in the arterial blood rises above normal the patient breaths
rapidly and deeply
absorption
rate and process by which medications are absorbed and travel through body tissues until they reach the bloodstream
list the five components of the American heart associations chain of survival
recognition and activation of the emergency response system immediate high quality CPR rapid defibrillation basic and advanced emergency medical services ALS and post-arrest care
erythr/o
red (red blood cells erythrocyte)
which blood cells carries oxygen to the body's tissues and then remove carbon dioxide?
red blood cells
right and left
refer to the patient's right and left
hepatitis
refers to inflammation of the liver
musculoskeletal system
refers to the bones and voluntary muscles of the body, shapes form and posture, allows movement and protects internal organs, contains over 600 skeletal muscles
capillary sphincters
regulate blood flow through the capillary beds, under the control of the autonomic nervous system. they also respond to other stimuli such as heat, cold the need for oxygen and the need for waste removal.
adrenergic
related to the adrenal gland where epinephrine and norepinephrine are made
Functional age
relates to the person's ability to function in daily activities, the persons mental state, health status and activity pattern
which of the following is NOT a basic cause of shock
release of epinephrine
you and your partner respond to the scene of a 49 yr old male with acute abdominal pain. as you enter his residence, you find him lying on the floor in severe pain. he is conscious and alert. the patient appears to weigh in excess of 350 pounds your first action should be to?
request additional personnel before making any attempt to lift him
medical emergencies
require EMS attention because of illnesses or conditions not caused by and outside force
labored breathing
requires effort and may involve the accessory muscles, may be slower or faster than normal
all patients assessments begin by determining whether the patient is
responsive
blood clot principals
retention of blood due to blockage in blood circulation (blood stasis) changes in the vessel wall (such as a wound) and the bloods ability to clot (as a result of disease process or medication
naloxone (narcan)
reverses the effect of an opioid overdose. can cause sever withdrawal symptoms (seizers/cardiac arrest) taken via intranasal route)
cerebrum
right and left hemispheres, front controls emotion and thought, middle controls touch and movement, back controls sight, speech usually controlled on the left side
RLQ
right lower quandrant
RUQ
right upper quadrant
list the four obvious signs of death
rigor mortis, dependent lividity, putrefaction, evidence of non-survivable injury(decapitation)
R/O
rule out
The _________ is both the mechanical weight-bearing base of the spinal column and the fused central posterior section of the pelvic girdle.
sacrum
Power Lift
safest + most powerful way to lift
the major components of patients assessment include
scene size-up primary assessment history taking secondary assessment reassessment
A(n) __________ stretcher is designed to be split into two or four sections that can be fitted around a patient who is lying on the ground or other relatively flat surface
scoop
Lifting device that separates into two or four pieces
scoop stretcher
if your patient is alone and unresponsive in order to obtain some form of medical history you should
search the scene for medication containers or medical devices
abdomen
second major body cavity, contains the major organs of digestion and excretion, located below the diaphragm and above the pelvis
treatment of hypovolemic shock
secure airway, assist ventilations administer high flow O2, control external bleeding, elevate legs (if no fractured extremities) keep warm, transport
treatment of respiratory insufficiency
secure airway, clear air passages, assist ventilations administer high-flow O2, transport promptly
treatment of neurogenic shock
secure airway, spinal stabilization, assist ventilations, administer low flow O2, preserve body heat and transport
flexible stretcher
secured around patient but can be folded or rolled when not in use
Sign of respiratory distress is seen MOST commonly in pediatric patients
seesaw breathing
febrile seizure
seizure that results from sudden high fevers; most often seen in children
auto-
self
Fowler's position
semi-reclining position with the head elevated to allow patient to breathe easier, knees bent
Which of the following situations would require an urgent patient move?
semiconscious patient with shallow respirations and signs of shock
the middle side of the brain controls?
sensation and movement
clingy behavior and the fear of unfamiliar people or places are normal among 10-18 month old children and are commonly caused by?
separation anxiety
signs of distributive shock
septic shock, neurogenic shock, anaphylactic shock, and psychogenic shock.
the heart is divided down the middle by a wall called the?
septum
orthopnea
severe dyspnea experienced when lying down and relieved by sitting up
paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
severe shortness of breath especially at night after several hours of reclining; the person is forced to sit up to breath
signs and symptoms of pulmonary embolus
sharp, pinpoint pain dyspnea sudden onset after childbirth or surgery
pleuritic chest pain
sharp, stabbing pain in the chest that is worsened by a deep breath or other chest wall movement; often caused by inflammation or irritation of the pleura
elevated heart rate, pale clammy skin and air hunger are symptoms of what?
shock
inadequate circulation that does not meet the body's need is know as what?
shock
septic shock
shock caused as a result of sever infections, usually bacterial in which toxins (poisons) are generated by the bacteria or by infected body tissues. the toxins damage the vessel walls, causing increased cellular permeability.
hypovolemic shock
shock caused by inadequate fluid or blood loss. hemorrhagic (bleeding) and non-hemorrhagic (vomiting and diarrhea,) occurs with severe thermal burns and crushing injuries.
obstructive shock
shock that occurs when there is a block to blood flow in the heard or great vessels causing insufficient blood supply to the body's tissue. (cardiac tamponade, tension pneumothorax, pulmonary embolism)
dyspnea
shortness of breath
dyspnea
shortness of breath or difficulty breathing
When a person is standing upright, the weight of anything being lifted and carried in the hands is FIRST reflected onto the:
shoulder girdle
unintended effects
side effects that are undesirable but pose little risk to the patient
untoward effects
side effects that can be harmful to the patient
During a body drag where you and your partner are on each side of the patient, you will have to alter the usual pulling technique to prevent pulling __________ and producing adverse lateral leverage against your lower back.
sideways
s/s
signs and symptoms
what is the conduction system
sinoatrial node (where electric impulses begin) atrioventricular node (cross the bridge special electrical tissue. Ventricles (spreads throughout both ventricles through the bundle of his
status epilipticus
situation where seizure lasts longer than 30 minutes or patients does not regain consciousness for 30 minutes
why can breathing become more labor intensive among older adults?
size of airway increases and the surface area of the aveoli decreases natural elasticity of the lungs decrease forcing people to use muscles between their ribs called the intercostal muscles
dermat(o)-
skin
integumentary system
skin
diaphoretic
skin that is wet, bathed in sweat
brady-
slow
Bradycardia
slow heart rate
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
slow process of dilation and disruption of the airways and alveoli caused by chronic bronchial obstruction, 4th leading cause of death
if carbon dioxide levels drop too low the person automatically breathes
slower and less deeply
dysarthria
slurred speech
micro
small
arterioles
smallest branches of an artery leading to the network of capillaries
venules
smallest branches of the veins, blood moves from capillaries to venules
what a common hazards associated with a fire scene.
smoke, oxygen deficiency, high ambret temps, toxic gases, building collapse, explosions, equipment malfunction
cartilage
soft, semiflexible material found within the joints
mediastinum
space within the chest that contains the heart, major blood vessels, vagus nerve, trachea, major bronchi and esophagus; located between the two lungs
two- to three-word dyspnea
speaking only two or three words without pausing to take a breath
in addition to checking level of consciousness it is also important to protect the _________ from further injury while assessing the patient and preforming CPR
spinal cord
The manual support and immobilization that you provide when using the rapid extrication technique produce a greater risk of _________ _________.
spine movement
scoop stretcher or orthopedic stretcher
split into 2 or 4 sections fitted around patient who is lying on ground
the letter "S" in the pneumonic PASTE refers to
sputum
A lightweight folding device that is used to carry a conscious, seated patient up or down stairs
stair chair
Used to carry patients up and down stairs
stair chair
after applying an AED to the patient, the AED states "no shock advised" what is your next step of action
start chest compressions for 2 minutes then have the AED reanalyze.
a prolonged asthma attack that is unrelieved by epinephrine may progress into a condition known as
status asthmaticus
secondary assessment
step within the patient assessment process in which a systematic physical examination of the patient is performed. The examination may be a systematic full-body scan or a systematic assessment that focuses on a certain area or region of the body, often determined through the chief complaint
rigor mortis
stiffening of the body muscles; a definitive sign of death
gastr(o)-
stomach
digestive system
stomach and intestines, mouth salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, rectum and anus
left upper quadrant (LUQ)
stomach, spleen, colon
calc-
stone; heel
As you and your partner are carrying a stable patient down a flight of stairs in a stair chair, you feel a sudden, sharp pain in your lower back. You should:
stop the move and request additional lifting assistance.
you are 6 blocks away from the hospital when the patient stops breathing again and no longer has a pulse. you should?
stop the vehicle and analyze the rhythm
seminal vesicles
storage sacs for sperm and seminal fluid which empty into the uretha at the prostate
extension
straightening of a joint
What is the impact of stressors on your physical and mental well being
stress
Hering-Breuer reflex
stretch receptors in the chest wall that detect if the lungs are too full or too empty, stops the VRG, penumotaxic center and apneustic center from accidentally causing lung trauma
hypoglycemia can mimic conditions such as a
stroke
portable stretcher
strong rectangular tubular metal frame + rigid fabric stretched across it
oral/per os (PO) slow rate
taken by mouth, takes as long as 1 hour, noninvasive, less expensive, dosing is less reliable because of vomiting or diarrhea
Who is responsible for coordinating moves?
team leader
jaw-thrust maneuver
technique to open the airway by placing the fingers behind the angle of the jaw and bringing the jaw forward; used for patients who may have a cervical spine injury
when palpating the chest and abdomen you are attempting to identify areas of
tenderness
headaches caused by muscle contractions in the head and neck are typically associated with?
tension headaches
Abandonment
termination of care by the EMT without the patients consent and without making provision for transferring care to another medical professional with the skills and training necessary to meet the needs of the patient.
prone and supine
terms that describe body position, the body is in prone position when lying face down, the body is in supine position when lying face up
orientation
tests mental status by checking patient's memory and thinking ability person, place, time and event
EMT-administered medications
the EMT is directly administering the medication to the patient
automaticity
the ability of cardiac muscle cells to contract spontaneously without a stimulation from a nervous system
compliance
the ability of the alveoli to expand when air is drawn in during inhalation
myocardial contractility
the ability of the heart muscle to contract. (when the heart muscle is stretched this increases leading to greater force of contraction and increased cardiac output)
passive ventilation
the act of air moving in and out of the lungs during chest compressions
inhalation
the active, muscular part of breathing that draws air into the airway and lungs
residual volume
the air that remains in the lungs after maximal expiration
when assessing a patient with a possible cerebrovascular accident (CVA) you should check what first
the airway
tidal volume
the amount if air that is moved into or out of the lungs during a single breath
end-tidal CO2
the amount of CO2 present in exhaled breath
vital capacity
the amount of air that can be forcibly expelled from the lungs after breathing in as deeply as possible
tidal volumn
the amount of air that is moved in or out of the lungs during one breath
minute volume aka minute ventilation
the amount of air that moves in and out of the lungs in 1 minute minus the dead space minute volume = resiratory rate x tidal volume
stroke volume
the amount of blood moved in one heart beat, in one minute the entire blood volume 5-6L is circulated through all the vessels
end-tidal co2
the amount of carbon dioxide present at the end of an exhaled breath
posterior tibial artery
the artery just behind the medial malleolus: supplies blood to the foot.
dorsalis pedis artery
the artery on the anterior surface of the foot between the first and second metatarsals
life expectancy
the average amount of years a person can be expected to live
posterior
the back surface of the body the side away from you in the standard anatomic position.
nephrons
the basic filtering units in the kidneys
metabolism (cellular respiration)
the biochemical processes that result in production of energy from nutrients within cells
metabolism (cellular respiration)
the biochemical processes that result in production of energy from nutrients within the cells
aorta
the body's main artery, which receives blood from the left ventricle and delivers it to all other arteries that carry blood to the tissues of the body
plantar
the bottom of the foot
urethra
the canal that conveys urine from the bladder to outside the body
blood flow through the capillary beds is regulated by?
the capillary sphincters
xiphoid process
the cartilaginous tip of the sternum
perfusion
the circulation of blood within an organ or tissue
asystole
the complete absence of all heart electrical activity
endocrine system
the complex message and control system that integrates many body functions including the release of hormones
acetabulum (pelvic girdle)
the depression on the lateral pelvis where its three component bones join, socket in which the ball of the femur fits
pulse pressure
the difference between the systolic and diastolic pressures (systolic - diastolic = pulse pressure) it signifies the amount of force the heart generates with each contraction. pulse less than 25mm = shock
compensated shock
the early stage of shock in which the body can still still compensate for blood loss. agitation, anxiety, feeling of impending doom, altered mental status, thirst, shallow breathing, nausea or vomiting, weak rapid (thread) absent pulse, clammy or ashen skin
intended effect
the effect that a medication is expected to have on the body
internal respiration
the exchange of gases between the blood cells and the tissues
external respiration
the exchange of gases between the lungs and the blood cells in the pulmonary capillaries; also called pulmonary respiration
respiration
the exchange of oxygen and CO2
what develops when the heart muscle can no longer generate enough pressure to circulate?
cardiogenic shock
inferior vena cava
carries blood returning from the abdomen, pelvis and lower extremities
superior vena cava
carries blood returning from the head, neck, shoulders and upper extremities
systemic circulation
carries oxygen-rich blood from the left ventricle through the body and back to the right atrium. blood passes through the tissues and organs it delivers oxygen and nutrients.
chondr(o)-
cartilage
tension pneumothorax
caused by damage to the lung tissue. this damage allows air normally held within the lung escapes into the chest cavity causing organs to shift toward the uninjured side within the chest cavity. tracheal is a late sign of a TP
cyt(o)-
cell
regulation of blood flow is determined by?
cellular need
Lifting Patient by Bed Sheet
center the patient on the sheet + tightly roll up excess fabric on each side. Cylindrical handle that provides a strong way to grasp fabric.
CNS
central nervous system
playing the piano is coordinated by which part of the brain
cerebellum
cerebr(o)-
cerebrum
neurogenic shock usually results from damage to the spinal cord at the?
cervical level
stable angina
characterized by pain in the chest of coronary origin that is relieved by rest or nitro
unstable angina
characterized by pain in the chest of coronary origin that occurs in response to progressively less exercise or few stimuli than ordinarily required to produce angina
zygomas
cheekbones
thorac
chest
because of the urgent need to start CPR in a pulseless non-breathing patient you must complete a primary assessment as soon as possible and begin CPR with
chest compressions
thoracic cage
chest or rib cage
CP
chest pain
signs and symptoms of cardiogenic shock
chest pain, irregular pulse, weak pulse, low blood pressure, cyanosis, cool clammy skin, anxiety, rales (crackles) pulmonary edema.
for woman in advanced stages of pregnancy who are conscious and suffering from a foreign body airway obstruction you should use the?
chest thrusts
c/c
chief complaint
What does Chart or Charte method stand for
chief complaint, history and physical examination, assessment, treatment, and transort
signs and symptoms of bronchitis
chronic cough wheezing cyanosis productive cough
COPD
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
patients with long-standing lung disease often have
chronically high levels of blood CO2
sphincters
circular muscles that encircle and by contracting constrict or dilate a duct tube or opening
What is CAB and why is it used
circulation (cardiac arrest or sever bleeding) airway (obstruction) breathing (respiratory arrest) used when patient is in cardiac arrest
perfusion
circulation of blood in an organ or tissue in adequate amounts to meet the cells' current needs
neurogenic shock
circulatory failure caused by paralysis of the nerves that control the size of the blood vessels leading to a wide spread dilation seen in patients with spinal cord injuries caused by damage to the spinal cord. causing the blood to pool. medical causes include brain conditions, tumors, pressure on the spinal cord and spina bifida. the muscles in the walls of the blood vessels are cut off from the sympathetic nervous system and nerve impulse that cause them to contract.
esophagus
collapsible tube about 10" long that extends from the end of the pharynx to the stomach, moves food from the mouth the the stomach
Hematoma
collection of blood under the skin
pleural effusion
collection of fluid between the lung and chest wall that may compress the lung.
assessment of skin
color, temperature, moisture in infants and small children, skin color is assessed on the palms and soles
these are associated with altered mental status
coma, seizure, intoxication, body temperature abnormalities, hypoxia, hypoglycemia
sniffing position
common posture seen in children that indicates a patient is trying increase airflow patient sits upright with the head and chin thrust slightly forward, appears to be sniffing
tripod position
common posture that indicates a patient is trying to increase airflow sitting and leaning forward on outstretched arms with head and chin thrust slightly forward
Why should you coordinate your movement with team?
communicate with them to avoid accidents
Confidentiality
communication between you and the patient is considered confidential and generally cannot be disclosed without permission from the patient or court order.
c/o
complaining of
What six functions does the PCR report provide
continuity of care legal documentation education administrative information essential research record evaluation & continuous quality improvement
systole
contraction phase
inflammation and swelling of the pharynx, larynx and trachea resulting in a "seal bark" is typically caused by
croup
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
cushions brain structures and filters our impurities, colorless
blue bloaters
cyanotic, barrel chest, tripod position
this is a genetic disorder that affects the lungs and digestive system
cystic fibrosis
A backboard is a device that provides support to patients who you suspect have: a. hip injuries b. pelvic injuries c. spinal injuries d. all of the above
d
Special _________ are usually required to move any patient who weighs more than 350 pounds to an ambulance. a. techniques b. equipment c. resources d. all of the above
d
You have been called to the scene of a high-speed motor vehicle collision involving two compact cars. The first vehicle was a roll-over, ejecting the driver. The second vehicle contained both a driver and a front-seat passenger who cannot be reached because the door is up against a building. What device will you use to put the roll-over victim onto the wheeled ambulance stretcher? a. extremity lift b. scoop stretcher c. short backboard d. backboard
d
You have been called to the scene of a high-speed motor vehicle collision involving two compact cars. The first vehicle was a roll-over, ejecting the driver. The second vehicle contained both a driver and a front-seat passenger who cannot be reached because the door is up against a building. You'll likely use the ________ to transfer the patient from your stretcher to the hospital bed. a. diamond carry b. scoop stretcher c. portable stretcher d. draw sheet method
d
You may injure your back if you lift: a. with your back curved b. with your back straight, but bent significantly forward at the hips c. with the shoulder girdle anterior to the pelvis d. all of the above
d
You should not attempt to lift a patient who weighs more than ______ without a least four rescuers. a. 220lbs b. 230lbs c. 240lbs d. 250lbs
d
________ safety depends on the use of proper lifting techniques and maintaining a proper hold when lifting or carrying a patient. a. your b. your team's c. the patient's d. all of the above
d
heart and lung blood flow
deoxygenated blood enters right atrium through the tricuspid valve to right ventricle pulmonary artery to the lungs oxygenated blood travels through the pulmonary vein to the left atrium through the bicuspid valve to the left ventricle and to the body
the collection of fluid in the part of the body that is closest to the ground is called
dependent edema
which of the following signs an symptoms will help distinguish COPD from congestive heart failure
dependent edema
signs and symptoms of congestive heart failure
dependent edema rales paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
What are the definitive signs of death that are obvious and clear even to non medical persons.
dependent lividity rigor mortis putrefaction
Definitive signs of death
dependent validity rigor mortis putrefaction
Safety of You + Team
depends on lifting techniques maintaining proper hold
What is the physiologic and psychological response to illness especially if the illness is prolonged debilitating or terminal
depression
psychiatric emergencies
depression
lower left quadrant (LLQ)
descending and sigmoid portions of the colon
transdermal meds
designed to be absorbed through the skin of transcutaneous usually intended for whole body effects (adhesive patch
which of the following is a nervous system change commonly found in older adults?
deterioration of nerve endings
treatment of psychogenic shock
determine duration of unconsciousness record initial vital signs and mental status suspect head injury if patient is confused or slow to regain consciousness transport
blood flow
determined by cellular need and is accomplished by vessel constrictions or dilation, together with sphincter constriction or dilation
sensitization
developing a sensitive to a substance that did not initially cause an allergic reaction
endocrine emergencies
diabetes mellitus
sphincters are circular muscle walls in capillaries causing the walls to?
dialate and constrict
The _________ carry technique involves one EMT at the head end of the stretcher or backboard, one at the foot end, and one at each side of the patient; all are able to face forward as they walk
diamond
ventricle relaxes
diastole
what blood pressure reflects the pressure on the walls of the arteries when the ventricle is at rest
diastolic
form of meds
dictates the route of administration. the manufacturer chooses the form to ensure the proper route, timing of it's release in to the blood stream and its effects on target organs of body systems
dys-
difficult, painful, abnormal
high priority patients
difficulty breathing poor general impression unresponsive with no gag or cough reflex severe chest pain pale skin or other signs of poor perfusion complicated childbirth uncontrolled bleeding responsive but unable to follow commands severe pain in any part of the body inability to move any part of the body
the autonomic nervous system regulates function such as?
digestion
the plaque that builds up in atherosclerosis obstructs blood flow and interferes with the vessels ability to
dilate
blood supply to the heart is increased by
dilation of the coronary arteries
The __________ ground lift is used for patients who are found lying supine on the ground with no suspected spinal injury
direct
The ________ ________ _________ is used for patients with no suspected spinal injury who are found lying supine on the ground.
direct ground lift
Used for patients who are found lying supine with no suspected spinal injury
direct ground lift
methods to control external bleeding
direct pressure, tourniquet, elevation
Upon arriving at the scene of a motor vehicle crash, you find a single patient still seated in his car. There are no scene hazards. As you approach the vehicle, you note that the patient is semiconscious and has a large laceration to his forehead. You should:
direct your partner to apply manual in-line support of the patient's head
What is important for safe lifting + carrying?
directions + commands
pathy
disease
ischemic heart disease
disease involving a decrease in blood flow to one or more portions of the heart muscle
atherosclerosis
disorder in which calcium and cholesterol build up inside the walls of blood vessels eventually leading to partial or complete blockage of blood flow.
ventricular fibrillation
disorganized ineffective quivering of the ventricles resulting in no blood flow and a state of cardiac arrest. AED is specifically programed to recognize this rhythm.
carbon dioxide can be transported in three ways
dissolved in the plasma combined with water in the form of bicarbonate attached to hemoglobin
de-
down from
pleurocentesis
draining fluid from the chest
What is the MOST appropriate method to use when moving a patient from his or her bed to the wheeled stretcher?
draw sheet method
What in the workplaces causes an increase in accidents, tension among coworkers,and poor treatment decision
drugs and alcohol
signs and symptoms of obstructive shock
dyspnea, rapid or weak pulse, rapid shallow breaths, decreased lung compliance unilateral, decreased or absent breath sounds, decreased blood pressure jugular vein distention, subcutaneous emphysema, cyanosis, tracheal deviation toward affected side (Beck's triad)
Nitro by metered does spray
each spray equals to one tablet. wait 5 minutes before repeating dose, closely monitor BP and vitals (every 5 min if patient condition changes) don't give if BP is under 80 systolic
work, family, and stress best describes the life stage known as?
early adulthood
eu-
easy, good, normal
aphagia
eating disorders, swallowing and eating issues
cecum
the first part of the large intestine into which the ileum opens.
sacrum
the five sacral vertebrae are fused together to form one bone joined to the iliac bones of the pelvis at the sacroiliac joints to form the pelvis
perfusion
the flow of blood through body tissues and vessels
afterload
the force or resistance against which the heart pumps. in general as this increases, cardiac output decreases.
bonding
the formation of a close, personal relationship
palmar
the front region of the hand
anterior
the front surface of the body; the side facing you in the standard anatomic position
nature of illness (NOI)
the general type of illness a patient is experiencing; seizures, dizziness
nature of illness (NOI)
the general type of illness the patient is experiencing; seizures, heart attacks, diabetic problems, poisonings
united states pharmacopoeia
the government publication that lists all drugs in the us
myocardium
the heart muscle
atrioventricular node (AV) 40-50 BPM
the impulses cross a bridge of special electrical tissue called?
aphasia
the inability understand and or produce speech
systolic pressure
the increased pressure that is caused along the artery with each contraction of the ventricles and the pulse wave that it produces
vital signs
the key signs that are used to evaluate the patient's condition; respirations, pulse, blood pressure, level of consciousness, and skin characteristics
coccyx
the last three or four vertebrae of the spine, the tail bone
decompensated shock
the late stage of shock when blood pressure is falling. when shock has progressed too far, it is irreversible. (systolic BP of 90 or lower)
temporal bone
the lateral portions on each side of the cranium
the right side of the brain controls?
the left side of the brain
mucous membranes
the lining of body cavities and passages that communicate directly or indirectly with the environment outside the body
femur (thigh bone)
the longest and one of the strongest bones in the body
dehydration
the loss of water or fluid from the tissues of the body, can cause or aggravate shock (fluid loss may be a result of vomiting and diarrhea)
lumbar spine
the lower part of the back, formed by the lowest five nonfused veterbrae, also called the dorsal spine
expiratory reserve volume
the maximum amount of air you can forcibly breathe out after a normal breath
sternum
the midline of the chest three components: manubrium, body and xiphoid process
occiput
the most posterior part of the cranium
chief complaint
the most serious thing that the patient is concerned about
involuntary muscle
the muscle over which a person has no conscious control
nasopharynx
the nasal cavity, formed by the union of facial bones and protects the respiratory tract from contaminants
adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
the nucleotide involved in energy metabolism, used to store energy
heart rate (HR)
the number of heartbeats during a specific time (usually 1 minute)
aortic valve
the one way valve that lies between the left ventricle and the aorta and keeps blood from flowing back into the left ventricle after the left ventricle ejects its blood into the aorta; one of the four heart valves
epidermis
the outer layer of skin. most superficial layer of the skin, composed of several layers of cells
parasympathetic nervous system
the part of the Autonomic Nervous System that controls vegetative functions such as digestion of food and relaxation. slows the heart and respiratory rates, constricts blood vessels in muscles and dilates blood vessels in the digestive system
superior
the part of the body or any body part nearer to the head
midbrain
the part of the brain that is responsible for helping to regulate the level of conciousness
autonomic nervous system
the part of the nervous system (brain) that controls the involuntary activities of the body such as the heart rate blood pressure and digestion of food.
autonomic nervous system
the part of the nervous system that regulates involuntary activities of the body such as a sweating, heart rate, blood pressure, and digestion of food. releases hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine (sympathetic)
nasopharynx
the part of the pharynx that lies above the level of the roof of the mouth or palate
exhalation
the passive part of the breathing process in which the diaphragm and the intercostal muscles relax, forcing air out of the lungs
postictal state
the period following a seizure that lasts between 5 and 30 minutes characterized by labored respirations and some degree of altered mental status
dead space
the portion of the tidal volume that does not reach the alveoli and thus does not participate in gas exchange
preload
the precontraction pressure in the heart as the volume of blood builds up. (when it increases, the volume of blood within the ventricles increases which cause the heart muscle to stretch.
edema
the presence of abnormally large amount of fluid between cells in body tissues causing swelling in the effected area. (pulmonary edema increased respiratory rate & abnormal lung sounds)
blood pressure
the pressure of circulating blood against the walls of the arteries
blood pressure
the pressure the blood exerts against thewalls of the arteries as it passes through them
pharmacodynamics
the process by which a medication works on the body
adsorption
the process of binding or sticking to a surface.
oxygenation
the process of delivering oxygen to the blood by diffusion from the alveoli following inhalation into the lungs
respiration
the process of exchanging oxygen and CO2
respiration
the process of gas exchange
triage
the process of sorting patients based on the severity of each patient's condition
digestion
the processing of food that nourishes the individual cells of the body
lesser trochanter
the projection of the medial/superior portion of the femur
lesser trochanter
the projection on the medial/superior portion of the femur
diastole
the relaxation or period of relaxation of the heart especially of the ventricles
genital system
the reproductive system in men and woman
diastolic pressure
the residual pressure that remains in the arteries during the relaxing phase of the heart's cycle
systemic vasular resistance (SVR)
the resistance to blood flow within all the blood vessels except the pulmonary vessels
return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC)
the return of a pulse and effective blood flow to the body in a patient who previously was in cardiac arrest.
what ventricle pumps blood in through the pulmonary circulation
the right
the left side of the brain controls?
the right side of the brain
accessory muscles
the secondary muscles of respiration neck muscles, chest pectoralis major muscles, and the abdominal muscles use of these for respiration is a sign of inadequate breathing
the heart is divided down the middle into two sides (left and right) by a wall called?
the septum
hair follicles
the small organs that produce hair
glottis
the space in between the vocal cords that is the narrowest portion of the adult's airway; also called to glottic opening
vasa deferentia
the spermatic duct of the testicles also called the vas deferens
virulence
the strength or ability of a pathogen to produce disease
bioethics
the study of ethics related to issues that arise in health care
pharmacology
the study of the properties and effects of medications. the science of drugs, including their ingredients, preparation, uses and actions on the body.
perfusion triangle
the three parts of the cardiovascular system: heart (pump), blood vessels(container/pipes), and blood (contents)
Golden Period
the time from injury to definitive care treatment of shock and traumatic injuries is most critical and potential for survival is best
chest compression fraction
the total percentage of time during a resuscitation attempt in which active chest compressions are being performed
airway
the upper airway tract or the passage above the larynx, which includes the nose, mouth, and throat lower airway
maxillae
the upper, non-moveable jawbones
capnometry
the use of a capnometer a device that measures the amount of expire carbon dioxide
capnometry
the use of a capnometer, a device that measures the amount of expired CO2
what is vital capicity
the volume of air moved during the deepest points of respiration
alveolar minute volume
the volume of air moved through the lungs in 1 minute minus the dead space calculated by multiplying tidal volume (minus dead space) and respiratory rate
minute volumn
the volume of air moved through the lungs in 1 minute minus the dead space; calculated by multiplying tidal volume and respiratory rate; also referred to as minute volume
alveolar ventilation
the volume of air that reaches the alveoli. It is determined by subtracting the amount of dead space air from the tidal volume
cardiac output
the volume of blood that the heart can pump per minute.
mucus
the watery secretion of the mucous membranes that lubricates the body openings.
pulse
the wave of pressure created as the heart contracts and forces blood out of the left ventricle and into the major arteries
responsiveness
the way in which a patient responds to external stimuli, including verbal stimuli, tactile stimuli, and painful stimuli
When the shoulder girdle is aligned over the pelvis during lifting:
the weight is exerted straight down the vertebrae.
middle adults (41-60) often to focus on achieving what?
their life goals
indications
therapeutic use for a particular medication
which of the following statements about septic shock is FALSE?
there is damage to the spinal cord resulting in vasodialation
vocal cords
thin white bands of tough muscular tissue that are lateral borders of the glottis and serve as the primary center for speech production
cellular asphyxia
this happens when cyanide impairs the ability of cells to metabolize oxygen effectively
congestive heart failure
this is a troublesome cause of breathlessness because the heart is not pumping efficiently and therefore the body does not have adequate oxygen
hypoxemic hypoxia
this is know when the pulse oximeter may indicate that there is adequate saturation even though the tissues are actually hypoxic
cardiac asthma
this is not a form of asthma but rather a type of coughing or wheezing that occurs with left sided heart failure
migraine headaches
this is the second most common type of headache and are thought to be caused by changes in blood vessel size in the base of the brain
air hunger
this is when a person reports the feeling of "not getting enough air" and has a strong need to breath
carboxyhemoglobin
this is when carbon monoxide binds to the hemoglobin then oxygen cannot be transported to the tissues.
simple partial seizure
this may cause twitching of the extremity muscles that may spread slowly to another body part
thrombolytic therapy
this may reverse stroke symptoms and even stop the stroke if given within 3 to 6 hours of the onset of symptoms
acute asthma attack
this maybe be caused by an allergic response to specific foods or some other allergen. (sever emotional stress, exercise & respiratory infections)
hyperventilation syndrome (panic attack)
this syndrome occurs in the absence of other physical problems, the respirations of a person who is experiencing hyperventilation syndrome may be as high as 40 shallow breaths per minute or as low as only 20 very deep breaths per minute
triceps
three bundles of muscle that join together at the elbow, works opposite the bicep
brain
three major subdivisions: cerebrum, cerebellum and brain stem
pharynx
throat, composed of nasopharynx, oropharynx and laryngopharynx
oropharynx
throat, extends vertically from the back of the mouth to the esophagus and trachea
per rectum (PR) rapid rate
through the rectum. this route of delivery is most commonly used with children because of easier administration and more reliable absorption, anti-nausea medicines, anti-seizure medicines
transcutaneous - slow rate
through the skin, patches, longer lasting effect
dia-
through, completely
capillary vessels
tiny blood vessels between the arterioles and venules that permit transfer of oxygen, CO2, nutrients and waste between body tissues and the blood
lymph nodes
tiny oval shaped structures located in various places along the lymph vessels that filter lymph
apex (plural apices)
tip of a structure, pointed extremity of a conical structure
synovial membrane
tissue on the inner lining of the joint capsule, responsible for making synovial fluid
pleura
tissue that covers the lungs (visceral pleura) and lines the inside of the chest cavity (parietal pleura)
What is the basic principal of emergency care?
to do no further harm
coagulate
to form a clot to plug an opening in an injured blood vessel and stop bleeding
auscultate
to listen to sounds within an organ with a stethoscope
Why must you practice techniques?
to perform them quickly, safely + efficiently
defibrillate
to shock a fibrillating (chaotically beating v-fib) heart with specialized electric current in an attempt to restore a normal rhythmic beat.
ad-
to, toward
transverse (axial) plane
top and bottom
children with chronic pulmonary medical conditions may use a home ventilator that is connected by a
tracheostomy tube
when examining the extremities, what should you note along the veins that indicate potential IV drug use?
track marks
What is a backboard used for?
transfer patients who must be moved in supine or immobilized position.
angina pectoris
transient (short lived) chest discomfort caused by partial or temporary blockage of blood flow to the heart muscle; also called angina. exertional chest pain relieved by nitro
TIA
transient ischemic attack (small stroke)
treatment of septic shock
transport, adminster O2 en route, full ventilatory support, elevate legs, keep warm
True of false teething typically begins around 6 months
true
True or false pulmonary edema can develop quickly after a major heart attack
true
True or false there is no blood loss in anaphylactic shock
true
true of false an AED with special pediatric pads may be used on pediatric medical patients between the ages of 1 month to 8 years who have been assessed to be unresponsive not breathing and pulseless
true
true of false angina can result from a spasm of the artery
true
true of false angina occurs when the hearts need for oxygen exceeds its supply
true
true of false atherosclerosis results in narrowing of the lumen of coronary arteries
true
true of false cardiac arrest in younger children is less common than in older children and is usually caused by a breathing problem
true
true of false heart disease is the number one killer of woman in the united states
true
true of false if a patient complaining of chest pain and has a history of a previous AMI you should ask if this pain feels similar to the previous AMI
true
true of false in general, a maximum of three does of nitro are given for any ONE episode of chest pain
true
true of false the aorta is the body's main artery
true
true or false COPD most often results from cigarette smoking
true
true or false The abbreviation CRNA means certified registered nurse anesthetist
true
true or false a cerebral embolism is an obstruction of a cerebral artery caused by a clot that was formed somewhere else and traveled to the brain
true
true or false a key piece of information to document is the time of onset of the patients signs and symptoms
true
true or false a late finding in cardiogenic shock would be a systolic blood pressure of less than 90mm Hg
true
true or false a low oxygen level can affect the entire brain often causing anxiety, restlessness and confusion
true
true or false a patient having a seizure may become cyanotic from lack of oxygen
true
true or false a patient should be transported with lights and sirens activated when there is a life threatening condition
true
true or false a person who is unresponsive may or may not need CPR
true
true or false a physician orders for life sustaining treatment (POLST) must be signed by an authorized medical provider to be valid.
true
true or false a secondary assessment of a medical patient is not practical if the patient is critically ill or your transport time is short
true
true or false an RSV infection can cause respiratory illnesses such as bronchiolitis and pneumonia
true
true or false an epidemic occurs when new cases of a disease in the human population exceeds the number of expected cases
true
true or false an injection of epinephrine is the only really effective treatment for anaphylactic shock
true
true or false as a result of the aging process, older patients generally have more serious complications than younger patients
true
true or false asthma produces a characteristic wheezing as patients attempt to exhale through partially obstructed air passages
true
true or false at each vertebra in the neck and back two nerves called spinal nerves branch out from the spinal cord and carry signals to and from the body
true
true or false because the oxygen supply to the heart is diminished with angina, the electrical system can be compromised putting the person at risk for significant cardiac rhythm problems
true
true or false believed to be transmitted from patient to patient via the unwashed hands of health care providers
true
true or false blood contains red blood cells, white blood cells platelets, and a liquid called plasma
true
true or false cardiac arrest patients should be transported to the closest appropriate facility
true
true or false differentiating a high priority transport from a low priority transport is often a skill developed with experience
true
true or false during the primary assessment you need to quickly evaluate the patients airway breathing circulation and level of consciousness
true
true or false exposure to the virus that causes AIDS is a risk that EMT's face on a regular basis
true
true or false febrile seizures result from sudden high fevers and are generally well tolerated by children
true
true or false for infants the preferred technique of artificial ventilation without a BVM device is with a mask or other barrier device
true
true or false hepatitis A can only be transmitted from a patient who has an acute infection
true
true or false history taking may be the only way to determine what the problem is or what may be causing the problem
true
true or false if the patients chest is wet then the electrical current may move across the skin rather than between the pads to the patients heart
true
true or false if the primary problem is in the brain, only part of the brain is effected
true
true or false if the primary problem is in the heart and lungs, the entire brain is effected
true
true or false if you are exposed to a patient with pulmonary tuberculosis you should be tested with a tuberculin skin test to see if you have been exposed
true
true or false in adults the compression to breath ratio is always 30:2 in two rescuer CPR
true
true or false in an unconscious adult patient you should assess for a pulse in the carotid artery
true
true or false in cystic fibrosis mucus becomes thick sticky and hard to move
true
true or false life threatening allergic reactions can occur in response to almost any substance that a patient may encounter
true
true or false meningococcal meningitis is highly contagious
true
true or false not all medical terms will have a prefix
true
true or false patients who have had a stroke can lose their airway or stop breathing with out warning
true
true or false patients with a stroke affecting the right hemisphere of the brain can usually understand language but their speech may be slurred
true
true or false septic shock occurs as a result of severe infection
true
true or false serious conditions that include headache as a symptom are hemorrhagic stroke, brain tumors and meningitis
true
true or false shock occurs when oxygen and nutrients cannot get to the body's cells?
true
true or false side effects of inhalers used for acute shortness of breath include increased pulse rate, nervousness and muscle tremors
true
true or false signs and symptoms of pulmonary emboli include dyspnea, hemoptysis and tachycardia
true
true or false snoring sounds are indicative of a partial upper airway obstruction
true
true or false sudden death is usually the result of cardiac arrest in which the heart fails to generate an effective blood flow
true
true or false the abbreviation for deep vein thrombosis's DVT
true
true or false the body responds to shock by direction blood flow away from the organs that are more tolerant of low flow
true
true or false the brain is most sensitive to oxygen, glucose and temperature
true
true or false the golden period refers to the first 60 minutes after the injury occurred
true
true or false the level of carbon dioxide sensed by the brain stem stimulates respiration
true
true or false the level of oxygen in the blood is a secondary stimulus for respiration
true
true or false the principal difference between a patient who has had a stroke and a patient with hypoglycemia almost always has to do with the mental status
true
true or false the pulse oximeter can help you determine the severity of the respiratory component of a patients problem
true
true or false the spinal nerves carry signals to and from the body, but they only move one way. towards the brain (sensory) and away from the brain (motor)
true
true or false to perform a jaw-thrust maneuver place your fingers behind the angles of patients lower jaw and then move the jaw forward
true
true or false when a term has more than one word root a combining vowl must be placed between the two roots
true
true or false when assessing a patient with a history of seizure activity it is important to determine whether this episode differs from any previous ones
true
true or false when examining the neck you should assess for jugular vein distention and tracheal deviation
true
true or false while an AED can be used on an infant the preferred method is manual defibrillation
true
true or false you are obligated as a medical professional to refrain from labeling patients and displaying personal biases
true
true or false you should not start CPR if the patient has obvious signs of irreversible death
true
When caring for a visually impaired patient, you should?
try to avoid sudden movements
oma
tumor
causes of structural seizure
tumor infection scar tissue from injury head trauma stroke
when operating an AED what is the first step in the defibrillation sequence?
turn on the AED
BID
twice a day
di-
twice, double
bi-
two
salivary glands
two of them under the tongue, produce 1.5L of saliva daily
the underlying cause of a dissecting aortic aneurysm is
uncontrolled hypertension
sublingual (SL) rapid rate
under the tongue, nitroglycerin tablets, enter through the oral mucosa absorbed quickly, protects medications from chemicals in digestive system sub (under) and lingua (relating to the tongue)
How should you move a non-urgent patient?
unhurried manner orderly planned methods that involve least lifting
Presumptive signs of death
unresponsive to painful stimuli lack of carotid pulse or heartbeat absence of chest rise and fall no deep tendon or corneal reflexes absence of pupil response no systolic blood pressure profound lowered or decreased body temp
patients who are at the highest risk of hemorrhagic stroke are those who have
untreated hypertension
To perform POWER GRIP your palms should be facing?
up with your thumbs curled over your fingers
ana-
up, back, again
epi-
upon, on
manubrium
upper section of the sternum
The key rule of lifting is to always keep the back in a straight, ________ position and to lift without twisting.
upright
In order to facilitate a safe and coordinated move, the team leader should:
use preparatory commands to initiate any moves.
basket stretcher or Stokes litter
used in water rescues surrounds + supports patient water drains through holes
small volume nebulizers (SVN's)
used to administer liquid medications that have been turned into a fine atomize mist by a flow of air or oxygen. administered by MDI as well. can be used with a CPAP and during BVM ventilation.
When carrying a patient up or down stairs, you should avoid:
using a wheeled stretcher whenever possible
skills based error
using incorrect equipment or an incorrect procedure for administering a medication.
blood enters the right atrium from the body through the?
vena cava
when carbon dioxide levels become elevated the respiratory centers in the brain adjust the rate and depth of what accordingly
ventilation
V/Q ratio
ventilation/perfusion ratio, how much gas is being moved and how much blood is gaining access to the alveoli
disorganized, ineffective quivering of the ventricles is known as?
ventricular fibrillation (Vfib)
angio-
vessel
influenza type A
virus that has crossed the animal/human barrier and has infected humans, recently reaching a pandemic level with H1N1
signs and symptoms of septic shock
warm skin or fever, tachycardia, low blood pressure.
peristalsis
wavelike contraction of smooth muscles moves urine to the bladder
aortic aneurysm
weakness in the wall of the aorta which makes it susceptible to rupture. feels like a tearing sensation
hemiparesis
weakness on one side of the body
What factors should you consider before lifting or moving patient?
weight patient weighing 250 or more needs 4 rescuers distance moving patient to
rales
wet breath sounds/rattling may indicate cardiac failure, also called crackles, usually on both inspiration and expiration
A(n) ___________ ambulance stretcher is a specially designed stretcher to be rolled along the ground
wheeled
Specifically designed stretcher that can be rolled along the ground
wheeled ambulance stretcher
What do you use to carry a patient up or down stairs?
wheeled stair chair
What is the most common device used to move + transport patients?
wheeled stretcher
signs and symptoms of asthma
wheezing on inspiration/expiration bronchospasm
proximate causation
when a person who has a duty abuses it, and causes harm to another individual. the EMT, the agency, and/or the medical director may be sued for negligence.
When should the medical examiner be called?
when death involves suicide, suspected criminal or unusual situations (hanging or poisoning) death from car accident, and infant and child deaths
shoulder girdle
where the clavicle, scapula and humerus come together allowing the arm to be moved
carina
where the trachea ends and divides into two smaller tubes, the right and left mainstem bronchi
joint articulation
wherever two long bones come in contact
leuk/o
white (white blood cells leukocyte)
alb
white - albino
dilation
widening of a tubular structure such as a coronary artery
c with line above it
with
The extremity lift would NOT be appropriate to use on a patient:
with a deformed humerus
end(o)-
within
WNL
within normal limits
s with a line above it
without
Afebrile
without fever
a-, an-
without, lack of
patient-assisted medication
you are assisting the patient with the administration of his or her own medication
you should suspect an airway obstruction in the unresponsive patient if
you feel resistance when blowing into the patients lungs
True or False Body fluids are generally not considered infectious substances?
False
germinal layer
base of the epidermis, continiously produces new cells
normal breath sounds
clear and quiet during inspiration and expiration
true or false COPD is characterized by long inspiratory times
false
How much does a wheeled ambulance stretcher weigh?
40-145 lbs
right lower quadrant (RLQ)
large intestine, cecum and ascending colon, appendix
adolescents
persons who are 12-18 years of age
Cincinnati Pre-hospital Stroke Scale
-facial droop -arm drift -difficulty speaking
Questions to determine if additional resources are needed
1) How many patients? 2) Nature of their conditions 3) Who contacted EMS? 4) Scene pose threat to you, patient and others?
al
pertaining to
reassessment steps
1) repeat the primary assessment 2) reassess vital signs 3) reassess the chief complaint 4) recheck interventions 5) identify and treat changes in the patient's condition
With proper technique, you and your partner should be able to safely lift a patient who weighs up to ______ lb.
220
You should not attempt to lift a patient who weighs more than _____ pounds with fewer than four rescuers, regardless of individual strength.
250
when treating a suspected unstable shock patient,, vital signs should be recorded approximately every ______ minutes
5
what is the decline in the kidney function between the ages of 20-90 years
50%
Describe how constant communication between team members can avoid rescuer injury.
Anticipate moves, coordinated manner. follows direction + commands
What is the response to the anticipation of danger
Anxiety
dead space
Any portion of the airway that does contain air and cannot participate in gas exchange such as the trachea and bronchi
Which of the following is considered confidential?
Assessment findings, A patients mental condition, A patients medical history
Involuntary consent
Assisting patients who are mentally ill, developmentally delayed or who are in behavioral (physiologic) crisis is complicated
what breathing apparatus is the most effective way to assist a person with CHF to breathe effectively and to prevent an invasive airway management technique
CPAP
Inferior (away from the head)
Below a body part or nearer to the feet
Cyanosis
Blue skin
What are kyphosis and spondylosis?
Both are spinal curvatures, kyphosis is more severe
Contusion
Brusing
When should a backboard be used?
Cardiac arrest, must be moved supine, must be immobilized
True or False Ethnocentrism occurs when you consider your own cultural values to be equal to those of others.
False
True or False For expressed consent to be valid, the patient must be a minor?
False
True or False Gloves, eye protection and hand-washing are the main components of PPE
False
True or False If a patient refuses care and transport, you do not need to complete a PCR?
False
putrefaction
Decomposition of body tissues: a definitive sign of death.
power lift
EMT back upright with legs bent patient is lifting with when EMT straightens legs to raise the upper body + arms
What is ideal for lifting?
EMT same height + strength
True or False Punitive damages are intended to compensate the plaintiff for the actual injuries sustained?
False
True or False Recapping the needle from a syringe is the best way to dispose of it safely?
False
True or False Speaking louder to a non-English-speaking patient will increase his or her ability to understand you?
False
True or False The medical director is responsible for authorizing and regulating all emergency medical services within the state
False
slander
False and damaging information about a person that is communicated by the spoken word.
libel
False and damaging information about a person that is communicated in writing.
Once your ambulance is dispatched to an emergency you have an obligation to do what?
Duty to act
Your responsibility to provide patient care is called?
Duty to act
What often dictates the amount of space of proximity, between people when communicating?
Cultural norms
True or False The US Supreme Court has held that drug addiction is an illness and not a crime
True
urinary blader
a sac behind the pubic symphysis made of smooth muscle that collects and stores urine
crackles
crackling rattling breath sound signaling luquid in the air spaces of the lungs; formerly called rales
What two groups of bones make up the skull?
Cranium and facial bones
Dx
Diagnosis
Secondary Prevention
Efforts to limit the effects of an injury or illness that you cannot completely prevent.
Primary Prevention
Efforts to prevent an injury or illness from ever occurring.
direct contact
Exposure or transmission of a communicable disease from one person to another by physical contact.
indirect contact
Exposure or transmission of disease from one person to another by contact with a contaminated object.
T/F A scoop stretcher may be used alone for a standard immobilization of a patient with a spinal injury.
F
T/F If you find that lifting a patient is a strain, try to move the patient to the ambulance as quickly as possible to minimize the possibility of back injury.
F
T/F It is unprofessional for you to discuss and plan a lift at the scene in front of the patient.
F
T/F Pneumatic stretchers were developed to increase patient comfort on the road.
F
T/F The flexible stretcher is the most comfortable of all of the various lifting devices.
F
What are the different kinds of stretchers?
Flexible stretcher, backboard, basket stretcher, scoop stretcher, stair chair, neonatal isolette
Public Health
Focused on examining the health needs of an entire population with the goal of preventing health problems.
Complications from chest compressions
Fractured ribs, lacerated liver and fractured sternum
Distal
Further from the trunk or nearer to the free end of the extremity.
Consent
Granted permission to render care
When examining abdomen, you should palpate for:
Guarding, tenderness and rigidity
six infectious diseases of special concern
HIV Hepatitis B Meningitis Tuberculosis SARS H1N1
Portable radio
Hand-carried or handheld devices that operates at 1 to 5 watts
What immunizations does the CDC recommend for health care providers?
Hepatitis B, Influenza , Vacicella, Measles, Mumps, Rubella (MMR) Tetanus Diphtheria Pertussis (TDAP)
What are three questions you should ask yourself before lifting a patient?
How much does the patient weigh? Should I reach for that? Should I lift using only one side? What grip should I use?
us =
I (plural)
What is the one case you would call 911 first before providing CPR
If you are by yourself and witness a cardiac arrest
emergency medical care
Immediate care or treatment
response to decreased blood pressure
Increased heart rate and constriction of arteries normal blood pressure is maintained and there is decreased blood flow to skin and extremities
What are the signs of stress?
Increased heart rate, increased BP, tensed muscles, perspiration dilated pupils
In contrast to typical wheeled ambulance stretchers, features of a bariatric stretcher include?
Increased stability due to a wider wheelbase
Endocrine system change with age
Insulin production and metabolism decline Slow down physical activity Hormone production declines
True or False The development of the field medic and rapid helicopter evacuation took place during the Korean conflict.
True
True or False The two-way radio is at least two units: a transmitter and a receiver?
True
Organs in right lower quadrant
Large intestine: cecum and ascending colon Appendix
An 81-year-old female fell and struck her head. You find the patient lying on her left side. She is conscious and complains of neck and upper back pain. As you are assessing her, you note that she has a severely kyphotic spine. What is the MOST appropriate method of immobilizing this patient?
Leave her on her side and use blanket rolls to immobilize her to the long backboard.
governmental immunity
Legal doctrine that can protect an EMS provider from being sued or which may limit the amount of the monetary judgement that the plaintiff may recover: generally applies only to EMS systems that are operated by municipalities or other governmental entities.
What is the best way to care for your patient once he tells you he does not want to go to the hospital?
Let him know how important it is that he accepts transport to the hospital or call the medical director and have them speak to the patient
AVPU
Level of consciousness determination Alert Verbal Pain responsiveness Unresponsive
Refusal of care is a common source of _______ in EMS
Litigation
Organs in right upper quadrant
Liver, gallbladder, and portion of colon
Prone
Lying face down
True or False When at a crime scene, you must be careful not to disturb the scene any more than absolutely necessary.
True
Adduction
Motion of a limb toward the midline
Abduction
Motion of limb away from the midline
medical patient assessments focus on
NOI nature of illness symptoms and patients chief complaint
to access chest pain use the mnemonic
OPQRST
Onset Provocation or palliation Quality Region/radiation Severity on a scale of 1-10 Timing
OPQRST For pain assessment
depositions
Oral questions asked of parties and witnesses under oath
bloodborne pathogens
Pathogenic microorganisms that are present in human blood and can cause disease in humans. These pathogens include, but are not limited to, hepatitis B virus and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
pupils equal and round regular in size react to light
PEARRL
Pallor
Paleness of skin
personal protective equipment (PPE)
Protective equipment that blocks exposure to a pathogen or a hazardous material.
standard precautions
Protective measures that have traditionally been developed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention for use in dealing with objects, blood, body fluids, and other potential exposure risks of communicable disease.
open-ended questions
Questions for which the patient must provide detail to give an answer.
close-ended questions
Questions that can be answered in short or single word responses.
quadrants
RUQ = right upper quadrant LUQ = left upper quadrant RLQ = right lower quadrant LLQ = left lower quadrant
VHF (very high frequency)
Radio frequencies between 30 and 300 MHz; the VHF spectrum is further divided into "high" and "low" bands.
In loco parentis
Refers to the legal responsibility of a person or organization to take on some of the functions and responsibilities of a parent.
What is a common characteristic found in patients with mental health problems?
Regression
Cardiac arrest in children cause
Respiratory arrest
S T O P
S = the patients stops breathing and has a pulse T = the patients care is transferred to another provider of equal or higher level training O = you are out of strength or too tired to continue CPR P = a physician who is present or providing online medical direction assumes responsibility for the patient and directs you to discontinue CPR
Good Samaritan Law
Statutory provisions enacted by many states to protect citizens from liability for errors and omissions in giving good faith emergency medical care, unless there is wanton, gross or willful negligence
simplex
Single-frequency radio; transmissions can occur in either direction but no simultaneously in both; when one party transmits, the other can only receive, and the party that is transmitting is unable to receive.
What patients need special lifting techniques?
Suspected head/spinal injury/shock, pregnant patients, obese patients
When would a patient be secured to a stretcher while on a backboard?
Suspected spinal injury, multisystem trauma, in need of CPR
posterior (dorsal)
The back surface of the body
Posterior (dorsal)
The back surface of the body: the side away from you in the standard anatomic position. (back)
Flexion
The bending of a joint
immune
The body's ability to protect itself from acquiring a disease.
Plantar
The bottom surface of the foot
Palmer
The forward facing part of the hand in the anatomic position.
Apex (plural apices)
The pointed extremity of a conical structure.
Dorsal (posterior)
The posterior surface of the body including the back of the hand.
abdominal-thrust maneuver
The preferred method to dislodge a severe airway obstruction in adults and children; also called the Heimlich maneuver.
contamination
The presence of infectious organisms or foreign bodies on or in objects such as dressings, water, food, needles, wounds, or a patient's body.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
The primary federal agency that conducts and supports public health activities in the United States. The CDC is part of the US Department of Health and Human Services
Emergency doctrine
The principle of the law that permits a health care provider to treat a patient in an emergency situation when the patient is incapable of granting consent because of an altered level of consciousness, disability, the effects of drugs or alcohol or the patient's age.
What is the Illinois law regarding straps on backboards and stretchers?
Three straps on backboards, five on stretchers
Why would you contact medical control
To receive direct orders needed to administer certain treatments.
T A C O S
Tobacco Alcohol Caffeine Over-the-counter meds/herbal supplements Sexual and street drugs
True or False Religious customs or needs of the patient must be respected?
True
MED channels
VHF and UHF channels that the Federal Communications Commission has designated exclusively for EMS use.
How is an infections disease transmitted?
Vector-borne (insect) Airborne and Foodborne
Mobile radio
Vehicle-mounted device that operates at a lower frequency than a base station.
therapeutic communications
Verbal and nonverbal communication techniques that encourage patients to express their feelings and to achieve a positive relationship.
cultural imposition
When one person imposes his or her beliefs, values, and practices on another because he or she believes his or her ideals are superior.
res ipsa loquitor "the thing speaks for itself"
When the EMT or EMS system held liable even when the plaintiff is unable to clearly demonstrate how an injury occurred.
tidal volume
a measure of the depth of breathing and is the amount of air in milliliters that is moved into or out of the lungs during one breath
cardiac output
a measure of the volume of blood circulated by the heart in 1 minute calculated by multiplying the stroke volume by the heart rate.
neonate
a newborn age birth to 1 month
fontanelles
areas where the infant's skull has not fused together; usually disappear at approximately 18 months
appendicular skeleton
arms, legs, pelvis and shoulder girdle
peri
around
circum-
around, about
arteri(o)-
artery
PRN
as needed
six conditions where "wheezing can be found"
asthma COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease pneumonia bronchitis anaphylaxis
an allergic response to certain foods or some other allergen may produce an acute?
asthma attack
respiratory emergencies
asthma, chronic bronchitis, emphysema
alveoli
at the ends of the broncioles, 700 million grapelike sacs where the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide occurs, functional unit of the respiratory system, contain pulmonary capillaries
the aorta bifurcates where
at the midline / umbilicus
To avoid injury when pushing a patient or other object, you should
avoid pushing the patient with your elbows fully extended.
index of suspicion
awareness that unseen life threatening injuries or illness may exist.
ab-
away from
Bariatrics is: a. the branch of medicine concerned with the elderly b. the branch of medicine concerned with the obese c. the branch of medicine concerned with infants d. the method used to access blood pressure
b
If the weight you are pushing is lower than your waist, you should push from: a. the waist b. a kneeling position c. the shoulder d. a squatting position
b
an emt may injure his or her back even if it is straight, if the?
back is bent forward at the hips
po
by mouth
intrapulmonary shunting
bypassing of oxygen-poor blood past nonfunctional alveoli to the left side of the heart
The _________ is both the mechanical weight-bearing base of the spinal column and the fused central posterior section of the pelvic girdle. a. lumbar spine b. sacrum c. coccyx d. ileum
c
When lifting, you should: a. spread your legs past shoulder width b. lift a patient while reaching far in front of your torso c. keep the weight that you are lifting as close to your body as possible d. use your back muscles by bending at the waist
c
inferior
closest to the feet
superior
closest to the head
medial (inner)
closest to the midline
proximal
closest to the point of attachment
superficial
closest to the surface of the skin
personal protective equipment (PPE)
clothing or specialized equipment that provides protection to the wearer
rhonchi
coarse breath sounds heard in patients with chronic mucus in the airways
atelctasis
collapse of the alveolar air spaces of the lungs
parasympathetic division
controls nonemergency functions
urinary system
controls the discharge of certain waste materials filtered from the blood by the kidneys controls fluid balance filter and eliminate waste control pH balance
brain stem
controls the most basic functions of the body, breathing, blood pressure, swallowing and pupil constriction
CAD
coronary artery disease
signs and symptoms of pertussis
coughing spells whooping sound fever mostly seen in pediatric patients
hemoptysis
coughing up blood
the lumen of an artery may be partially or completely blocked by the blood-clotting system due to a ______________ that exposes the inside of the atherosclerotic wall
crack
A(n) ___________ stretcher is a rigid carrying device when secured around a patient but can be folded or rolled when not in use
flexible
Can be folded or rolled up
flexible stretcher
perfusion
flow of blood through body tissue and vessels in adequate amounts to meet the cells' current needs for oxygen, nutrients and waste removal. the body is perfused via the circulatory system.
The direct carry is used to transfer a patient:
from a bed to the ambulance stretcher
frontal bone
frontal region of the cranium
FROM
full range of motion
cholecysto
gall bladder
residual volume
gas remaining in the lungs to keep them open
providing fast aggressive ventilations could result in
gastric distention
GI
gastrointestinal
GU
gento urine
blast(o)-
germ or cell
What are several functions the skeletal system is responsible for?
give the body shape provides protection to fragile organs allows for movement storage of calcium
systemic circulation
in the body, carries oxygen-rich blood from the left ventricle through the body and back to the right atrium
aspiration
in the context of airway, the introduction of vomitus or other foreign material into the lungs
Where is the saphenous vein located
in the leg
pulmonary circulation
in the lungs, carries oxygen-poor blood from the right ventricle through the lungs and back to the left atrium
Professional standards
include recommendations published by organizations and societies that are involved in emergency medical care
itis
inflammation
bronchiolitis
inflammation of the bronchioles that usually occurs in children younger that 2 years and is often caused by the respiratory syncytial virus
two main types of stroke
ischemic (direct blockage) and hemorrhagic (rupture)
tissues downstream from a blood clot will suffer from lack of oxygen. if the blood flow is resumed in a short time, the ___________________________tissues will recover
ischemic (lack of oxygen)
arthro-
joint
A(n) __________ stretcher features a strong rectangular tubular metal frame with rigid fabric stretched across it
portable
Tubular framed stretcher with rigid fabric stretched across it
portable stretcher
What are devices to lift + carry patients?
portable stretchers flexible stretchers back boards basket stretchers (Stokes litters) scoop stretcher stair chairs
treatment of cardiogenic shock
position comfortably sitting or semi-sitting position to assist breathing, administer oxygen, assist ventilations, transport promptly
altered mental status, incontinence, muscle rigidity and twitching are signs and symptoms of
possible seizure activity
backboard
provides support for hip, pelvic, spinal or lower extremity injury.
you have determined that the patient in question is hyperventilating your emergency care would include
providing oxygen
What is better than Pushing?
pulling
diamond carry
rescuer @ head of stretcher rescuer @ foot of stretcher rescuers @ each side of stretcher face forward when walking
breathing assessment
respiration rate rhythm, regular or irregular quality/character of breathing depth of breathing
in most cases cardic arrest in children younger than 9 years old results from
respiratory arrest
cost(o)-
rib
ipsi
same
hom-
same or like
assessment process
scene size-up primary assessment history taking secondary assessment reassessment
A(n) ________ ________ may be used for patients who have been struck by a motor vehicle.
scoop stretcher
anaphylactic shock
sever shock caused by an allergic reaction. occurs when a person reacts violently to a substance to which he has been sensitized (injections, stings, ingestion, inhalation) widespread vascular dilation, increased permeability, bronchoconstriction.
SARS
severe acute respiratory syndrome viral infections that starts with flu-like symptoms and may progress to pneumonia, transmitted by close person to person contact
SOB
shortness of breath
Beck's Triad
signs and symptoms of cardiac tamponade, jugular vein distention, muffled heart sounds, and narrowing pulse pressure where the systolic and diastolic blood pressure start to merge (systolic drops and diastolic pressure rises)
rate, rhythm, and quality
signs of normal adequate breathing
ventilation
simple movement of air between the lungs and the environment
primary assessment
single goal is to identify and initiate treatment of immediate or potential life threats
rapid extrication technique
sitting position inside vehicle to supine on backboard for standard immobilization
Why is knowledge of body mechanics important when lifting + moving patient?
standing upright lifted or carried with hands reflected in shoulder girdle, spinal column, pelvis, then legs. BACK INJURIES occur when your back curved forward @ hips. weight supported by back muscles RULE # 1 Always keep your back in a straight upright (vertical) position + lift without twisting.
plasma
sticky yellow fluid that carries the blood cells and nutrients
inferior
the part of the body or any body part nearer to the feet
partial pressure
the term used to describe the amount of gas in air or dissolved in fluid, such as blood
terminal drop hypothesis
the theory that a person's mental function declines in the last 5 years of life
action
the therapeutic effect medication is expected to have on the body
scalp
the thick skin covering the cranium
complex partial seizures
these result from abnormal discharges from the temporal lobe of the brain
chordae tendineae
thin bands of fibrous tissue that attach to the heart valves and prevent them from inverting
visceral pleura
thin membrane that covers the lungs
parietal pleura
thin membrane that lines the chest cavity
TID
three times per day
What is required for all equipment?
training + practice
sub
under, beneath
stroke volume
volume of blood ejected with each ventricular contraction
cirrh/o
yellow- orange
peer-assisted medication
you are administering medication to yourself or your partner
preschool pulse range
80 - 140 beats/minute
How much weight can a bariatric stretcher hold?
850-900 lbs
a neonate usually weighs 6 to _______ lbs at birth and the head accounts for ______% of it's body weight
8lbs 25%
toddler pulse range
90 - 150 beats/minute
anterior (ventral)
The front surface of the body
what is the estimated minimum life expectancy for humans
78
signs and symptoms of acute myocardial infarction
- sudden onset of weakness, nausea and sweating without obvious cause - chest pain, discomfort, or pressure that is often crushing or squeezing and that does not change with each breath - pain, discomfort, or pressure in the lower jaw, arms, back, abdomen or neck - irregular heartbeat and syncope - dyspnea - pink, forthy sputum - sudden death
four examples of how an EMT can contract HIV while taking care of a patient
-patients blood is splashed or sprayed into your eyes nose mouth or open sore/cut -blood from an infected patient on your hands and you touch your own eyes nose mouth or open sore/cut -a needle used to inject the patient breaks your skin broken glass at a motor vehicle condition/incident that -penetrates your glove (and skin) which may have already been covered with blood from an infected patient
3 serious consequences of AMI
-sudden death -cardiogenic shock -congestive heart failure
six steps in treatment of CHF
-take vital signs, give oxygen by NBM 10-15L/min medical control may order the use of CPAP -allow the patient to remain sitting in an upright position with the legs down -be reassuring many patients with CHF are quite anxious because they cannot breath -gather the specific medication for the treatment of CHF and take them to the hospital -nitro may be a value if patients systolic BP is greater than 100mmHg -prompt transport to ER is essential
Perfusion triangle (cardiovascular)
-the pump (the heart) -the pipes or container function (blood vessels) -content or volume (blood)
Respiratory system change with age
1) Vital capacity (volume of air moved during deepest inspiration and expiration) decreases 2) Residual volume (amount of air left in lungs after expiration of the max amount of air) increases 1) Vital capacity decreases due to loss of respiratory muscle mass, increased stiffness of thoracic cage and decreased surface area available for exchange of air 2)Residual volume increases, which hampers diffusion of gases because of stagnant air that remains in the alveoli
What is the determination of negligence based on? all 4 must be present for negligence case to be successful
1. Duty 2. Breach of Duty 3. Real or perceived damages 4. Causation
What are the 6 one-rescuer drags, carries, and lifts?
1. body drag 2. fire fighter's drag 3. front cradle 4. one-person walking assist 5. fire fighter's carry 6. pack strap
What are the 3 guidelines for loading the stretcher into the ambulance?
1. have enough lifting power 2. safe and proper use of stretcher 3. ensure stretcher and patient are secured before driving ambulance
What are the 5 guidelines for carrying a patient on a stretcher?
1. know weight of patient and weight limit of equipment 2. coordinate movements 3. do not twist body while moving patient 4. keep weight close to your body and back locked 5. flex at hips and bend knees
At what weight must 4 EMTs be used?
250 lbs
about how many minutes after blood flow is cut off that some of the heart muscle cells begin to die?
30 minutes
How many rescuers are needed for Diamond Carry?
4
How many rescuers should you have?
4
the incubation period for hepatitis B is typically
4-12 weeks
after _______without oxygen, brain damage is very likely
4-6 minutes
the incubation period for the ebola virus is approximately
6-12 days after exposure
adolescent pulse range
60 - 100 beats/minute
adult pulse range
60 - 100 beats/minute
rapid scan
60 to 90 seconds to identify injuries that must be managed immediately assess head, neck, chest, abdomen, pelvis, extremities, back and buttocks
school age pulse range
70 - 120 beats/minute
base station
Any radio hardware containing a transmitter and receiver that is located in a fixed place.
noise
Anything that dampens or obscures the true meaning of a message.
posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
A delayed stress reaction to a prior incident. Often the result of one or more unresolved issues concerning the incident, and may relate to an incident that involved physical harm or the threat of physical harm.
mechanical piston device
A device that depresses the sternum via a compressed gas-powered or electric-powered plunger mounted on a backboard.
communicable disease
A disease that can be spread from one person or species to another.
National EMS Scope of Practice Model
A document created by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) that outlines the skills performed by various EMS providers
cricoid cartilage
A firm ridge of cartilge that forms the lower part of the larynx
Community Paramedicine
A health care model in which experienced paramedics receive advanced training to equip them to provide additional services in the prehospital environment such as health evaluations monitoring of chronic illnesses or conditions and patient advocacy.
contributory negligence
A legal defense that may be raised when the defendant feels that the conduct of the plaintiff somehow contributed to any injuries or damages that were sustained by the plaintiff.
cellular telephone
A low-power portable radio that communicates through an interconnected series of repeater stations called "cells".
cardiac output
A measure of the volume of blood circulated by the heart in 1 minute, calculated by multiplying the stroke volume by the heart rate.
infectious disease
A medical condition caused by the growth and spread of small, harmful organisms within the body.
duty to act
A medioclegal term relating to certain personnel who either by statute or by function have a responsibility to provide care.
Mobile Integrated Healthcare (MIH)
A method of delivering health care which involves providing health care within the community rather than at a physicians office or hospital.
pathogen
A microorganism that is capable of causing disease in a susceptible host.
Emergency Medical Services (EMS)
A multidisciplinary system that represents the combined efforts of several professionals and agencies to provide prehospital emergency care to the sick and injured
diaphragm
A muscular dome that forms the under surface of the thorax separating the chest from the abdominal cavity. Contraction of this brings air into the lungs. Relaxation allows air to be expelled from the lungs.
Which of the following clinical findings would not warrant the use of an AED?
A patient with a history of cardiac arrest
emancipated minors
A person who is under the legal age in a given state but, because of other circumstances is legally considered an adult. If they are underage and married, a parent, or legally documented as such.
Certification
A process in which a person, an institution, or a program is evaluated and recognized as meeting certain predetermined standards to provide safe and ethical care.
Certification
A process in which a person, an institution, or a program is evaluated and recognized as meeting certain predetermined standards to provide safe and ethical patient care.
telemetry
A process in which electronic signals are converted into coded, audible signals; these signals can then be transmitted by radio or telephone to a receiver with a decoder at the hospital.
critical incident stress management (CISM)
A process that confronts the responses to critical incidents and defuses them, directing the emergency services personnel toward physical and emotional equilibrium.
scanner
A radio receiver that searches or "scans" across several frequencies until the message is completed; the process is then repeated.
recovery position
A side-lying position used to maintain a clear airway in unresponsive patients who are breathing adequately and do not have suspected injuries to the spine, hips, or pelvis
exposure
A situation in which a person has had contact with blood, body fluids, tissues, or airborne particles in a manner that suggests disease transmission may occur.
mobile data terminals (MDT)
A small computer terminals inside ambulances that directly receive data from the dispatch center.
hematoma
A solid swelling of clotted blood within the tissue
repeater
A special base station radio that receives messages and signals on one frequency and then automatically retransmits them on a second frequency.
dedicated line
A special telephone line that is used for specific point-to-point communications; also known as a "hot line".
What is the major goal of continuous quality improvement?
A system of internal and external reviews and audits of all aspects of an EMS system
Continuous Quality Improvement (CQI)
A system of internal and external reviews and audits of all aspects of an EMS system.
Emergency Medical Dispatch (EMD)
A system that assists dispatchers in selecting appropriate units to respond to a particular call for assistance and provides callers with vital instructions until the arrival of EMS crews.
Medicolegal
A term relating to medical jurisprudence (law) or forensic medicine
negligence per se
A theory that may be used when he conduct of the person being sued is alleged to have occurred in clear violation of a statute.
rapport
A trusting relationship that you build with your patient.
what should be used on a patient who is apneic and pulseless
AED
What level of training would allow you to perform cardiac monitoring and advanced life support?
AEMT
what type of resource is typically required for someone with chest pain?
ALS - advanced life support
treatment of obstructive shock
ALS, rapid transport
human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is caused by HIV, which damages the cells in the body's immune system so that the body is unable to fight infection or certain cancers.
Advance Life Support (ALS)
Advanced lifesaving procedures some of which are now being provided by the EMT
advanced life support (ALS)
Advanced lifesaving procedures used to treat medical conditions, such venous fluids and medications, and the use of advanced airway adjuncts. EMT's may be trained in some of these areas.
A E I O U
Alcohol epilepsy, endocrine, electrolytes Insulin Opiates Uremia (kidney failure) possible causes of altered mental status
pons
An organ that lies below the midbrain and above the medulla and contains numerous important nerve fibers, including those for sleep respiration and the medulla respiratory center
protected health information (PHI)
Any information about health status, provision of health care, or payment for health care that can be linked to an individual. This is interpreted rather broadly and includes any part of patient's medical record or payment history.
electrical impulses spread from what node to the ventricles
Atrioventricular (AV)
The stage of the grieving process where an attempt is made to secure a prize for good behavior or promise to change ones lifestyle is?
Bargaining
causes of respirator arrest in infants and children include
COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Superficial
Closer to or on the skin
Proximal
Closer to the trunk
What types of emergency moves can be used to prevent aggravation of potential spinal injuries?
Clothes drag, blanket drag, arm drag, arm-to-arm drag
American with Disabilities Act (ADA)
Comprehensive legislation that is designed to protect people with disabilities against discrimination.
Gross negligence
Conduct that constitutes a willful or reckless disregard for a duty or standard of care.
If you are in the first unit to arrive at the scene of a motor vehicle collision what should you do?
Consider using the ambulance as a shield to protect the scene.
Deformities Contusions Abrasions Punctures Burns Tenderness Lacerations Swelling
DCAP-BTLS For rapid scan during physical exam
What agency developed and published the first curriculum to serve as the guideline for EMT training
DOT - Department of Transportation
Which of the following agencies is the Federal source for the EMT education standards?
DOT - Department of Transportation
compensatory damages
Damages awarded in a civil lawsuit that are intended to restore the plaintiff to the same condition that he or she was in prior to the incident.
punitive damages
Damages that are sometimes awarded in a civil lawsuit when the conduct of the defendant was intentional or constituted a reckless disregard for the safety of the public.
Digital signals are also used in some kinds of paging and tone-alerting systems because they transmit _____________ and allow for more choices and flexibility.
Encoded messages
The stage of the grieving process that involves refusal to accept diagnosis or care is know as?
Denial
What are the 5 stages of grieving?
Denial, Anger/Hostility, Bargaining, Depression, Acceptance.
Organs in left lower quadrant
Descending and sigmoid portions of the colon
Quadrant's
Describes the sections of the abdominal cavity in which two imaginary lines intersect at the umbilicus diving the abdomen into four equal areas.
medications for seizure disorders
Dilantin, phenytoin phenobarbital Tegretol, carbamazepine
What are the three methods for transporting a patient from bed to stretcher?
Direct carry, draw sheet method, scoop stretcher
What is common when acknowledging a child's death
Disbelief
Breach of Confidentiality
Disclosure of information without proper authorization.
T/F The rapid extrication technique is the preferred technique to use on all sitting patients with possible spinal injuries.
F
T/F The use of adjunct devices and equipment, such as sheets and blankets, may make the job of lifting and moving a patient more difficult.
F
T/F When carrying a patient down stairs or on an incline, make sure the stretcher is carried with the head end first.
F
What should you wear when tools are being used during extrication?
Face shield or goggles
Upon arrival at the scene, your partner began assessing vital signs without talking to the patient. This demonstrates?
Failure to obtain consent
Negligence
Failure to provide the same care that a person with similar training would provide.
GCS
Glasgow coma scale
What is the most common type of personal protective equipment
Gloves
The quickest source of energy is?
Glucose
What is the simplest yet most effective way to control disease transmission?
Handwashing
You have two patients who were involved in a motor vehicle crash when their SUV struck a tree—one with neck and back pain, and the other with a deformed left femur. The patient with the deformed femur states that he does not want to be placed on a hard board, nor does he want a collar around his neck. What is the MOST appropriate and practical method of securing these patients and placing them into the ambulance?
Immobilize the patient with neck and back pain on a long backboard and place him on the wheeled stretcher; place the patient with the deformed femur on a folding stretcher secured to the squad bench
hepatitis
Inflammation of the liver, usually caused by a viral infection, that causes fever, loss of appetite, jaundice, fatigue, and altered liver function.
Causes of respiratory arrest in children
Injury, airway infection, obstruction with foreign bodies, SIDS
physical examination
Inspection, palpation, auscultation
causes of decreased blood pressure
Loss of blood or its fluid components Loss of vascular tone and sufficient arterial constriction to maintain necessary arterial pressure even without any actual fluid or blood loss A cardiac jumping problem
Supine
Lying face up
What is bariatrics?
Management of obese patients
Events that can trigger critical incident stress inclue
Mass -casualty incidents.
MOLST
Medical orders for life sustaining treatment
Nervous system change with age
Metabolic rate does not change Neural networks becomes slower Interconnections between brain cells continue allowing loss of neurons without loss of knowledge or skill Change in sleep patterns due to loss of neurons Sensation declines
aerobic metabolism
Metabolism that can proceed only in the presence of oxygen
Scope of Practice
Most commonly defined by the state. Outlines the care that an EMT is legally able to provide for the patient.
What organization provides the ability to collect, store, and share standardized EMS data through out the US?
National EMS Information System (NEMSIS)
What document provides overarching guidelines for the minimum skills each level of EMS provider should be able to accomplish?
National EMS Scope of Practice Model
When should a direct ground lift be used?
No suspected spinal injury and supine, EMTs by sides
When should an extremity lift be used?
No suspected spinal injury and supine/sitting, helpful when patient is in small place, EMTs - one at head, one at feet
Should you + your partner attempt to lift the patient and move hime back to his bed?
No this patient weighs 280 lbs. You need 4 rescuers to equally distribute this weight. Patient is unable to provide assistance you will be lifting dead weight.
basic life support (BLS)
Noninvasive emergency lifesaving care that is used to treat medical conditions, including airway obstruction, respiratory arrest, and cardiac arrest.
cerebellum
One of the three major subdivisions of the brain, sometimes called the little brain, coordinates the various activities of the brain, particular find body movements
O P Q R S T
Onset, when did the problem begin and what caused it Provocation or Palliation, what makes it better or worse Quality, what is the pain like, sharp, dull, crushing tearing, steady Region/Radiation, where does it hurt, does the pain move Severity on a scale of 1 to 10 Timing, is the pain constant, does it come and go
Stoma
Opening that connects trachea directly to skin
What is the safest way to lift a patient?
POWER LIFT
Medical Control
Physician instructions given directly by radio or cell phone (online/direct) or indirectly by protocol guidelines (offline/indirect) as authorized by the medical director of the service program.
In most areas, medical control is provided by the ________ who work at the receiving hospital
Physicians
POLST
Physicians orders for life sustaining treatment
Hazardous materials in vehicles and buildings should be clearly identified using?
Placards and labels
When should an emergency move be used?
Potential for danger before assessment/management (fire, explosives, etc.), when the patient's location prevents assessment
infection control
Procedures to reduce transmission of infection among patients and health care personnel.
PASTE
Progression Associated chest pain Sputum Talking tiredness Exercise tolerance alternative assessment for a complaint of shortness of breath
hematologist emergencies
Result from sickle cell disease or various blood disorders such as hemophilia
The Six Rights of Medication Administration
Right patient Right medication Right dose Right route Right time Right documentation
Signs of dearh
Rigor mortis, dependent lividity, decapitation, decomposition of body
What type of carrying device should you use for this patient?
SCOOP STRETCHER split into two sections, slide under patient on each side + reconnect. eliminates need to roll patient. used for patients with hip fractures,brittle bones or moving patient up + down stairs. stabilize + secure patient before moving.
Digestive system change with age
Saliva secretion declines, which reduces body;s ability to process complex carbs Intestine ability and gastric acid secretion declines
When arriving on scene, what should you focus on first?
Scene safety
The care that an EMT is able to provide is most commonly defined as?
Scope of practice
SAMPLE
Signs and symptoms Allergies Medications Pertinent past medical history Last oral intake Events leading up to injury or illness To gather past medical history
Ventral (anterior)
The anterior surface of the body (front)
general adaptation syndrome
The body's response to stress that begins with an alarm response, followed by a stage of reaction and resistance, and then recovery or, if the stress is prolonged, exhaustion.
parietal bones
The bones that lie between the temporal and occipital regions of the cranium
cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)
The combination of rescue breathing and chest compressions used to establish adequate ventilation and circulation in a patient who is not breathing and has no pulse.
defamation
The communication of false information about a person that is damaging to that person's reputation or standing in the community.
false imprisionment
The confinement of a person without legal authority or the person's consent.
foodborne transmission
The contamination of food or water with an organism than can cause disease.
Intravenous Therapy (IV)
The delivery of medication directly into a vein
Primary Service Area (PSA)
The designated area in which the EMS agency is responsible for the provision of prehospital emergency care of transportation to the hospital
Anterior (ventral)
The front surface of the body: the side facing you in the standard anatomic position.
Federal Communications Commission (FCC)
The federal agency that has jurisdiction over interstate and international telephone and telegraph services and satellite communications, all of which may involve EMS activity.
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
The federal regulatory compliance agency that develops, publishes, and enforces guidelines concerning safety in the workplace.
cervical spine
The first seven vertebrae (C1-C7) in the neck. The atlas is the first cervical vertebra on which the skull rests
Emergency Medical Responder (EMR)
The first trained professional such as a police officer fire fighters lifeguard or other rescuer to arrive at the scene of an emergency to provide initial medical assistance.
pulmonary veins
The four veins that return oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart.
skeleton
The framework that gives the body its recognizable form, also designed to allow motion fothe body and protection of vital organs. 206 bones
host
The organism or individual that is attacked by the infecting agent.
Suffix
The part of a term that comes after the root word at the end of the term.
sympathetic nervous system
The part of the autonomic nervous system that controls active functions such as responding to fear (also known as "fight or flight" system) speeds up the heart rate, increases respiratory rate and depth, dialates blood vessels in the muscles and constricts blood vessels in the digestive system
discovery
The phase of a civil lawsuit where the plaintiff and defense obtain information from each other that will enable the attorneys to have a better understanding of the case and which will assist in negotiating a possible settlement or in preparing for trial. Discovery includes depositions, interrogatories and demands for production of records.
Ethics
The philosophy of right and wrong, of moral duties and of ideal professional behavior.
Medical Director
The physician who authorizes or delegates to the EMT the authority to provide medical care in the field
Licensure
The process whereby a competent authority usually the state allows people to perform a regulated act.
licensure
The process whereby a competent authority usually the state allows people to perform a regulated act.
documentation
The recorded portion of the EMT's patient interaction, either written or electronic. This becomes part of the patient's permanent medical record.
paging
The use of a radio signal and a voice or digital message that is transmitted to pagers ("beepers") or desktop monitor radios.
vector-borne transmission
The use of an animal to spread an organism from one person or place to another.
concealment
The use of objects to limit a person's visibility of you.
Combining vowel
The vowel used to combine two word roots or a word root and suffix.
transmission
The way in which an infectious disease is spread: contact (direct or indirect), airborne, foodborne, or vector-borne
List 3 layers of clothing recommended for cold weather
Thin layer, thermal middle layer, outer layer
anatomic position
This is a position of reference in which the patient stands facing you, arms at the side, with the palms of the hands forward.
Critical patients
Those with altered mental status, airway and breathing difficulties, or any sign of circulatory compromise
what is usually a warning sign that a larger significant stroke may occur in the future
Transient ischemic attack (TIA)
Hepatitis D
Transmitted via blood, sexual contact 4-12 week chronic infection is common 20% of patients
Hepatitis C
Transmitted via blood, sexual contact Cirrhosis of the liver develops in 50% of patients 2-10 weeks incubation period
Hepatitis B
Transmitted via blood, sexual contact, saliva, urine, breast milk Up to 30% become chronic carriers Asymptomatic 4-12 weeks incubation period
Hepatitis A
Transmitted via fecal-oral, infected food or drink Acute only 2-6 weeks incubation period
T I P S
Trauma Infection Psychogenic causes Seizure, syncope possible causes of altered mental status
What is the first thing you should do if exposed to a patients blood or body fluids?
Turn over patient care to another EMS provider.
Implied Consent
Type of consent in which a patient who is unable to give consent is given treatment under the legal assumption that he or she would want treatment.
Signs of airway obstruction
Unable to speak/cough, cyanotic, make exaggerated efforts to breath Resistance when blowing into patients lungs
Assault
Unlawfully placing a patient in fear of bodily harm
Battery
Unlawfully touching a patient or providing emergency care without consent.
Sexual Harassment is defined as?
Unwelcome requests for sexual favors
What is rapid extrication?
Urgent move where patient can be moved in less than 1 minute, could increase damage if there is a spinal injury
How will your team safely carry the patient DOWN STAIRS?
Use a stair chair if patient can sit up. use a backboard or scoop stretcher foot end first. two rescuers @ head + 2 rescuers @ feet ensure patient's weight is equally distributed. one rescuer @ base of stairs to guide + ensure safety. efforts must be coordinated + communication to ensure safety
pericardial effusion
a collection of fluid between the pericardial sac and the myocardium
tuberculosis
a chronic mycobacterial disease that usually strikes the lungs
You have been called to the scene of a high-speed motor vehicle collision involving two compact cars. The first vehicle was a roll-over, ejecting the driver. The second vehicle contained both a driver and a front-seat passenger who cannot be reached because the door is up against a building. Which of the following is an advantage of the diamond carry? a. it uses an even number of people (less likely to drop) b. it can be done with one person, freeing up others for patient care c. the patient can be slid along the ground d. it provides the best means of spinal immobilization
a
You should use a rigid _______, often called a Stokes litter, to carry a patient across uneven terrain from a remote location that is inaccessible by ambulance or other vehicle. a. basket stretcher b. scoop stretcher c. molded backboard d. flotation device
a
on or um -
a (plural)
hypoxic drive
a backup system to control respiration, sense drop in the oxygen level in the blood
methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)
a bacterium that can cause infections in different parts of the body and is often resistant to commonly used antibiotics; it is transmitted by different routes including the respiratory route and can be found on the skin in surgical wounds in the bloodstream lungs and urinary tract
homeostasis
a balance of all systems in the body
occlusion
a blockage usually of a tubular structure such as a blood vessel
anxious-avoidant attachment
a bond between an infant and parent or caregiver in which the infant is repeatedly rejected and develops an isolated lifestyle that does not depend on the support and care of others
greater trochanter
a bony prominence on the proximal lateral side of the thigh just below the hip line
stridor
a brassy, crowing inspiratory, harsh, high-pitched sound, prominent on inspiration, often heard without a stethoscope, may indicate airway obstruction in the neck or upper part of the chest
pulmonary edema
a buildup of fluid in the lungs, usually as a result of congestive heart failure
medication
a chemical substance that is used to treat or prevent disease or relieve pain
nitroglycerin effects
a) relaxes coronary walls of arteries and veins (blood vessels) b) results in less blood returning to the heart c) decreases blood pressure d) dilation of arteries, which increases oxygen supply to the heart e) causes mild headache after administration
adventitious breath sounds
abnormal breath sounds such as wheezes, rhonchi, and rales
Which of the following conditions or situations presents the MOST unique challenge to the EMT when immobilizing an elderly patient on a long backboard?
abnormal spinal curvature
supra
above, over
what do middle adults tend to focus their time and energy on?
achieving life goals
trans
across, through, beyond
sympathetic division
activates body during emergency situations
cardiogenic shock can occur within 24 hours of an?
acute myocardial infarction
immunologic emergencies
anaphylactic reaction
central nervous system (CNS)
anatomical division, brain, brain stem and spinal cord
peripheral nervous system
anatomical division, nerves that connect all parts of the body to the brain, sensory division and motor division, 31 pairs of spinal nerves and 12 pairs of cranial nerves
when for a brief period of time, heart tissues do not get enough oxygen, the pain is called?
angina
patella (kneecap)
anterior knee bone
thyroid cartilage (Adam's apple)
anterior part of the larynx
pubic symphysis
anterior side of the pelvis where the left pubis and right pubis are joined, has cartilage
altered mental status
any deviation from alert and oriented to person, place, time and event or any deviation from a patients normal baseline mental status
You have been called to the scene of a high-speed motor vehicle collision involving two compact cars. The first vehicle was a roll-over, ejecting the driver. The second vehicle contained both a driver and a front-seat passenger who cannot be reached because the door is up against a building. For the passenger in the second vehicle, you may need to perform a(n) __________ on the driver in order to reach the patient. a. extremity lift b. emergency move c. short backboard d. you should do nothing different; treat each patient the same
b
You should perform an urgent move in all of the following situations except: a. if a patient has an altered level of consciousness b. if the patient is complaining of neck pain c. in extreme weather conditions d. if a patient has inadequate ventilation or shock
b
ecchymosis
bleeding under the skin (bruising)
Hemia
blood
hemat(o)-
blood
An EMT may injure his or her back, even if it is straight, if the
back is bent forward at the hips.
A device used to provide support to a patient who is suspected of having a hip, pelvic, spinal, or lower extremity injury
backboard
Spine board or longboard
backboard
causes of infectious disease
bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa (parasites) helminthes (parasites)
BVM
bag-valve mask
femoral head
ball-like structure at the superior end of the femur where the femur connects to the acetabulum
A branch of medicine concerned with the management (prevention of control) of obesity and allied diseases
bariatrics
Concerned with management of obesity
bariatrics
signs and symptoms of emphysema
barrel chest pursed lip breathing dyspnea on exertion
precedence
basing current action on lessons, rules, or guidelines derived from previous similar experiences
Commonly used in technical and water rescues; stokes litter
basket stretcher
subcutaneous tissue
below the skin
infra
below, under
flex and extend
bend and straighten
flexion
bending of a joint
pleural space
between the parietal pleura and visceral pleura, small space containing a thin film of pleural fluid
melan/o
black
cyst(o)-
bladder; any fluid-containing sac
You can move a patient on his or her back along the floor or ground by using all of the following methods except: a. pulling on the patient's clothing in the neck and shoulder area b. placing the patient on a blanket, coat, or other item that can be pulled c. pulling the patient by the legs if they are the most accessible part d.placing your arms under the patient's shoulders and through the armpits, and while grasping the patient's arms, dragging the patient backward
c
What should you do if weight is greater than what you can lift?
call for help
wheeled ambulance stretcher
can be rolled along ground. collapsible undercarriage allows it to be loaded into ambulance
signs and symptoms of anaphylactic shock
can develop within seconds, mild itching or rash, burning skin, vascular dilation, generalized edema, coma, rapid death. a second phase reaction can occur 1-8 hours after the initial reaction.
receptive
can understand speech
expletive
cant speak properly
what are the tiny blood vessels that are approximately one cell thick?
capillaries
colorimetric devices
capnometer or end-tidal CO2 detectors are devices that use a chemical reaction to detect the amount of CO2 present in expired gases by changing colors
the rate of breathing is typically increased when
carbon dioxide levels increase
which of the following poisons effects the ability of cells to metabolize or carry oxygen?
carbon monoxide
an incident to where you have more than one patient complaining of a headache may indicate
carbon monoxide poisoning
most pre-hospital cardiac arrests occur as the result of
cardiac dysrhythmia (interruption of rhythm)
myocardium
cardiac muscle, works as two paired pumps
larynx
complex arrangement of tiny bones, cartilage, muscles and two vocal cords. Dividing line between upper and lower airway
face
composed of 14 bones
pharynx
composed of the nasopharynx, oropharynx and laryngopharynx
tablet form
compressed under a high pressure. contain other materials mixed in
cardiac tamponade
compression of the heart as a result of buildup of blood or other fluid in the pericardial sac leading to decreased cardiac output. a collection of fluid between the pericardial sac and the myocardium, its caused by blunt or penetrating trauma that causes hemorrhage around the heart. occurs when blood leaks into the space between the pericardium and the pericardial sac.
dissecting aneurysm
condition in which the inner layers of an artery , such as the aorta, become separated, allowing blood (at high pressure) to flow between the layers. sudden tearing, separation of lining, potential for great blood loss. the onset of pain is abrupt without additional systems
contraindications
conditions that make a particular medication or treatment inappropriate when it would harm the patient or have no positive effect on the patient's condition
cause of epileptic seizure
congenital origin
rhonchi
congested breath sounds may suggest the presence of mucus in the lungs, low pitched, noisy sounds most prominent on expiration
CHF
congestive heart failure
a patient taking medications such as Lasix or digoxin is likely to have which of the following underlying medical conditions?
congestive heart failure
heart valve damage, myocardial infarction and long-standing high BP are the cause of what?
congestive heart failure
it can be caused by diseased heart valves, can be treated with nitroglycerin and ankle edema is a common finding
congestive heart failure
cardiovascular emergencies
congestive heart failure, heart attack
ligaments
connect bones to bones
tendons
connect muscles to bones
bile ducts
connect the liver to the intestine
renal pelvis
connects the ureter and kidney
level of consciousness (LOC)
conscious with an unaltered LOC conscious with an altered LOC unconscious
upper air
consists of all anatomic airway structures above the level of the vocal cords, nose mouth jaw oral cavity pharynx and larynx
large intestine
consists of cecum, colon and rectum, 5' long
General guidelines for carrying a patient on a stretcher include:
constant communication with your partners
you have been assessing a 17 year old girl in respiratory distress and you have just completed the secondary assessment. your next step is to
contact medical control
foot
contains seven tarsal bones, talus (ankle), calcaneus (heel), five metatarsal and 14 phalanges (two in the big toe and three in each of the smaller toes)
thorax
contains the heart, lungs and great vessels part of the torso
thoracic cavity (chest)
contains the heart, lungs, esophagus and great vessels (aorta and two venae cavae)
perfusion triangle: heart
damage to the heart by disease or injury decreases the ability of the heart to properly function as a pump, it cannot move enough blood through the body to support perfusion
frostbite
damage to tissues as the result of exposure to cold, frozen or partially frozen body parts are frostbitten
stratum corneal layer
dead layer of skin
Necrosis
death of body tissue
infarction
death of body tissue usually caused by interruption of it's blood supply
It is essential that you ____________ your equipment to prevent the spread of disease.
decontaminate
Cushing's triage
decrease in heart rate increase in blood pressure irregular respirations
hypoperfusion
decreased blood flow through organs indicated by skin that is cool, clammy and pale
inspiratory reserve volume
deepest breath you can take after a normal breath
when encountering a patient with depressed fontanelles you should suspect
dehydration
pulmonary circulation
flow of blood from the right ventricle through the pulmonary arteries and all of there branches and capillaries in the lungs back to the left atrium through the venules and pulmonary veins also called the lesser circulation.
semen
fluid ejaculated from the penis and containing sperm
The mattress on a stretcher must be _________ ________ so that it does not absorb any type of potentially infectious material, including water, blood, or other body fluid.
fluid resistant
signs and symptoms of anaphylaxis
flushed skin or hives generalized edema decreased blood pressure laryngeal edema with dyspnea
Which way should you carry the backboard or stretcher?
foot first so patient's head is elevated
Pedi
foot or child
a person who was eating prior to having a seizure may have a
foreign body obstruction
pelvic bones
formed by the fusion of the ilium, ischium and pubis
axial skeleton
forms the foundation on which the arms and legs are hung, skull, face, thoracic cage, and vertebral column
oropharynx
forms the posterior portion of the oral cavity, which is bordered superiorly by the hard and soft palates, laterally by the cheeks, and inferiorly by the tongue
an infants lungs are ____________ and providing BVM ventilation that are too forceful can result in trauma from pressure of _______
fragile barotrauma
STAT
immediately
How is patient's weight distributed when she is on a carrying device?
important to know patient's weight to equally distribute it. supine on backboard or scoop stretcher semi-sitting position weight is NOT equal Horizontal 68% to 78% weight in torso so STRONGEST rescuer should be @ HEAD of device.
Institutional standards
include specific rules and procedures of he EMS system, ambulance service or organization to which you are affiliated.
diastolic blood pressure tends to __________ with age
increase
if you encounter a pregnant patient in cardiac arrest your priorities are to provide high quality CPR and
increase pressure on the aorta and vena cava
hypercarbia
increased CO2 level in the bloodstream
risk factors for a myocardial infarction include all of the following except? a - male gender b - high BP c - stress d - increased activity level
increased activity level
headache, vomiting, altered mental status and seizures are all considered early signs of
increased intracranial pressure
dilation of the coronary arteries does what?
increases blood flow
nasal flaring
indicates inadequate breathing
jaundice
indicates liver disease or dysfunction, patient's skin and sclera turn yellow
toxic induced hepatitis
inhalation, skin or mucous membrane exposure, oral ingestion or intravenous administration within hours to days following exposure
pulmonary edema may be produced by
inhaling toxic chemical fumes
subcutaneous (SC) slow rate
injection into the fatty tissue between the skin and the muscle, daily insulin injections
intramuscular (IM) moderate rate
injection into the muscle, absorbed quickly because muscles have a lot of blood vessels, can damage muscle tissue, uneven absorption injected with auto-injector
trauma emergencies
injuries that are the result of physical forces applied to the body
list five respiratory problems leading to cardiac arrest in children
injury both blunt and penetrating infections of the respiratory tract or another organ system a foreign body airway obstruction submersion (drowning) electrocution poisoning or drug overdose sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)
barotrauma
injury resulting from pressure disequilibrium across body surfaces, example: too much pressure in the lungs
The MOST serious consequence of a poorly planned or rushed patient move is:
injury to you or your patient.
lumen
inside diameter of the artery or other hollow structure
intra
inside, within
enter(o)-
intestines
intraosseous (IO) immediate rate
into the bone, medications that are given by this route reach the bloodstream through the bone marrow. painful
intravenous (IV) immediate rate
into the vein. medications that need to enter the bloodstream immediately maybe injected directly into a vein, fastest way to deliver a chemical substance, not for aspirin, oxygen and charcoal
ICP
intracranial pressure
the autonomic nervous system controls the?
involuntary actions of the body
guarding
involuntary muscle contractions of the abdominal wall in an effort to protect an inflamed abdomen, a sign of peritonitis
microcirculation
is a term used to describe the small vessels in the vasculature that are embedded with organs and responsible for the distribution of blood within the tissues (capillaries) main functions: blood flow/tissue perfusion, blood pressure, tissue fluid, delivery of oxygen, removal of carbon dioxide, regulation of body temp and inflammation.
anemia
is an abnormally low number of red blood cells. (chronic or acute bleeding, deficiency in certain vitamins or minerals, underlying disease process) tissues may become hypoxic (low oxygen)
blood pressure
is the pressure of blood within the vessels at any one moment in time -systolic peak arterial pressure (vessels contract) -diastolic the pressure maintained with the arteries while the heart rests between heartbeats
massive pulmonary embolism
it can prevent blood from being pumped from the right side of he heart to the left resulting in complete backup of blood in the right ventricle leading to the catastrophic obstructive shock and complete pump failure.
heart organ
it has to pump blood to supply oxygen-enriched red blood cells to the tissues of the body.
What is the EMS Agenda for the future?
it is a multidisciplinary national review of all aspects of EMS delivery that encourages the creation of systems that help to protect the well being of EMS providers and includes 14 components that make up an EMS system.
sacroiliac joint
joint at the back of the pelvis, surrounded by tough, thick ligaments and has little motion
JVD
jugular venous distention
What should you do with your back?
keep it straight + locked avoid twisting
When carrying a patient on a backboard up or down stairs
keep the head end elevated
To minimize the risk of injuring yourself when lifting or moving a patient, you should:
keep the weight as close to your body as possible.
The FIRST rule of safe lifting is to:
keep your back in a straight, vertical position.
What is the key rule of lifting?
keep your back straight
What steps can you take to maximize safety while LIFTING patient?
keep your legs shoulder width apart. keep you back in straight, locked in position. keep weight as close to your body as possible. bend at the knees, not at the waist, when lifting avoid lifting + reaching at same time. avoid twisting your body as you are lifting lift with your palms facing up (power grip) communicate with partner at all times
reticular activating system
keeps you awake
nephr
kidney
retroperitoneal
kidney and pancreas, lie behind the abdominal cavity above the level of the umbilicus
urologic emergencies
kidney stones
renal
kidneys
When using a body drag to pull a patient who is on the ground, you should
kneel to minimize the distance that you will have to lean over
How do you reach or pull patient?
kneel to pull patient on ground when pulling, your elbows should only be extended just beyond torso bend you knees to pull a patient who is @ a different height than you are .position feet.
The POWER LIFT should be done with your body in what position?
knees bent straight back
Ischemia
lack of oxygen
Macro
large
cerebrum
largest part of the brain, four lobes
LMP
last menstrual period
what side of the heart is more muscular because it pumps blood into the aorta and all the other arteries in the body
left side
LUQ
left upper quadrant
white blood cells
lekocytes, immune defense
Remember to always consider whether there is an option that will cause ________ ________ to you and the other EMTs.
less strain
signs of respiratory failure
lethargy, difficult to arouse tachypnea with periods of bradypnea or agonal respirations inadequate chest rise/poor excursion inadequate respiratory rate or effort bradycardia diminished muscle tone
sebaceous glands
lie next to hair follicles, provides waterproofing for the skin
kidneys
lie on the posterior muscular wall of the abdomen, rid the blood of waste and control balance of water and salt
brain stem
lies deep in the cranium, controlling center for body functions that are necessary for life
scapula (shoulder blade)
lies in the muscular tissue of the posterior thoracic wall
bi(o)-
life
The proper technique for using the power grip is to
lift with your palms up
The proper technique for using the power grip is to:
lift with your palms up.
The same basic body mechanics for applying safe reaching + pulling are for
lifting + carrying
Which of the following steps is NOT proper procedure when performing an emergency move?
lifting the patient by the belt to move him or her
stair chair
lightweight folded up device that is used to carry conscious, seated patient up or down stairs
power grip
litter or backboard is gripped insert each hand under the handle palm facing up thumb extended
shallow respirations
little movement of the chest wall
hepa
liver
hepat(o)-
liver
right upper quadrant (RUQ)
liver, gallbladder, colon
what is the maximum pressure exerted by the left ventricle as it contracts?
systolic blood pressure
How can you minimize the risk of injury moving a patient on a WHEELED AMBULANCE STRETCHER?
make sure it is ELEVATED so you don't have to bend down, increases chance for back injury stretcher is top heavy so hold it firmly when guiding stretcher from FOOT END, arms are held close to your body. do not reach keep elbows flexed + use arm muscles. guiding stretch from HEAD END, push with your arms + bend your elbows so that hands are 12" to 15" in front of torso.
when a patient has a pacemaker implanted in the upper left chest, care for this patient should include
making sure the AED patches are not directly over the pacemaker device
over-the-counter (OTC) medications
may be purchased directly without a prescription
meter
measuring instrument
positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP)
mechanical maintenance of pressure in the airway at the end of expiration to increase the volume of gas remaining in the lungs
hypoglycemia
medical term for an extremely low blood glucose level, can be caused by an excess of insulin
intranasal (IN) rapid rate
medication is pushed through a specialized atomizer devise called a mucosal atomizer devise into the naris. relatively new form of delivery, liquid medication is turned into a spray absorption is quick
antagonist
medication that binds to a receptor and blocks other medications, also called blockers
capsule
medications encased in a gelatin shell filled with powder or liquid by mouth.
enteral medications
medications that enter the body through the digestive system and are slowly absorbed
prescription medications
meds that are distributed to patients only by pharmacists according to a physician's order
conjunctiva
membrane lining the eyelids, covers the exposed surface of the eye
among older adults ______________function in the 5 years preceding death is presume to decline
mental
What does wellness include?
mental, physical and social well being
aerobic metabolism
metabolism that can proceed only in the presence of oxygen
anaerobic metabolism
metabolism that takes place in the absence of oxygen, principal product is lactic acid
anaerobic metabolism
metabolism that takes place in the absence of oxygen; the principle product is lactic acid
aracnoid
middle layer
tunica media
middle layer of the artery where smooth muscles are found that can contract and dilate to change the diameter of the blood vessel
pressure in the arteries during cardiac contraction is know as
systolic pressure
NKA
no know allergies
-
none
generic name
nonproprietary name of medication, not capitalized
vesicular breath sounds
normal breath sounds made by air moving in and out of the alveoli
bronchial breath sounds
normal breath sounds made by air moving through the bronchi
signs of normal breathing
normal rate between 12-20 breaths per min regular pattern of inhalation and exhalation clear and equal lung sounds on both sides of the chest regular and equal chest rise and fall adequate depth/tidal volume
sclera
normally white portion of the eye
NPO
nothing by mouth
changes in gastric and intestinal function may inhibit _______ intake and utilization in ______adults
nutritional older
signs of airway obstruction
obvious trauma, blood or other obstruction noisy breathing such as snoring, bubbling, gurgling, crowing extremely shallow or absent breathing
agonal respirations
occasional. gasping breaths that occur after the heart has stopped
atherosclerosis can lead to a complete what?
occlusion of a coronary artery
agonal respirations
occur when the respiratory center in the brain continues to send signals to the breathing muscles after the heart has stopped, occasional, gasping breaths
severe airway obstruction
occurs when a foreign body completely obstructs the patient's airway, patients cannot breathe, talk or cough
mild airway obstruction
occurs when a foreign body partially obstructs the patient's airway the patient is able to move adequate amounts of air, but also experiences some degree of respiratory distress
epidemic
occurs when new cases of a disease in a human population substantially exceed the number expected based on recent experiences.
epidemic
occurs when new cases of a disease occur in a human population and substantially exceed what is expected based on recent experience
tunnel vision
occurs when you become focused on one aspect of the patients condition and exclude all others
How should you move a patient?
on a wheeled device If one isn't available use a stretcher
Which of the following MOST accurately describes the correct position of the EMTs who are executing the diamond carry technique?
one at the head, one at the feet, and one on each side of the patient's torso
carbon dioxide
one of the primary waste products of cellular work (metabolism) in the body and is removed from the body by the lungs
atrium
one of the two upper chambers of the heart
ilium
one of three bones that fuse to form the pelvic ring
ischium
one of three bones that fuse to form the pelvic ring
pubis
one of three bones that fuse to form the pelvic ring
ventricle
one of two (right and left) lower chamber of the heart. the left ventricle receives blood from the left atrium (upper chamber) and delivers blood to the aorta. the right ventricle received blood from the right atrium and pumps it into the pulmonary artery. 20-50 BPM
atrium
one of two (right and left) upper chambers of the heart. the right atrium receives blood from the vena cave and delivers it to the right ventricle the left atrium receives blood from pulmonary veins and delivers it to the left ventricle.
the proper depth of chest compressions on a 9 month of infant is?
one third the diameter of the chest 1 1/2 "
signs and symptoms of inadequate breathing
patient complains of dyspnea altered mental status with shallow or slow breathing anxious or restless respiratory rate is too fast or too slow breathing rhythm is irregular skin is pale, cool or clammy cyanosis pale conjunctivae respiratory sounds decreased or noisy breath sounds on one or both sides patient cannot speak more than a few words at a time muscle retractions unequal or inadequate chest expansion excessive coughing tripod position barrel shaped chest pursed lips or nasal flaring
respiratory infection
patient coughs up thick, yellowish or greenish sputum
direct ground lift
patient found lying supine on ground no spinal injury
emergency move
patient is dragged or pulled from a dangerous scene before care
What must you do to carry a loaded backboard or stretcher up or down stairs?
patient is secured tightly to device to prevent sliding
when should you not help administer a MDI
patient is unable to coordinate administration & inhalation inhaler is not prescribed for patient u did not obtain permission from medical control or local protocol medication is expired contraindications specific to the medication
When should you provide an urgent move?
patient unconscious inadequate ventilation shock extreme weather conditions
pursed lips
patients with COPD will often exhale through pursed lips in order to keep airways open longer and allows the patient to push air out slowly
gynecologic emergencies
pelvic inflammatory disease, vaginal bleeding
reassessment
performed at regular intervals during the assessment process, identify and treat changes in a patient's condition
focused assessment
performed on patients who have sustained nonsignificant MOIs or on responsive medical patients, based on the chief complaint
blood pressure is a rough measure of what?
perfusion
informed consent
permission for treatment given by a competent patient after the potential risks, benefits, and alternatives to treatment have been explained.
alert and oriented x 4
person, place, time and event
toddlers
persons who are 1 to 3 years of age
early adults
persons who are 19-40 years of age
middle adults
persons who are 41 to 60 years of age
late adults
persons who are 61 years old or older
infants
persons who are from 1 month to 1 year of age
electro-
pertaining to electricity
algia
pertaining to pain
A technique in which the litter or backboard is gripped by inserting each hand under the handle with the palm facing up and thumb extended
power grip
A lifting technique in which the EMT's back is held upright, with legs bent, and the patient is lifted when the EMT straightens the legs to raise the upper body and arms
power lift
The safest and most powerful way to lift, lifting by extending the properly placed flexed legs, is called a(n) _______ _________.
power lift
When lifting the patient you should use the
power lift
scene size-up
ppe ensure scene safety number of patients mechanism of injury/nature of illness additional resources need for c spine/extraction
+
present
hydrostatic pressure
pressure exerted by a liquid and oocurs when blood is moved through the artery at relatively high pressures
cricoid pressure
pressure on the cricoid cartilage; applied to occlude the esophagus to inhibit gastric distention and regurgitation of vomitus in the unconscious patient
aorta
principal artery leaving the back left side of the heart, it carries freshly oxygenated blood to the body
life threats to patient
problems with the ABCs poor initial general impression unresponsiveness potential for hypoperfusion or shock chest pain associated with low blood pressure severe pain anywhere excessive bleeding
the back side of the brain
processes sight
pancreas
produces enzymes that aid in digestion and insulin
chyme
product of stomach, combination of all the eaten foods with added stomach acids
liver
production of bile, assists with metabolism of nutrients within the bloodstream, detoxification of blood
signs and symptoms of tension pneumothorax
progressive shortness of breath increased altered level of consciousness neck vein distention tracheal deviation
logy
study of
pathophysiology
study of the functional changes that occur when the body reacts to a particular disease
bronchioles
subdivision of the smaller bronchi in the lungs, made of smooth muscle and dilate or constrict in response to various stimuli
What is the SOAP mean
subjective, objective, assessment and patient care
toxicologic emergencies
substance abuse, plant poisoning
enzymes
substances catalysts designed to speed up the rate of specific biochemical reactions
hormones
substances formed in specialized organs or glands and carried to another organ or group of cells in the same organism. including metabolism growth and body temperature.
signs and symptoms of pneumothorax
sudden chest pain with dyspnea decreased lung sounds on affected side
glyc(o)-
sugar
wheezing breath sounds
suggest obstruction of lower airways, high pitched whistling sounds most prominent on expiration
extremity lift
supine or sitting position with no extremity or spinal injuries
Trendelenburg's Position
supine position on an incline with feet elevated 6 " - 12" above head to keep blood in the core of the body
the right and left iliac arteries
supplies blood to the groin, pelvis and legs
The left coronary artery
supplies blood to the left atrium and left ventricle and divides into two major branches just a short distance from the aorta.
the tibial and peroneal arteries
supplies blood to the lower legs and feet
The right coronary artery
supplies blood to the right atrium and right ventricle and in most people the bottom part of inferior wall of the left ventricle.
the right and left subclavian arteries (under the clavicles)
supplies blood to the upper extremities
The right and left carotid arteries
supplies the head and brain with blood
humerus
supporting bone of the arm
tracheostomy
surgical opening into the trachea
ectomy
surgical removal of
dependent edema
swelling in the part of the body closest to the ground caused by collection of fluid in the tissues; a possible sign of congestive heart failure
pedal edema
swollen legs and feet
when the battery wears out in the pacemaker the patient may experience?
syncope (fainting)
neurologic emergencies
syncope, seizure
ventricle contract
systole
Public Safety Access Point
A call center staffed by trained personnel who are responsible for managing requests for police fire and ambulance services.
True or False A professional appearance and manner by the EMT will help build the patients confidence and ease the anxiety
True
True or false The EMT scope of practice includes the use of an automated external defibrillator
True
True or False AEMT's typically go through 1,000 to 1,300 hours of training.
False
True or False As a health care professional and an extension of physician care, you are not bound by patient confidentiality.
False
Health Insurance Portability & Accountability Act (HIPPA)
Federal legislation passed in 1996. It's main effect in EMS s in limiting availability of patients health care informationt and penalizing violations of patient privacy.
A CISD meeting is an opportunity to discuss?
Feelings about the incident.
cover
The tactical use of an impenetrable barrier for protection.
True of False Personnel trained as EMR's can include law enforcement officers, fire fighters, and ski patrollers.
True
Automated External Defibrillator (AED)
a device that detects treatable life-threatening cardiac dysrhythmias (ventricular fibrillation and ventricular tachycardia) and delivers the appropriate electrical shock to the patient.
What is Clinical Care?
describes the various pieces of equipment and scope of practice for using the equipment
What is the integration of health services
the prehospital care the EMT administered is coordinated with the care administered at the hospital
