AAOSECTSI11E Chapter 1-17

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What are the 7 situations where the rapid extrication technique is used?

1. vehicle/scene is unsafe 2. explosives/HazMat on scene 3. fire 4. patient can't be assessed before being moved 5. patient needs immediate intervention 6. patient blocks the EMT's access to other injured patient

ventilation rate

10 breaths/minute for adults 12 breaths/minute for children

How far apart should your hands be when doing the power grip?

10"

infant pulse range

100 - 160 beats/minute

minimum number of chest compressions that should be delivered per minute to a 4 month old infant

100 compressions

there are how many cranial nerves?

12

cranial nerves

12 nerves that run to various parts fo the head

what is the estimated maximum life expectancy for humans

120

the rate of compressions for an infant is how many compressions per minute

120 to 150

How far apart should your legs be when lifting?

15"

When pulling a patient you should extend your arms no more than.

15'" to 20 " in front of your torso

when performing two rescuer CPR on and infants and children the ratio of compressions to ventilation is

15:2

What percentage of exhaled oxygen is delivered during mouth-to-mask breathing without supplemental oxygen?

16%

by _______to 24 months toddlers begin to understand cause and _______

18 effect

What year was the white paper, (Accidental Death and Disability) The Neglected disease of Modern Society published?

1966

respiration ratio

1:3 active inhalation phase:passive exhalation phase

defibrillation works best if it takes place within how many minutes of the onset of cardiac arrest

2 minutes

what age can an infant start tracking objects with their eyes and recognizing familiar faces?

2 months

the proper depth of chest compression on an adult is

2 to 2.4"

toddler (1 to 3 years

90-150 pulse, respiration's 20-30, systolic blood pressure 80-100 , temperature: 96.8-99.6

neonate (0 to 1 month)

90-180 pulse, respiration's 30-60, systolic blood pressure 50-70 , temperature: 98 to 100

pertussis

(whooping cough) is an airborne disease caused by bacteria that mostly affects children younger than 6 years

pain of acute myocardial infarction

- may or may not be caused by exertion - does not resolve within a few minutes - may or may not be relieved by rest or nitroglycerin

thrombosis

A blood clot either in the arterial or venous system. when the clot occurs in a cerebral artery . it may result in the interruption of cerebral blood flow and subsequent

Bilateral

A body part or condition that appears on both sides of the midline.

bilateral

A body part that appears on both sides of the midline.

load-distributing band (LDB)

A circumferential chest compression device composed of a constricting band and backboard that is either electrically or pneumatically driven to compress the heart by putting inward pressure on the thorax.

Morality

A code of conduct that can be defined by society, religion, or a person, affecting character, conduct and conscience.

head tilt-chin lift maneuver

A combination of two movements to open the airway by tilting the forehead back and lifting the chin; not used for trauma patients.

interoperable communications system

A communication system that uses voice-over internet-protocol (VoIP) technology to allow multiple agencies to communicate and transmit data.

gastric distention

A condition in which air fills the stomach, often as a result of high volume and pressure during artificial ventilation.

Which of the following statements regarding the scoop stretcher is NOT correct?

A scoop stretcher will provide adequate immobilization of a patient's spinal column

emergency

A serious situation such as injury or illness that threatens the life or welfare of a person or group of people and requires immediate intervention.

Health Care Proxies

A type of advance directive executed by a competent adult that appoints another individual to make medical treatment decisions on his or her behalf in the even that the person making the appointment loses decision making capacity. Also know as a durable power of attorney.

durable power of attorney for healthcare

A type of advance directive executed by a competent adult that points another individual to make medical treatment decisions on his or her behalf, in the event that the person making the appointment loses decision-making capacity.

Expressed Consent

A type of consent in which a patient gives verbal or nonverbal authorization for provision of care or transport.

impedance threshold device (ITD)

A valve device placed between the endotracheal tube and a bag-mask device -Limits the amount of air entering the lungs during the recoil phase between chest compressions.

health care directive

A written document that specifies medical treatment for a competent patient should he or she become unable to make decisions. Also known as an advance directive or a living will.

tort

A wrongful act that gives rise to civil lawsuit.

A - the patient is awake V - the patient responds to verbal stimulation P - the patient responds to painful stimuli U - the patient is completely unresponsive

AVPU scale

decision-making capacity

Ability to understand and process information and make a choice regarding appropriate medical care.

Competent

Able to make rational decisions about personal well-being

Superior

Above a body part or nearer to the head.

Cardiac arrest determined by

Absence of pulse at carotid artery

1st Key to Lifting

Always keep your back in upright position + lift without twisting.

What agency supported the EMT course and prepared and published the first EMT textbook?

American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons

channel

An assigned frequency or frequencies that are used to carry voice and/or data communications.

Which of the following statements regarding an emergency patient move is correct?

An emergency move is performed before the primary assessment and treatment.

credentialing

An established process to determine the qualifications necessary to be allowed to practice a particular profession or to function as an organization.

coronal plane

An imaginary plane where the body is divided into front and back parts.

Fowler position

An inclined position in which the head of the bed raised

Paramedic

An individual who has extensive training in advanced life support including endotracheal intubation emergency pharmacolocgy cardia monitoring and other advanced assessment and treatment skillPs.

Emergency Medical Technician (EMT)

An individual who has training in basic life support including automated external defibrillation use of a definitive airway adjunct and assisting patients with certain medications.

Advanced Emergency Medical Technician (AEMT)

An individual who has training in specific aspects of advanced life support such as intravenous therapy and the administration of certain emergency medications

Breathing assessment questions

Choking? Respiratory rate too fast/too slow? Respirations shallow/deep? Is patient cyanotic? Abnormal sounds when listening to lungs? Is patient moving air into and out of lungs on both sides?

True of false EMT personnel are the highest qualified members of the prehospital care team?

False

True or False DNR orders give you permission not to attempt resuscitation at your discretion.

False

True or False Diversity is an ineffective way to strengthen a public safety workforce?

False

True or False EMS systems that use repeaters are unable to get good signals from portable radios?

False

True or False EMT's are not typically responsible for reporting suspected child abuse?

False

Deep

Farther inside the body and away from the skin.

Renal system change with age

Filtration function declines Kidney mass declines due to decreased effectiveness of blood vessels that supply blood to nephrons

What is your first step when initiation communication with a non-English speaking patient?

Find out how much English the patient can speak.

Which of the following statements regarding the power lift is correct?

It is the safest and most powerful method of lifting a patient.

What is the Information System

It allows EMS providers to efficiently document the care that has been delivered

Prefix

Part of a term that appears before a word root, changing the meaning of the term

Medial

Parts of the body that lie closer to the midline: also called inner structure.

Lateral

Parts of the body that lie farther from the midline: also called outer structures

When should urgent moves be used?

Patient as altered level of consciousness, inadequate ventilation, shock

What should you do if you suspect your patient has tuberculosis?

Place a particulate air respirator on yourself and a surgical mask on the patient.

A transmission range of a _________ is more limited than that of a mobile or base station radio?

Portable Radio

The safest most reliable source for long-term energy production is?

Protein

medications administered via metered-dose inhaler (MDI)

Proventil, Ventolin, albuterol Alupent, Metaprel, metaproterenol Brethine, terbutaline

UHF (ultra-high frequency)

Radio frequencies between 300 and 3,000 MHz.

You and your partner enter the residence of an elderly couple, both of whom are found unconscious in their bed. There is no evidence of trauma. As you begin your assessment, you and your partner notice the smell of natural gas in the residence. Which of the following should be your MOST appropriate action?

Rapidly remove the patients from their residence using a blanket or clothes drag

delayed stress reaction

Reaction to stress that occurs after a stressful situation.

acute stress reactions

Reaction to stress that occurs during a stressful situation.

rigor mortis

Stiffening of the body muscles: a definitive sign of death.

Organs in left upper quadrant

Stomach, spleen and portion of colon

Where does force go during a proper lift?

Straight down the spinal column

What refers to the tactics that have been shown to alleviate or eliminate stress reactions.

Stress Management

duplex

The ability to transmit and receive simultaneously.

infection

The abnormal invasion of a host or host tissues by organisms such as bacteria, viruses, or parasites, with or without signs or symptoms of disease.

What is death defined as in many states?

The absence of circulatory function, respiratory function and brain dead.

Forcible Restraint

The act of physically preventing an individual from initiating any physical action.

T/F A minimum of five personnel should be present when restraining a combative patient.

T

T/F A portable stretcher is typically a lightweight folding device that does not have the undercarriage and wheel of a true ambulance stretcher.

T

T/F An isolette is used to transport neonatal patients.

T

T/F Bariatrics is a new field of medicine that deals with the care of the obese.

T

T/F One-person techniques for moving patients should be used only when immediate patient movement is necessary due to a life-threatening hazard and only one EMT is available.

T

T/F The most important feature of the bariatric stretcher is the increased weight-lifting capacity.

T

T/F The term "power lift" refers to a posture that is safe and helpful for EMTs when they are lifting.

T

jaw-thrust maneuver

Technique to open the airway by placing the fingers behind the angle of the jaw and bringing the jaw forward; used for patients who may have a cervical spine injury.

trunking

Telecommunication systems that allow a computer to maximize utilization of a group of frequencies.

In which of the following situations is an emergency patient move indicated?

The EMT is unable to protect the patient from scene hazards.

What nongovernmental agency provides national standardized EMS testing and certification in much of the united states.

The National Registry of Emergency Medical Technicians - NREMT

designated officer

The individual in the department who is charged with the responsibility of managing exposures and infection control issues.

Which of the following statements regarding the neonatal isolette is correct?

The isolette serves to keep the neonate warm and protects from excess handling

What two organizations provide do no use lists identifying abbreviations that lead to errors?

The joint commission The institute for safe medication practices

patient care report (PCR)

The legal document used to record all patient care activities. This report has direct patient care functions but also administrative and quality control functions. PCRs are also known as prehospital care reports.

Wood Root

The main part of a term that contains the primary meaning.

Which of the following statements regarding patient weight distribution is correct?

The majority of a horizontal patient's weight is in the torso

applied ethics

The manner in which principles of ethics are incorporated into professional conduct.

Standard of Care

The manner is which you must act or behave. Written accepted levels of emergency care expected by reason of training and profession: written by legal or professional organizations so that patients are not exposed to unreasonable risk or harm.

proxemics

The study of space between people and its effects on communication.

topographic anatomy

The superficial landmarks of the body that serve as guides to the structures that lie beneath them.

Quality Control

The responsibility of the medical director to ensure the appropriate medical care standards are met by EMT's on each call.

patient autonomy

The right of a patient to make informed choices regarding his or her health care.

thoracic spine

The second 12 vertebrae. One pair of ribs is attached to each of the thoracic vertebrae

kidnapping

The seizing, confining, abducting, or carrying away of a person by force, including transporting a competent adult for medical treatment without his or her consent

airborne transmission

The spread of an organism in aerosol form.

How the EMT is required to act or behave with a patient is called?

The standard of care

The standards for prehospital emergency care and the people who provide it are governed by the laws of each state they serve and are typically regulated by who?

The state off of EMS

Extension

The straightening of a joint

statute of limitations

The time within which a case must be commenced.

communication

The transmission of information to another person-verbally or through body language.

True of false men can produce sperm well into their 80's

True

True or False A durable power of attorney for health care is a designated person who is authorized to make medical decision on behalf of he patient.

True

True or False Children can easily see through lies or deception

True

True or False Construction-type helmets are not well suited for rescue situation?

True

True or False Denial is usually the first step in the grieving process

True

True or False EMT textbooks are often used in court to establish standards of care?

True

True or False EMT's can legally restrain patients against their will if they pose a threat to themselves or others.

True

True or False Failure to provide care to a patient once you have been called to the scene is considered negligence?

True

True or False Falsifying information on the PCR may result in suspension and/or revocation of your certification or license?

True

True or False If a patient is unconscious and a true emergency exists, the doctrine of implied consent applies?

True

True or False Most EMS training programs must adhere to national standards established by the accrediting organizations.

True

True or False One of the most fundamental aspects of what EMT's do is to ask questions?

True

True or False Physical conditioning, nutrition and sleep are several factors the EMT can control in helping to reduce stress?

True

True or False When speaking on the radio, speak in plain English and avoid code words?

True

True or False Your PCR will reflect on you professionally and can be used as evidence in court?

True

True or false Patient care should be focused on procedures that have proven useful in improving outcomes.

True

ethnocentrism

When a person considers his or her own cultural values as more important when interacting with people of a different culture.

When you use a body drag to move a patient: a. your back should always be locked and straight b. you should encourage twisting so that the vertebrae can flex during the move c. consider hyperextending to gain more leverage d. drag the patient by the ankles

a

Which of the following is not an indication for use of the rapid extrication technique? a. the patient is in severe pain b. the patient's condition cannot be properly assessed before being removed from the car c. the patient blocks access to another seriously injured patient d. the vehicle or the scene is unsafe

a

nonrebreathing mask

a combination mask and reservoir bag system that is the preferred way to give oxygen in the prehospital setting; delivers up to 90% inspired oxygen and prevents inhaling the exhaled gases

head tilt - chin life maneuver

a combination of two movements to open the airway by tilting the forehead back and lifting the chin; not used for trauma patients

herpes simplex

a common virus that is asymptomatic in 80% of people carrying it but characterized by small blisters on the lips (HSV1) or genitals (HSV2) in symptomatic infections

circulatory system

a complex arrangement of connected tubes, including the arteries arterioles capillaries venules and veins.

larynx

a complex structure formed by many independent cartilaginous structures that all work together; where the upper airway ends and the lower airway begins; also called the voice box

Sorbitol

a complex sugar that is frequently suspended with active charcoal. it has a laxative effect, increase risk is dehydration (dangerous in children)

carbon dioxide retention

a condition characterized by a chronically high blood level of CO2 in which the respiratory center no longer responds to high blood levels of CO2

hypoxic drive

a condition in which chronically low levels of oxygen in the blood stimulate the respiratory drive seen in patients with chronic lung diseases

status epilepticus

a condition in which seizures recur every few minutes or lost more than 30 minutes

distributive shock

a condition that occurs when there is widespread dilation of the small aterioles, small venules or both. as a result the circulating blood volume pools in the expanded vascular beds and tissue perfusion decreases.

In which of the following situations would a direct ground lift be the MOST appropriate method of moving a patient?

a conscious patient complaining of abdominal pain

hypoxia

a dangerous condition in which the body tissues and cells do not have enough oxygen

mucosal atomizer device (MAD)

a device that is used to change a liquid medication into a spray and pushes it into a nostril

bag-mask device

a device with a one-way valve and a face mask attached to a ventilation bag; when attached to a reservoir and connected to oxygen, delivers more than 90% supplemental oxygen

epiglottitis

a disease in which the epiglottis becomes inflamed and enlarged and may cause an upper airway obstruction.l

emphysema

a disease of the lungs in which there is extreme dilation and eventual destruction of the pulmonary alveoli with poor exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide; it is one form of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

communicable disease

a disease that can be spread from one person or species to another.

tuberculosis (TB)

a disease that can lay dormant in a person's lungs for decades then reactive; many strains are resistant to antibiotics. this is spread by cough

epilepsy

a disorder in which abnormal electrical discharges occur in the brain causing seizure and possible loss of consciousness

atherosclerosis

a disorder in which cholesterol and calcium build up inside the walls of the blood vessels, forming plaque

congestive heart failure (CHF)

a disorder in which the heart loses part of its ability to effectively pump blood, usually as a result of damage to the heart muscle and usually resulting in a backup of fluid into the lungs. swollen ankles, rales

transient ischemic attack (TIA)

a disorder of the brain in which brain cells temporarily stop working because of insufficient oxygen, causing stroke-like symptoms that resolve completely within 24 hours of onset

parasympathetic nervous system

a division of the autonomic nervous system that controls involuntary function by sending signals to the cardiac, smooth, and glandular muscles.

syncope

a fainting spell or transient loss of consciousness

syncope

a fainting spell or transient loss of consciousness. occurs when the blood pools in the dialed vessels reducing the blood supply to the brain as a result the brain ceases to function normally and the patient faints.

syncope

a fainting spell or transientnt loss of conscious

manually triggered ventilation device

a fixed flow/rate ventilation device that delivers a breath every time its button is pushed; also referred to as a flow-restricted, oxygen-powered ventilation device

oxygen

a gas that all cells need for metabolism: the heart and brain especially cannot function without oxygen

cystic fibrosis

a genetic disorder that affects the lungs and digestive system, it disrupts normal cell function and causes mucus to be thick, sticky and hard to move, can lead to repeated lung infections

crepitus

a grating or grinding sensation caused by fractured bone ends or joints rubbing together, also air bubbles under the skin that produce crackling sounds or crinkly feeling

stridor

a harsh high pitched respiratory sound generally heard during inspiration that is caused by partial blockage or narrowing of the upper airway; may be audible without a stethoscope

stridor

a harsh high-pitched barking inspiratory sound often herd in acute laryngeal (upper airway) obstruction.

acute myocardial infarction (AMI)

a heart attack, death of heart muscle following obstruction of blood flow to it. Acute in this context means "new" or "happening right now" caused by blockage in a coronary artery. onset of pain is gradual with additional systems

stridor

a high pitched noise heard primarily on inspiration

wheezing

a high pitched whistling breath sound characteristically heard on expiration in patients with asthma or COPD

heart

a hollow muscular organ that pumps blod throughout the body

suction catheter

a hollow, cylindrical device used to remove fluid from the patient's airway

symphysis

a joint with limited motion in which teh bone ends are held together by fibrous tissue

ischemia

a lack of oxygen that deprives tissues of necessary nutrients resulting from partial or complete blockage of blood flow potentially reversible because permanent injury has not yet occurred

ischemia

a lack of oxygen that deprives tissues of necessary nutrients resulting from partial or complete blockage of blood flow potentially reversible because permanent injury has not yet occurred.

ischemia

a lack of oxygen that deprives tissues of necessary nutrients resulting from partial or complete blockage of blood flow; potentially reversible because permanent injury has not yet occurred

tension pheumothorax

a life-threatening collection of air within the pleural space; the volume and pressure have both collapsed the involved lung and caused a shift of the mediastinal structures to the opposite side

solution

a liquid mixture of one of more substances that cannot be separated by filtering or allowing the mixture to stand, can be given by almost any route

surfactant

a liquid protein substance that coats the alveoli in the lungs, decreases alveolar surface tension, and keeps the alveoli expanded; a low level in a premature infant contributes to respiratory distress syndrome

testicle

a male genital gland that contains specialized cells that produce hormones and sperm.

infectious disease

a medical condition caused by the growth and spread of small harmful organisms within the body.

agonist

a medication that causes stimulation of receptors

Nitroglycerin

a medication that increases cardiac perfusion by causing blood vessels to dilate. Systolic BP must be over 100 to administer.

epinephrine

a medication that increases heart rate and blood pressure but also eases breathing problems by decreasing muscle tone of the bronchiole tree. main hormone that controls the body's fight or flight reaction. acts as antidote to histamine i) increases heart rate and blood pressure ii) dilates passages in the lungs (bronchodilation ) iii) constricts blood vessels (vasoconstriction)

aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid or ASA)

a medication that is an antipyretic (reduces fever) analgesic (reduces pain) anti-inflammatory (reduces inflammation) and a potent inhibitor of platelet aggregation (clumping of blood) contraindicated for asthma, bleeding disorders (relative) pre-existent liver damage, to aspirin (absolute)

lactic acid

a metabolic end product of the breakdown of glucose that accumulates when metabolism proceeds in the absence of oxygen

continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)

a method of ventilation used primarily in the treatment of critically ill patients with respiratory distress; can prevent the need for endotracheal intubation

metered-dose inhaler (MDI)

a miniature spray canister used to direct medications through the mouth and into the lungs.

suspension

a mixture of ground particles that are distributed evenly throughout a liquid but do not dissolve.

vagina

a muscular distensible tube that connects the uterus with the vulva (the external female genitalia) also called the birth canal

seizure

a neurologic episode caused by a surge of electrical activity in the brain; can be a convulsion characterized by generalized uncoordinated muscular activity and can be associated with loss of consciousness

norepinephrine

a neurotransmitter and drug sometimes used in the treatment of shock, produces vasoconstriction

capnography

a noninvasive method that can quickly and efficiently provide information on a patient's ventilatory status, circulation and metabolism. measures partial pressure of CO2

capnography

a noninvasive method to quickly and efficiently provide information on a patients ventilatory status circulation and metabolism. effectively measures the concentration of carbon dioxide in expired air over time

gag reflex

a normal reflex mechanism that causes retching; activated by touching the soft palate or the back of the thoat

pneumothorax

a partial or complete accumulation of air in the pleural space

pneumothorax

a partial or complete accumulation of air in the pleural space, most often caused by trauma

Situations in which you should use the rapid extrication technique include all of the following, EXCEPT:

a patient who can be properly assessed while still in the vehicle

These situations you should use the rapid extrication technique

a patient whose condition requires immediate transport a patient who needs immediate care that requires a supine position a patient who blocks access to another seriously injured patient

articular cartilage

a pearly layer of specialized cartilage covering the articular surface (contact surfaces on the ends of bones in synovial joints

once you begin CPR in the field you must continue until

a person of equal or higher training relieves you.

trust and mistrust

a phrase that refers to a stage of development from birth to approximately 18 months of age, during which infants gain trust their parents or caregivers if the world is planned, organized and routine.

diffusion

a process in which molecules move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

barrier device

a protective item, such as a pocket mask with a valve, that limits exposure to a patient's body fluids

neurogenic shock is caused by?

a radical change in the size of the vascular system

tachycardia

a rapid heart rate more than 100 beats BPM

ventricular tachycardia

a rapid heart rhythm, (150-200 BPM) in which the electrical impulse begins in the ventricle (instead of the atrium)which may result in inadequate blood flow and eventually deteriorate into cardiac arrest.

small volume nebulizer

a respiratory device that holds liquid medicine that is turned into a fine mist. the patient inhales the medication into the airways and lungs as a treatment of conditions such as asthma.

gallbladder

a sac on the undersurface of the liver that collects bile from the liver and discharges stored and concentrated bile into the duodenum

American Standard System

a safety system for large oxygen cylinders, designed to prevent the accidental attachment of a regulator to a cylinder containing the wrong type of gas

A folding or portable stretcher is MOST beneficial when:

a second patient must be transported on the squad bench of the ambulance

partial (focal) seizure

a seizure affecting a limited portion of the brain

generalized (tonic-clonic) seizure

a seizure characterized by unconsciousness and a generalized severe twitching of all the body's muscles that may last several minutes or more; formerly known as a grand mal seizure

gel

a semi-liquid substance that is administered orally in capsule form or through plastic tubes, glucose. given sublingually because it goes right to the mucous membranes

aura

a sensation experienced before a seizure, serves as a warning sign that seizure is about to occur

recovery position

a side-lying position used to maintain a clear airway in unconscious patients without injuries who are breathing adequately

oral glucose

a simple sugar that is readily absorbed by the bloodstream and counteracts the effects of hypoglycemia

bradycardia

a slow heart rate less than 60 BPM

prostate gland

a small gland that surrounds the male urethra where it emerges form the urinary bladder, it secretes a fluid that is part of the ejaculation fluid.

ureter

a small hollow tube that carries urine from the kidneys to the bladder

cardiogenic shock

a state in which not enough oxygen is delivered to the tissues of the body caused by the low output of blood from the heart (inadequate function) it can be a sever complication of large acute myocardial infarction (heart attack) as well as other conditions. do not give nitro

cardiogenic shock

a state in which not enough oxygen is delivered to the tissues of the body, caused by a low output of blood from the heart. Can be a severe complication of a large acute mycardial infarction, as well as other conditions. heart lacks pumping power, low blood pressure. nitroglycerine can be used to treat.

cardiac arrest

a state in which the heart fails to generate effective and detectable blood flow; pulses are not palpable in cardiac arrest even if muscular and electrical activity continues in the heart. pulseless, apneic

what is the basic definition of shock?

a state of collapse and failure of the cardiovascular system.

coma

a state of profound unconsciousness from which the patient cannot be roused

history taking

a step within the patient assessment process that provides detail about the patient's chief complaint and an account of the patient's signs and symptoms obtain SAMPLE history

symptom

a subjective condition that the patient feels and tells you about

allergen

a substance that causes an allergic reaction

psychogenic shock

a sudden reaction of the nervous system caused by a sudden temporary reduction to the blood supply (vascular dilation) to the brain that causes fainting (syncope)

glucose

a sugar that our cells use as fuel (commonly comes in gel form) can alter your mental status if too low. (normal levels 80-120)

aneurysm

a swelling or enlargement of a part of an artery, resulting in weaking of the arterial wall.

aneurysm

a swelling or enlargement of the wall of blood vessel that results from weakening of the vessel wall

pin-indexing system

a system established for portable cylinders to ensure that a regulator is not connected to a cylinder containing the wrong type of gas

incident command system

a system implemented to manage disasters and mass-casualty incidents in which section chiefs, including finance, logistics, operations and planning, report to the incident commander

A important safeguard against legal implication is?

Writing a complete and accurate run report.

do not resuscitate (DNR) orders

Written documentation by a physician giving permission to medical personnel not to attempt resuscitation in the event of cardiac arrest.

Advanced Directive

Written documentation that specifies medical treatment for a competent patient should the patient become unable to make decisions: Also called a living will or health care directive

standing orders

Written documents, signed by the EMS system's medical director, that outline specific directions, permissions, and sometimes prohibitions regarding patient care; also called protocols (offline)

interrogatories

Written questions that the defense and plaintiff send to one another.

What happens if you do not have a proper hold?

You will not be able to share the weight may lose grasp of one hand resulting in lower back injury

The transfer of care officially occurs during when?

Your oral report at the hospital.

What is the most important consideration at a hazardous materials incident?

Your own personal safety.

Because of the weight distribution on backboards and stretchers, the stronger the EMTs should be at the: a. head b. foot c. side d. front corner

a

Before any lifting is initiated, the team leader should do all of the following except: a. give a command of execution b. indicate where each team member is to be located c. rapidly describe the sequence of steps that will be performed d. give a brief overview of the stages

a

If you are alone and must remove an unconscious patient from a car, you should first move the patient's: a. legs b. head c. torso d. pelvis

a

In lifting with the palm down, the weight is supported by the _________ rather than the palm. a. fingers b. forearm c. lower back d. wrist

a

maturation of the reproductive system usually takes place during?

adolescence

endocrine glands

adrenal, above kidneys, stress response ovary and testes pancreas, retroperitoneal space, glucose metabolism parathyroid pituitary, base of skull, regulates all other endocrine glands thyroid, regulates metabolism

epinephrine

adrenaline, a hormone produced by the adrenal medulla that has a vital role in the function of the sympathetic nervous system

tachycardia

adult pulse rate greater than 100 beats/minute

bradycardia

adult pulse rate less than 60 beats/minute

normal respiratory ranges

adults 12-20 breaths/minute children 15-30 breaths/minute infants 25-50 breaths/minute

normal systolic blood pressure range

adults 90 to 140 children 80 to 110 infants 50 to 95

respiratory rates

adults and adolescents 12-20 breaths/minute children 15-30 breaths/minute infants 25-50 breaths/minute

ALS

advanced life support

a =

ae (plural)

p

after

post

after, behind

AMA

against medical advice

anti-

against, opposed to

contra-

against, opposite

signs of respiratory distress

agitation, anxiety, restlessness stridor, wheezing accessory muscle use tachypnea mild tachycardia nasal flaring, seesaw breathing, head bobbing

subcutaneous emphysema

air bubbles under the skin

spontaneous pneumothorax

air entering the pleural space without any provoking factor, such as trauma, surgery, or diagnostic intervention

what are the ABC's

airway (obstruction) breathing (respiratory arrest) circulation (cardiac arrest or sever bleeding)

nasopharyngeal airway

airway adjunct inserted into the nostril of an unresponsive patient, or a patient with an altered level of consciousness who is unable to maintain airway patency independently

oropharyngeal airway

airway adjunt inserted into the mouth of an unresponsive patient to keep the tongue from blocking the upper airway and the facilitate suctioning the airway if necessary

BLS is noninvasive emergency lifesaving care that is used to treat

airway obstruction, respiration arrest, cardiac arrest and hypovolemia.

what medication is commonly administered in a metered-dosed inhaler (MDI)

albuterol

medications administered via small-volume nebulizer

albuterol, metaproterenol and epinephrine

ETOH

alcohol intoxication

pan

all entire

respiratory system

all the structures of the body that contribute to respiration, includes nose, mouth, throat, larynx, trachea, bronchi and bronchioles, lungs, diaphram

ball-and-socket joint

allows rotation and bending (shoulder)

synovial fluid

allows the ends of the bones to glide over each other

what is a sign of hypoxia to the brain

altered mental status

the oxygen-carbon dioxide exchange takes place in the

alveoli

dose

amount of the medication that is given, depends on patient's weight or age and desired action of the medication. decrease for infants and older adults they cant process efficiently.

hypoglycemia

an abnormally low blood glucose level

asthma

an acute spasm of the smaller air passages called bronchioles, associated with excess mucus production and with swelling of the mucous lining of the respiratory passages

spacer

an adapter that fits over the inhaler like a sleeve and can be used to avoid misdirecting the spray. useful with young kids

older adult

an adult age 61 years or older

pertussis (whooping cough)

an airborne bacterial infection that affects mostly children younger than 6 years. patients will be feverish and exhibit a "whoop" sound on inspiration after a coughing attack (last over a minute) highly contagious through droplet infection.

hay fever

an allergic response usually to outdoor airborne allergens such as pollen or sometimes indoor allergens such as dust mites or pet dander, also called allergic rhinitis. causes cold like symptoms including runny nose, sneezing, congestion and sinus pressure.

pulse oximetry

an assessment tool that measures oxygen saturation of hemoglobin in the capillary bed

hypertensive emergency

an emergency situation created by excessively high blood pressure which can lead to serious complications such as stroke or aneurysm occurs with a systolic pressure greater than 160 mm Hg. severe headache, bounding pulses, ringing in the ears

spinal cord

an extension of the brain, composed of virtually all the nerves carrying messages between the brain and the rest of the body

anaphylaxis/ anaphylactic shock

an extreme life threatening systemic allergic reaction that may include shock and respiratory failure

anaphylaxis

an extreme life threatening systemic allergic reaction that may include shock and respiratory failure.

blood clots

an important response by the body to control blood loss. however they are prone to rupture because blood keeps moving as a result of pressure generated by the contraction of the heart and the actions of blood vessels as they dilate and constrict

the action of hormones such as epinephrine and norepinephrine stimulates _____________to maintain pressure in the system and as a result perfusion of all vital organs

an increase in strength of cardiac contractions

breath sounds

an indication of air movement in the lungs, usually assessed with a stethoscope

sucking reflex

an infant reflex in which the infant starts sucking when his or her lips are stroked

moro reflex

an infant reflex in which, when an infant is caught offguard, the infant opens his arms wide, spreads fingers and seems to grab at things

palmar grasp

an infant reflex that occurs when something is placed in the infants palms, the infant grasps the object

rooting reflex

an infant reflex that occurs when something touches an infant's cheek, and the infant instinctively turns his or her head toward the touch

diphtheria

an infectious disease in which a membrane forms, lining the pharynx this lining can severely obstruct the passage of air into the larynx

pneumonia

an infectious disease of the lung that damages lung tissue.

meningitis

an inflammation of the meningeal coverings of the brain and spinal cord. it is usually caused by a virus or a bacterium Symptoms: fever, stiff neck and altered mental status

meningococcal meningitis

an inflammation of the meningeal coverings of the brain and spinal cord; can be highly contagious

croup

an inflammatory disease of the upper respiratory system that may cause a partial airway obstruction and is characterized by a barking cough; usually seen in children

respiratory insufficiency

an insufficient concentration of O2 in the blood can produce shock, poisoning CO or Cyanide, anemia

stroke

an interruption of blood flow to the brain that results in the loss of brain function; also called a cerebrovascular accident (CVA)

cerebrovascular accident (CVA)

an interruption of blood flow to the brain that results in the loss of brain function; also called a stroke.

dysrhythmia

an irregular or abnormal heart rhythm

when blood flow to a particular part of the brain is cut off by a blockage inside a blood vessel the result is

an ischemic stroke

sign

an objective condition that you can observe about the patient

carbon monoxide

an odorless colorless tasteless and highly poisonous gas that results from incomplete oxidation of carbon in combustion.

stoma

an opening through the skin an into an organ or other structure; a stoma in the neck connects the trachea directly to the skin

echo technique

an order you repeat back to the physician (medical control) verbatim. this is done to let them know you heard the instructions correctly.

pandemic

an outbreak on a global scale

pandemic

an outbreak that occurs on a global scale

nasal cannula

an oxygen delivery device in which oxygen flows through two small, tubelike prongs that fit into the patient's nostrils; delivers 24-44% supplemental oxygen depending on the flow rate

side effects

any effects of a medication other than the desired ones, unintended effects and untoward effects

pertinent negative

any sign or symptom that commonly accompanies a particular condition but is absent

pertinent negatives

any sign or symptom that commonly accompanies a particular condition but is absent. Negative findings that warrant no care or intervention, record these to indication a thorough and complete examination and history were performed

gastrointestinal emergencies

appendicitis, pancreatitis, diverticulitis

An unrestrained patient is sitting in his car after an automobile crash. He is conscious and alert, has no visible trauma, and is complaining of neck and back pain. Before removing him from his car, you should:

apply a cervical collar and immobilize him with a vest-style device

When performing the rapid extrication technique to remove a patient from their vehicle, you should..

apply a cervical collar and remove the patient on a long backboard

normal electrical impulses originate in the sinus node, just above the?

atria

Situations in which you should use an emergency move include all of the following except: a. when fire, explosives, or hazardous materials are present b. when the patient feels like he or she might pass out c. when you are unable to gain access to others in a vehicle who need lifesaving care d. when you are unable to protect the patient from other hazards

b

To avoid the strain of unnecessary lifting and carrying, you should use _________ or assist an able patient to the stretcher whenever possible. a. the direct ground lift b. the extremity lift c. the draw sheet method d. a scoop stretcher

b

When you must carry a patient up or down a flight of stairs or other significant incline, use a ___________ if possible. a. backboard b. stair chair c. stretcher d. short spine board

b

Which of the follow statements is false regarding proper lifting? a. avoid twisting b. bend at the waist c. keep the weight close to your body d. bend at the knees

b

Which of the follow statements is false regarding the use of a stair chair? a. keep your back in a locked-in position b. lean back to help distribute the weight c. keep the patient's weight and you arms as close to your body as possible d. flex at the hips, not at the waist

b

Which of the following is false regarding the lifting and moving of geriatric patients? a. many geriatric patients have great fear when being transported b. most patients will be able to lie supine on a backboard without problems c. geriatric patients tend to have brittle bones d. some patients may require you to use towels and blankets to assist with immobilization

b

full-body scan

a systematic head-to-toe examination that is performed during the secondary assessment to identify hidden injuries and causes that may not have been found during the rapid scan, performed on a patient who has sustained a significant mechanism or injury, is unconscious, or is in critical condition

active compression-decompression CPR

a technique that involves compressing the chest and then actively pulling back up to its neutral position or beyond (decompression) may increase the amount of blood that returns to the heart and thus the amount of blood ejected from the heart during the compression

Sellick maneuver

a technique that is used to prevent gastric distention in which pressure is applied to the cricoid catilage; also referred to as cricoid pressure

delirium

a temporary change in mental status characterized by disorganized thoughts inattention memory loss disorientation striking changes in personality and affect hallucinations delusions or a decreased level of consciousness

polypharmacy

a term referring to the use of multiple medications by one person

acute coronary syndrome (ACS)

a term used to describe a group of symptoms caused by myocardial ischemia; includes angina and myocardial infarction (decreased blood flow to the heart)

poor air exchange

a term used to describe the degree of distress in a patient with a mild airway obstruction. With poor air exchange, the patient often has a weak, ineffective cough, increased difficulty breathing, or possible cyanosis and may produce a high-pitched noise during inhalation (stridor)

good air exchange

a term used to distinguish the degree of distress in a patient with a mild airway obstruction. With good air exchange, the patient is still conscious and able to cough forcefully, although wheezing maybe heard.

capillary refill

a test that evaluates distal circulatory system function by squeezing blood from an area (nail bed) and watching the speed of its return after releasing the pressure more reliable indicator of cardiovascular stress in children than in adults

lymph

a thin straw colored fluid that carries oxygen nutrients and hormones to the cells and carries waste products of metabolism away from the cells and back into the capillaries so tat they may be excreted.

artifact

a tracing on an ECG that is the result of interference such as patient movement rather than the hearts electrical activity

pre-conventional reasoning

a type of reasoning in which a child acts almost purely to avoid punishment to get what he wants

post-conventional reasoning

a type of reasoning in which a child bases decisions on his or her conscience

conventional reason

a type of reasoning in which a child looks for approval from peers and society.

tonic-clonic seizure

a type of seizure that features rhythmic back-and-forth motion of an extremity and body stiffness

hemorrhagic stroke

a type of stroke that occurs as a result of bleeding inside the brain.

ischemic stroke

a type of stroke that occurs when blood flow to a particular part of the brain is cut off by a blockage (eg a blood clot) inside a blood vessel

a patient suffering from a heart attack should be transported to

a university hospital with a catheterization lab 15 minutes away

automatic transport ventilator (ATV)

a ventilation device attached to a control box that allows the variables of ventilation to be set. It frees the EMT to perform other tasks while the patient is being ventilated

When should nonurgent moves be used?

When both scene and patient are stable

embolus

a blood clot or other substance in the circulatory system that travels to a blood vessel where it causes a blockage

MERS-CoV Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus

a virus most commonly found in bats and camels living in the middle east.

respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)

a virus that causes an infection of the lungs and breathing passages, can lead to other serious illnesses that affect the lungs or heart, such as bronchiolitis and pneumonia. RSV is highly contagious and spread through droplets. highly contagious

influenza

a virus that has crossed the animal/human barrier and infected humans and that kills thousands of people every year

septum

a wall that divides the heart down the middle into right and left sides.

embolus

a blood clot or other substance in the circulatory system that travels to a blood vessel where it causes a blockage.

pulmonary emoblism

a blood clot that breaks off from a large vein and travels to the blood vessels of the lung causing obstruction of blood flow

thromboembolism

a blood clot that has formed within a blood vessel and is floating within the bloodstream until it reaches an area too narrow to pass, causing it to block blood flow

cyanosis

a blue skin discoloration that is caused by reduced level of oxygen in the blood. (late sign of anaphylactic shock)

bilateral

a body part or condition that appears on both sides of the midline

secure attachment

a bond between an infant and his parent or caregiver in which the infant understands that his parents/caregiver will be responsive to his needs and take care of him when he needs help

hypoxia

a condition in which the body's cells and tissues do not have enough oxygen

hypoxic drive

a condition in which the body's cells and tissues do not have enough oxygen. backup system to control respirations when oxygen levels fall

shock

a condition in which the circulatory system fails to provide sufficient circulation to enable every body part to perform its functions. refers to a state of collapse and failure of the cardiovascular system. AKA - hypoperfusion (sever fractures, abdominal or chest injuries, spinal injury, sever infection, major heart attack, anaphylaxis)

hypothermia

a condition in which the internal body temperature falls below 95 degrees F

hypothermia

a condition in which the internal body temperature falls below 95F after exposure to a cold environment

oxygen toxicity

a condition of excessive oxygen consumption resulting in cellular and tissue damage

abdomi(n)-

abdomen

dys

abnormal or dysfunctional

apnea

absence of spontaneous breathing

true or false bleeding is the most common cause of cardiogenic shock

false

circulatory system

complex arrangements of connected tubes, including the arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules and veins. Also called cardiovascular system

parenteral medications

enter the body by a route other than the digestive tract, skin or mucous membranes, often in liquid form using syringes or needles, absorbed more quickly

true or false shock occurs only with massive blood loss from the body

false

true or false short jabbing compressions are more effective than rhythmic compressions

false

true or false singular words that end in "a" change to "es" when plural

false

true or false sublingual meds are rapidly absorbed into the digestive system

false

true or false the ratio of compressions to ventilations for one person CPR on an adult is 2:1

false

distal

farthest from the point of attachment

deep

farthest from the surface of the skin

Tachy

fast

Tachycardia

fast heart rate

what is generally thought of in relation to the oncoming pain and the outcome of the illness or trauma?

fear

photophobia

fear of light

ovaries

female glands that produces sex hormones and ova (eggs)

gynec(0)-

females; female reproductive organs

signs and symptoms of croup

fever barking cough mostly seen in pediatric patients

joint capsule

fibrous sac that holds the bone ends of a joint together, composed of ligaments

functions of blood

fighting infection (white blood cells) transporting oxygen (red blood cells) transporting CO2 (plasma) controlling pH (chemicals within plasma) transporting wastes and nutrients (plasma) clotting (platelets)

bronchioles

final divisions of the bronchi

for CPR to be effective the patient must be lying supine on a

firm flat surface

primi

first

in a conscious infant who is choking you would first give five back slaps followed by

five chest thrusts

alpha-adrenergic receptors

found in blood vessels, causes blood vessels to constrict increasing blood pressure, nervous system

beta-adrenergic receptors

found in the heart and lungs, beta-1 receptors cause the heart to increase rate and squeeze harder, beta-2 receptors cause bronchi to dilate

cardiac muscles

found only in the heart

smooth muscle

found within blood vessels and intestines

You should not attempt to lift a patient who weighs more than 250 lb with fewer than _______ rescuers, regardless of individual strength

four

the heart has how many chambers

four

QID

four times a day

fx

fracture

patients with altered mental status should be considered

high priority when determining transport options

hyper

high, over, excessive

hypertension

higher than normal blood pressure

Hx

history

"has this ever happened before" helps determine the

history of present illness

trachea (windpipe)

in front of esophagus, located at the bottom of the pharynx below the cricoid cartilage, 5" long and semi rigid

foramen magnum

large opening at the base of the skull where the spinal cord connects to the brain

rectum

large, hollow organ that is adapted to store feces

tonsil tips

large, semi-rigid suction tips recommended for suctioning the pharynx; also called Yankauer tips

radius

larger in the distal forearm, lateral side

ulna

larger in the proximal forearm, medial side

tibia (shin bone)

larger of the lower leg bones, anterior of the leg

irreversible shock

last stage of shock when it is terminal (effects infants and children)

epiglottis

leaf-shaped valve that protects the opening of the trachea

sagittal (lateral) plane

left and right

midsagittal plane (midline)

left and right equal halves

Which of the following is the MOST appropriate device to use when immobilizing a patient with a suspected spinal injury?

long backboard

fallopian

long slender tubes that extend from the uterus to the region of the ovary on the same side and through which the ovum passes from the ovary to the uterus.

topical medications

lotions, creams and ointments applied to the surface of the skin and affect only that area. lotions contain the most water and are absorbed most rapidly

Hypoxia

low oxygen

hypovolemic shock is a result of

low volume

hypo

low, under, below normal

ventricle

lower chamber

LLQ

lower left quadrant

treatment of anaphylactic shock

manage the airway, assist ventilations, administer high flow O2, determine cause, assist with epinephrine, transport

common meds administered by EMTs

oxygen, oral glucose, activated charcoal, naloxone, (narcan) asprin, epinephrine, through standing orders all set by the state and medical director

these are inserted when the electrical control system of the heart is so damaged that it cannot function properly

pacemakers

What is often associated with illness or trauma?

pain

signs of irreversible or biologic death include clinical death along with

pale skin

The arm and hand have their greatest lifting strength when facing ________ up.

palm

shock position

modified Trendelenburg's position, the head and torso are supine and lower extremities are elevated to help increase blood flow to the brain

wrist

modified ball and socket joint formed by the ends of the radius and ulna and eight carpal bones

pulse oximeters measure the percentage of hemoglobin saturated with

oxygen

this passes from the blood through capillaries to tissue cells

oxygen

pulse oximetry

photoelectric device that monitors oxygen saturation of hemoglobin in the capillary beds used to evaluate effectiveness of oxygenation

When moving a conscious, weak patient down a flight of stairs, you should:

place the wheeled stretcher at the bottom of the stairs and carry the patient down the stairs with a stair chair.

a collection of fluid outside the lungs on one or both sides of the chest is called a

pleural effusion

a pneumothorax is a partial or complete accumulation of air in the

pleural space

an obstruction to the exchange of gases between the alveoli and the capillaries may result from

pneumonia

carina

point at which the trachea bifurcates into the left and right mainstem bronchi

rales

sounds of air trying to pass through fluid in the alveoli, congestive heart failure

interstitial space

space between cells

logist

specialist

sweat glands

the glands that secret sweat located in the dermal layer of the sin

wheezing

the production of whistling sounds during expiration such as occurs in asthma and bronchiolitis.

true of false a hypertensive emergency usually occurs only with a systolic pressure greater than 180mm Hg

true

true or false medication form an inhaler is delivered through the respiratory tract to the lung

true

true or false patients with carbon monoxide poisoning initially complain of headache, fatigue and nausea

true

true or false patients with decreased level of consciousness should not be given anything by mouth

true

true or false patients with migraine headaches are sometimes sensitive to light and sound

true

true or false psychological problems and complications of medication can cause altered mental status

true

true or false pulmonary edema is commonly associated with congestive heart failure

true

true or false with pneumothorax the lung collapses because the negative vacuum pressure in the pleural space is lost

true

VS

vital signs

an acute myocardial infarction is more likely to occur in larger thick-walled left ventricle which needs more ____________________ than the right ventricle

blood and oxygen

sphygmomanometer

blood pressure cuff, mm Hg

dependent lividity

blood settling to the lowest point of body, causing discoloration of the skin: a definitive sign of death.

dependent lividity

blood settling to the lowest point of the body causing discoloration of the skin; a definitive sign of death

coronary arteries

blood vessels that carry blood and nutrients to the heart muscle

cyan(o)-

blue

cyanosis

bluish skin color that occurs when a patient has low levels of oxygen in the blood

To avoid injury to you, the patient, or your partners, you will have to learn how to lift and carry the patient properly, using proper __________ _________ and a power grip.

body mechanics

phalanges

bones that make up the fingers

ambi

both

damage to the inferior area of the heart often presents with

bradycardia (slow heart rate)

signs and symptoms of neurogenic shock

bradycardia, low blood pressure, hypotension, signs of neck injury

nervous system

brain and spinal cord along with thousands of nerves

chemical control of breathing

brain stem monitors level of CO2 in blood and spinal fluid, and adjusts breathing: medulla oblongata stimulates the phrenic nerve, signally the diaphragm

bariatrics

branch of medicine management of obesity

trade name

brand name that a manufacturer gives to a medication, the name is capitalized

pnea

breathing

inhalation - rapid rate

breathing into the lungs. medications that are inhaled into the lungs are absorbed quickly, helps minimize the effects of the medication in other body tissues

spontaneous respirations

breathing that occurs with no assistance

labored breathing

breathing that requires greater than normal effort; may be slower or faster than normal and usually requires the use of accessory muscles

labored breathing

breathing that requires visibly increased effort; characterized by grunting, stridor, and use of accessory muscles

infectious diseases associated with dyspnea

bronchitis common cold tuberculosis diphtheria pneumonia epiglottitis croup respiratory syncytial virus petussis severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) influenza type A meningococcal menigitis

acidosis

buildup of excess acid in the blood or body tissues that results from primary illness (lowering CO2 helps compensate for other acids)

When log rolling a patient, you should do all of the following except: a. kneel as close to the patient's side as possible b. lean solely from the hips c. reach as far as possible to maintain stability d. use your shoulder muscles to help with the roll

c

When pulling a patient, you should do all of the following except: a. extend your arms no more than about 15"-20" b. reposition your feet so that the force of pull will be balanced equally c. when you can pull no farther, lean forward another 15"-20" d. pull the patient by slowly flexing your arms

c

A(n) _________ stretcher is commonly used in technical and water rescues

basket

The MOST appropriate carrying device to use when moving a patient across rough or uneven terrain is the:

basket strecher

a with a line above it

before

pre

before

ante-

before, foreward

pulmonary artery

begins at the right side of the heart and carries oxygen depleted blood to the lungs

retro

behind

cerebellum

behind brain stem, controls muscle and body coordination

dermis

below germinal layer, contains sweat glands, sebaceous glands, hair follicles, blood vessels and nerve endings

cricothyroid membrane

between the thyroid and cricoid cartilage

alkalosis

buildup of excess base (lack of acids) in the body fluids, excessive breathing can "blow off" too much CO2

spinal column

composed of 33 bones called vertebrae

Q / q

every

reassess patient

every 5 minutes for patients in unstable condition every 15 minutes for patients in stable condition

palpate

examine by touch

polycythemia

excessive red blood cell production

ventilation

exchange of air between the lungs and the environment spontaneously by the patient or with assistance from another person such as an EMTS

ventilation

exchange of air between the lungs and the environment, spontaneously by the patient or with assistance from another person, such as an EMT

Why should your team anticipate every move?

execute it in a coordinated manner

medical emergencies

emergencies that are not caused by an outside force; illnesses or conditions

trauma emergencies

emergencies that are the result of physical forces applied to the body; injuries

In a(n) _________ move, the patient is dragged or pulled from a dangerous scene before assessment and care are provided

emergency

What are some signs and symptoms of anxiety?

emotionally upset, sweaty and cool skin (diaphoretic) rapid breathing (hyperventilating) fast pulse (tachycardic) restlessness, tension, fear, shakiness

the front side of the brain controls?

emotions and thoughts

what is a lost of elastic material around the air spaces as a result of chronic stretching of the alveoli

emphysema

What is the best carry for this patient?

end to end carry

adrenal glands

endocrine glands located on top of the kidneys that release adrenaline when stimulated by the sympathetic nervous system

megaly

enlargement

which of the following changes in heart function occur in patients with congestive heart failure?

enlargement of the left ventricle

angina pain may be felt in the?

epigastrium (upper middle region of the abdomen)

when administering nito to a patient you should make sure the patient has not taken any medications for ____________________in the last 24 hours

erectile dysfunction

red blood cells

erythrocytes, contain hemoglobin which is responsible for carrying oxygen

is =

es (plural)

platelets

essential in the intial formation of a blood clot

ETA

estimated time of arrival

Prior to applying medical restraints to a combative patient, you should:

evaluate the patient for potentially correctible cause of combativeness, such as head injury, hypoxia, or hypoglycemia

ventilation

exchange of air between the lungs and the environment, spontaneously by the patient with assistance from another person such as an EMT

signs and symptoms of pneumonia

exertional dyspnea, a productive cough, chest discomfort and pain, wheezing, headache, nausea and vomiting, musculoskeletal pain, weight loss, and confusion

exhaled and inhaled air composition

exhaled: 16%O2, 3-5% CO2, rest is Nitrogen, inhaled: 21% CO2

Community Paramedicine

experienced paramedics receive advanced training to equip the to provide services within a community.

cumulative stress reactions

exposure to prolonged or excessive stress.

A(n) ___________ lift is used for patients who are supine or in a sitting position with no suspected extremity or spinal injuries

extremity

acr(o)-

extremity

A 56-year-old female is found supine in a narrow hallway of her mobile home. She complains of severe weakness and dizziness, and states that she is unable to walk. There is no evidence of trauma and the patient states that she did not fall. How should you and your partner move this patient to a more spacious area?

extremity lift

The _________ ________ ma be especially helpful when the patient is in a very narrow space or when there is not enough room for the patient and a team of EMTs to stand side by side.

extremity lift

Used for patients who are supine or sitting without an extremity or spinal injury

extremity lift

blephar(o)-

eyelid

signs and symptoms of stroke

facial drooping sudden weakness or numbness in the face, arm, leg or one side of the body loss of movement and sensation on one side of the body speech disorders aphasia sudden and severe headache trouble walking confusion, combativeness tongue deviation

Bad sleep patterns

fall asleep within seconds, routinely fatigued within an hour, unable to make it through and entire day without sever fatigue, cant concentrate on repetitive tasks

True of false adolescents (12-18) are at LESS risk than other populations for suicide and depression

false

True or False The likelihood of you becoming infected during routine patient care is high?

false

True or false mouth to mouth is considered an advanced life saving procedure

false

True or false you should suspect shock in a mild allergic reaction

false

true of false dissecting aortic aneurysms are rarely considered life threatening

false

true of false enteral medication enter the body through the skin

false

true of false if an AED malfunctions during use you must report that problem to the manufacturer and to human resources

false

true of false in the normal heart the need for increased blood flow to the myocardium is easily met by an increase in heart rate

false

true of false infarction is a temporary interruption of the blood supply to the tissue

false

true of false nitro works in most patients within 5 minutes to relieve the pain of AMI

false

true of false the links in the chain of survival include rapid defibrillation

false

true of false the pain of angina and the pain of AMI are easily distinguishable

false

true of false the right side of the heart pumps oxygen rich blood to the body

false

true of false white blood cells are the most numerous cells in the blood and help blood to clot

false

true of false you should give by mouth a patient with a decreased level of consciousness

false

true or false EMT's can receive a vaccination against HIV to protect them from exposure

false

true or false HIV is far more contagious than hepatitis B

false

true or false HIV is not considered a hazard when deposited on mucous membranes

false

true or false MERS-CoV is a virus most commonly found in cats and birds living in the middle east

false

true or false The ankle is proximal to the knee

false

true or false a barrier devise should be used in performing ventilation because it will prevent aspiration of foreign objects

false

true or false a patient who has bleeding in the brain may have a very low blood pressure

false

true or false a person in shock left untreated will survive?

false

true or false all seizures involve muscle twitching and general convulsions

false

true or false all strains of influenza are transmitted through oral and fecal contamination

false

true or false all unconscious patients need all elements of BLS

false

true or false anaphylactic reactions occur only in patients with a previous history of asthma or allergies

false

true or false chronic bronchitis is characterized by spasm and narrowing of the bronchioles due to exposure to allergens

false

true or false compensated shock is related to the last stages of shock

false

true or false conscious medical patients will always need a full body scan

false

true or false decompensated shock occurs when the systolic blood pressure falls below 120 mmHg

false

true or false decreased breath sounds in asthma occur because fluid in the pleural space has moved the lung away from the chest wall.

false

true or false epiglottitis is more predominant in the adult population

false

true or false families typically expect EMS providers to stop resuscitation and leave their loved one on scene

false

true or false hemiparesis is the inability to speak or understand speech

false

true or false hemorrhagic stroke is the most common type of stroke

false

true or false herpes simplex is primarily an animal respiratory disease that has mutated to infect humans

false

true or false hyperglycemia may stimulate a stroke

false

true or false hyperglycemia should be considered in a patient following a MVC (motor vehicle condition) with an altered mental status

false

true or false in the adult the sternum should be depressed 1 inch to 1.5 inches (2.5cm to 3.8cm) during chest compressions

false

true or false influenza is transmitted by direct contact with nasal secretions and aerosolized droplets

false

true or false letting the hospital know the specifics regarding the patients neurologic symptoms is generally not important

false

true or false metabolism is the cardiovascular systems circulation of blood and oxygen to all cells in different tissues and organs of the body

false

true or false right sided facial droop is most likely and indication of a problem in the right cerebral hemisphere

false

true or false the recovery position should be used to maintain an open airway in a patient with a head or spinal injury

false

true or false the suffix "plegia" refers to plastic surgery

false

true or false the word root occurs before the prefix

false

true or false the wrist is proximal to the elbow

false

true or false tuberculosis is found in open uncrowded living spaces

false

true or false when assisting a patient with a small volume nebulizer the oxygen flow meter should be set to 10L/min

false

true or false whooping cough is an airborne disease caused by a virus

false

true or false you should avoid asking family members for information regarding patient allergies and medication

false

true or false you should wait until you get an accurate pulse oximeter reading on a seizure patient before administering oxygen

false

true or false the postictal state following a seizure commonly lasts only about 3-5 minutes

false

True of false typically antisocial behavior will peak around age 13

false 14-16 years of age

True of false language is usually mastered by 24 months

false 36 months

True of false the majority of older adults live in assisted living facilities

false normally with a family member

lateral (outer)

farthest from the midline

duodenum

first part of the small intestine

metacarpals

five bones extending from the carpal bones serve as a base for each finger

aden(o)-

gland

all patients with an altered mental status should have a

glaskow coma scale score calculated

Minimum PPE when treating a patient with respiratory distress

gloves, eye protection and a HEPA respirator

physical findings of AMI include skin that is ___________ because of poor cardiac output and the loss of perfusion

gray

poli/o

gray

chlor/o

green

modes of transportation ultimately come in two categories

ground or air

GSW

gun shot wound

hemi

half

HHN

hand held nebulizer

angina pectoris

happens when the demand for oxygen by the muscles exceed the supply. blockage or narrowing in the blood vessels (vasoconstriction) that supply to the heart.

HBD

has been drinking

What do scene hazards include?

hazardous materials, electricity, and fire

cephal(o)-

head

What is the best method for carrying a patient up the steps

head first slightly elevated

Order of the secondary assessment

head, face, pupils chest & abdomen palpate the legs and arms back

patients with a subarachnoid hemorrhage typically complain of a sudden sever

headache

cardi(o)-

heart

What is the number one cause of all deaths today

heart disease

hematologic emergencies

hemophilia, sickle cell disease

people with uncontrolled hypertension have a higher risk of what kind of stroke

hemorrhagic

vaccinations are not available for which form of hepatitis

hepatitis C

mechanism of injury (MOI)

how traumatic injury occurred motor vehicle crashes, assaults, stabbings or gunshot wounds

Why shouldn't you do when reaching overhead?

hyperextend

consider the possibility of what in a patient who has had a seizure

hypoglycemia

what refers to the failure of the cardiovascular system?

hypoperfusion

shock

hypoperfusion, the state of inadequate circulation when it involves the entire body

causes of metabolic seizure

hypoxia abnormal blood chemical values hypoglycemia poisoning drug overdose sudden withdrawal from alcohol, medications

activated charcoal

i) an oral medication that binds and adsorbs ingested toxins in the gastrointestinal tract for treatment of some poisonings and medication overdoses. ii) Charcoal is ground into a very fine powder that provides the greatest possible surface area for binding medication that have been taken by mouth iii) not for patients who have ingested an acid, alkali or petroleum product

nitroglycerin administration

i) should NOT be used when patients systolic blood pressure is below 100 mm Hg ii) usually taken sublingually iii) should not be taken with medication that is used for treatment of erectile dysfunction within previous 24 hours

ex or ix =

ices (plural)

rebellious behavior can be part of an adolescent (12-18) trying to find their what?

identity

perfusion triangle: blood vessels

if all the blood vessels dilate at once the normal volume of blood is not enough to fill the system and provide adequate perfusion

perfusion triangle: blood

if enough blood is lost the volume of fluid in the cardiovascular system is not enough to support adequate perfusion

pericardiocentesis

involves penetrating the pericardium with a needle to withdrawal the accumulated blood from the pericardial sac. this procedure is an advanced skill and it's rarely performed in the field

ataxic respirations

irregular, ineffective respirations that may or may not have an identifiable pattern

chronic bronchitis

irritation of the major lung passageways from infectious disease or irritants such as smoke

pulmonary embolism

is a blood clot that that occurs in the pulmonary circulation and blocks the flow of blood thorough out the pulmonary vessels. it breaks off from a large vein and travels to the blood vessels of the lung causing obstruction of blood flow.

Alpha 1

located in the blood vessels, causes constriction and skin becomes clammy, pale and cool

Beta 1 and 2

located in the heart and lungs, increases heart rate force of heart contraction, and bronchodialation

apneustic center

located in the inferior portion of the pons, stimulates the DRG, resulting in longer, slower respirations

dorsal respiratory group (DRG)

located in the medulla oblongata, the main pacemaker for breathing, responsible for initiating inspiration

ventral respiratory group (VRG)

located in the medulla, helps to provide for forced inspiration or expiration as needed Responsible for modulating breathing during speech

pneumotaxic (pontine) center

located in the superior portion of the pons, helps shut off the DRG resulting in shorter, faster respirations

biceps

located on the anterior aspect of the humerus, moves the lower part of the arm toward the head

When you are rolling the wheeled ambulance stretcher, your back should be __________, straight, and untwisted.

locked

Be sure to pick up and carry the backboard with your back in the ________ position.

locked-in

incontinence

loss of bowel and or bladder control; may be the result of a generalize seizure

fibula

lower leg bone, lies on the lateral side of the leg

mandible

lower moveable portion of the jaw

hypotension

lower than normal blood pressure

orbit (eye socket)

made up of two facial bones, the maxilla and the zygoma, and the frontal bone of the cranium

bronchi

mainstem tubes that enter the lungs, right lung has three major bronchi, left lung has two bronchi

A critical aspect of the rapid extrication technique is to

maintain stabilization of the spine at all times

radial artery

major artery of the lower arm

brachial artery

major artery of the upper arm

femoral artery

major artery that supplies blood the lower extremities

carotid artery

major artery that supplies blood to the head and brain

small intestine

major hollow organ of the abdomen, composed of the duodenum, jejunum and ileum, site for chemical breakdown of food -absorption of products for digestion

skeletal muscle

muscle that is attached to bones and usually crosses at least one joint; striated or voluntary muscle.

voluntary muscle

muscle that is under direct voluntary control of the brain and can be contracted or relaxed at will: skeletal or striated muscle.

sphincters

muscles arranged in circles that are able to decreases the diameter of tubes, example are found within the rectum bladder and blood vessels

psych

mind

metered-dose inhaler (MDI)

miniature spray canister through which droplets or particles of medication may be inhaled. used to direct substances through the mouth and into the lungs, suspension must be shaken. delivers the same dose each time it is administered

chemoreceptors

monitor the levels of oxygen, CO2 and the pH of the cerebrospinal fluid and then provide feedback to the respiratory centers to modify the rate and depth of breathing based on the body's needs at any given time

abduction

motion away from the midline

hinge joints

motion is restricted to one plane (fingers, elbow, knee)

adduction

motion toward the midline

autonomic nervous system

motor functional division, body functions without voluntary control, digestion, dilation and constriction of blood vessels, sweating

somatic nervous system

motor functional division, regulates voluntary control activities

retractions

movements in which the skin pulls in around the ribs during inspiration

diaphram, intercostal muscles, abdominal muscles and petoral muscles

muscles involved in breathing. Diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract during inhalation lowering pressure in the chest cavity. Negative pressure breathing, active part of the cycle. Exhaling is the passive phase of the cycle.

MI

myocardial infarction (heart attack)

vertebrae

named according the section (5) of the spine and numbered from top to bottom

vasoconstriction

narrowing of a blood vessel, such as with hypoperfusion or cold extremities

oxygen-delivery devices

nasal cannula- flow 1 to 6L/min, 24-44% O2 nonrebreathing mask- flow 10-15L/min, up to 90% O2 bag-mask w/reservoir- flow 15L/min, nearly 100% O2 mouth-to-mask device-flow 15L/min, nearly 55% O2

apia

near the bottom of the brain

para

near, beside, beyond apart from

cervic(o)-

neck; cervix

gaseous medications

neither a solid or liquid most commonly used in gas form is oxygen (NRB, Nasal Cannula, BVM)

phrenic nerve

nerve that innervates the diaphragm, necessary for adequate breathing to occur

medulla oblongata

nerve tissue that is continuous inferiorly with the spinal cord, serves as a conduction pathway for ascending and descending nerve tracts, coordinates heart rate, blood vessel diameter, breathing, swallowing, vomiting, coughing and sneezing

motor nerves

nerves that carry information from the central nervous system to the muscles of the body

sensory nerves

nerves that carry sensations of touch, taste, heat, cold, pain and other modalities from the body to the central nervous system

you should assess pulse, motor and sensation in all of the extremities and check for pupillary reactions if you suspect a

neurologic problem

NTG

nitroglycerine

patients in cardiogenic shock should not receive?

nitroglycerine

paradoxical motion

only one section of the chest rises on inspiration while another area of the chest falls, motion is the opposite of normal motion during breathing, associated with fracture of ribs

Patent

open or unobstructed

patent

open, clear of obstruction

What six components must be included in the oral report

opening information detailed information any important history patients response to treatment vital signs other information

appendix

opens into the cecum, small tubular structure

oncontic pressure

opposite of hydrostatic pressure, a form of osmotic pressure exerted by proteins in the blood plasma that tends to pull water into the circulatory system and makes the blood thicker

sinoatrial node

origination point of normal impulses in the heart 60-100 BPM

The SCOOP STRETCHER is also known as

orthopedic stretcher

Dura matter

outer layer / next to the skull

ex(o)-

outside

Where should you place the wheeled stretcher for easy access?

outside front door

non-rebreathing mask

outside the hospital it's the preferred method of giving oxygen to patients who are experiencing significant respiratory distress.

extra-

outside; in addition

general impression

overall initial impression that determines the priority for patient care based on 1) patient's surroundings, 2) mechanism of injury, 3) signs and symptoms, and 4) chief complaint

Be careful that you do not push or pull from a(n) ________ position.

overhead

clavicle (collarbone)

overlies the superior boundaries of the thorax in front and articulates (joins) posteriorly with the scapula

an insufficient concentration of _____________ in the blood can produce shock as rapidly as vascular

oxygen

if you encounter a patient who has a hard lump beneath the skin in the chest near the heart you should assume the patient has a

pacemaker

spleen

part of the lymphatic system that processes blood

cranium

part of the skull composed of four major bones that fuse together to form a shell above the eyes and ears

diffusion

passive process in which molecules move from an area with higher concentration of molecules to an area of lower concentration

standard precautions

protective measures that have traditionally been developed by the CDC for use in dealing with objects, blood, body fluids, etc (also universal precautions)

interventions for respiratory problems

providing oxygen at 15L/min providing positive pressure ventilation using a bag mask using airway management techniques Fowler's position assisting with respiratory medications

a blood clot lodged in the pulmonary artery is referred to as a

pulmonary embolism

in CHF where does the blood tend to back up in increasing the pressure in the capillaries of the lungs

pulmonary veins

the only vein(s) in the body that carry oxygenated blood is/are the?

pulmonary veins

AED's should only be applied to an unresponsive patient with no?

pulse

infant vital signs (1 month to 1 year)

pulse 100-160, respirations 25-50, systolic blood pressure 70-95, temperature: >98.6

adult vital signs (13-till death)

pulse 60-100, respirations 12-20, systolic blood pressure 90-140, temperature: 98.6

school age vital signs (6 to 12 years)

pulse 70-120, respirations 15-20, systolic blood pressure 80-110, temperature: 98.6

preschoolers (3 to 6 years old

pulse 80-140, respiration's 20-25, systolic blood pressure 80-100, temperature: 98.6

this usually refers to a state of cardiac arrest despite an organized electrical complex

pulseless electrical activity

causes of shock

pump failure (heart) - poor vessel function (container) - low fluid volume (blood or fluid loss) bleeding, respiratory failure, acute allergic reactions, and overwhelming infection

right side of the heart

pumps blood out to the body

left side of the heart

pumps blood to the lungs

PERL or PERRL

pupils equal round and reactive to light

pink puffers

pursed lips, trip position, create back pressure in their airways 1-2 word sentences

In most instances, you should move a patient on a wheeled ambulance stretcher by:

pushing the head of the stretcher while your partner guides the foot

After determining that a patient is unresponsive, your next step should be to:

quickly scan the chest for signs of breathing.

What are the two types of sexual harassment?

quid pro quo (the harassers request sexual favors in exchange for something else) hostile work environment (jokes, touching, leering, dates

A(n) _________ extrication technique is used to move a patient from a sitting position inside a vehicle to supine on a backboard in less than 1 minute

rapid

list 3 signs/symptoms found in an anxious patient

rapid breathing, sweaty & cool skin, emotionally upset

primary assessment of suspected shock

rapid exam to determine level of consciousness, identify and manage life threatening concerns as they are found, determine priority of the patient and transport.

hyperventilation

rapid or deep breathing that lowers the blood carbon dioxide level below normal

hyperventilation

rapid or deep breathing that lowers the blood carbon dioxide level below normal; may lead to increased intrathoracic pressure

signs and symptoms of psychogenic shock

rapid pulse, normal or low blood pressure

signs and symptoms of hypovolemic shock

rapid, weak pulse, low blood pressure change in mental status, cyanosis cool, clammy skin, increased respiratory rate

signs and symptoms of respiratory insufficiency

rapid, weak pulse, low blood pressure, change in mental status, cyanosis, cool, clammy skin, increased respiratory rate

if the level of carbon dioxide in the arterial blood rises above normal the patient breaths

rapidly and deeply

absorption

rate and process by which medications are absorbed and travel through body tissues until they reach the bloodstream

list the five components of the American heart associations chain of survival

recognition and activation of the emergency response system immediate high quality CPR rapid defibrillation basic and advanced emergency medical services ALS and post-arrest care

erythr/o

red (red blood cells erythrocyte)

which blood cells carries oxygen to the body's tissues and then remove carbon dioxide?

red blood cells

right and left

refer to the patient's right and left

hepatitis

refers to inflammation of the liver

musculoskeletal system

refers to the bones and voluntary muscles of the body, shapes form and posture, allows movement and protects internal organs, contains over 600 skeletal muscles

capillary sphincters

regulate blood flow through the capillary beds, under the control of the autonomic nervous system. they also respond to other stimuli such as heat, cold the need for oxygen and the need for waste removal.

adrenergic

related to the adrenal gland where epinephrine and norepinephrine are made

Functional age

relates to the person's ability to function in daily activities, the persons mental state, health status and activity pattern

which of the following is NOT a basic cause of shock

release of epinephrine

you and your partner respond to the scene of a 49 yr old male with acute abdominal pain. as you enter his residence, you find him lying on the floor in severe pain. he is conscious and alert. the patient appears to weigh in excess of 350 pounds your first action should be to?

request additional personnel before making any attempt to lift him

medical emergencies

require EMS attention because of illnesses or conditions not caused by and outside force

labored breathing

requires effort and may involve the accessory muscles, may be slower or faster than normal

all patients assessments begin by determining whether the patient is

responsive

blood clot principals

retention of blood due to blockage in blood circulation (blood stasis) changes in the vessel wall (such as a wound) and the bloods ability to clot (as a result of disease process or medication

naloxone (narcan)

reverses the effect of an opioid overdose. can cause sever withdrawal symptoms (seizers/cardiac arrest) taken via intranasal route)

cerebrum

right and left hemispheres, front controls emotion and thought, middle controls touch and movement, back controls sight, speech usually controlled on the left side

RLQ

right lower quandrant

RUQ

right upper quadrant

list the four obvious signs of death

rigor mortis, dependent lividity, putrefaction, evidence of non-survivable injury(decapitation)

R/O

rule out

The _________ is both the mechanical weight-bearing base of the spinal column and the fused central posterior section of the pelvic girdle.

sacrum

Power Lift

safest + most powerful way to lift

the major components of patients assessment include

scene size-up primary assessment history taking secondary assessment reassessment

A(n) __________ stretcher is designed to be split into two or four sections that can be fitted around a patient who is lying on the ground or other relatively flat surface

scoop

Lifting device that separates into two or four pieces

scoop stretcher

if your patient is alone and unresponsive in order to obtain some form of medical history you should

search the scene for medication containers or medical devices

abdomen

second major body cavity, contains the major organs of digestion and excretion, located below the diaphragm and above the pelvis

treatment of hypovolemic shock

secure airway, assist ventilations administer high flow O2, control external bleeding, elevate legs (if no fractured extremities) keep warm, transport

treatment of respiratory insufficiency

secure airway, clear air passages, assist ventilations administer high-flow O2, transport promptly

treatment of neurogenic shock

secure airway, spinal stabilization, assist ventilations, administer low flow O2, preserve body heat and transport

flexible stretcher

secured around patient but can be folded or rolled when not in use

Sign of respiratory distress is seen MOST commonly in pediatric patients

seesaw breathing

febrile seizure

seizure that results from sudden high fevers; most often seen in children

auto-

self

Fowler's position

semi-reclining position with the head elevated to allow patient to breathe easier, knees bent

Which of the following situations would require an urgent patient move?

semiconscious patient with shallow respirations and signs of shock

the middle side of the brain controls?

sensation and movement

clingy behavior and the fear of unfamiliar people or places are normal among 10-18 month old children and are commonly caused by?

separation anxiety

signs of distributive shock

septic shock, neurogenic shock, anaphylactic shock, and psychogenic shock.

the heart is divided down the middle by a wall called the?

septum

orthopnea

severe dyspnea experienced when lying down and relieved by sitting up

paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea

severe shortness of breath especially at night after several hours of reclining; the person is forced to sit up to breath

signs and symptoms of pulmonary embolus

sharp, pinpoint pain dyspnea sudden onset after childbirth or surgery

pleuritic chest pain

sharp, stabbing pain in the chest that is worsened by a deep breath or other chest wall movement; often caused by inflammation or irritation of the pleura

elevated heart rate, pale clammy skin and air hunger are symptoms of what?

shock

inadequate circulation that does not meet the body's need is know as what?

shock

septic shock

shock caused as a result of sever infections, usually bacterial in which toxins (poisons) are generated by the bacteria or by infected body tissues. the toxins damage the vessel walls, causing increased cellular permeability.

hypovolemic shock

shock caused by inadequate fluid or blood loss. hemorrhagic (bleeding) and non-hemorrhagic (vomiting and diarrhea,) occurs with severe thermal burns and crushing injuries.

obstructive shock

shock that occurs when there is a block to blood flow in the heard or great vessels causing insufficient blood supply to the body's tissue. (cardiac tamponade, tension pneumothorax, pulmonary embolism)

dyspnea

shortness of breath

dyspnea

shortness of breath or difficulty breathing

When a person is standing upright, the weight of anything being lifted and carried in the hands is FIRST reflected onto the:

shoulder girdle

unintended effects

side effects that are undesirable but pose little risk to the patient

untoward effects

side effects that can be harmful to the patient

During a body drag where you and your partner are on each side of the patient, you will have to alter the usual pulling technique to prevent pulling __________ and producing adverse lateral leverage against your lower back.

sideways

s/s

signs and symptoms

what is the conduction system

sinoatrial node (where electric impulses begin) atrioventricular node (cross the bridge special electrical tissue. Ventricles (spreads throughout both ventricles through the bundle of his

status epilipticus

situation where seizure lasts longer than 30 minutes or patients does not regain consciousness for 30 minutes

why can breathing become more labor intensive among older adults?

size of airway increases and the surface area of the aveoli decreases natural elasticity of the lungs decrease forcing people to use muscles between their ribs called the intercostal muscles

dermat(o)-

skin

integumentary system

skin

diaphoretic

skin that is wet, bathed in sweat

brady-

slow

Bradycardia

slow heart rate

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

slow process of dilation and disruption of the airways and alveoli caused by chronic bronchial obstruction, 4th leading cause of death

if carbon dioxide levels drop too low the person automatically breathes

slower and less deeply

dysarthria

slurred speech

micro

small

arterioles

smallest branches of an artery leading to the network of capillaries

venules

smallest branches of the veins, blood moves from capillaries to venules

what a common hazards associated with a fire scene.

smoke, oxygen deficiency, high ambret temps, toxic gases, building collapse, explosions, equipment malfunction

cartilage

soft, semiflexible material found within the joints

mediastinum

space within the chest that contains the heart, major blood vessels, vagus nerve, trachea, major bronchi and esophagus; located between the two lungs

two- to three-word dyspnea

speaking only two or three words without pausing to take a breath

in addition to checking level of consciousness it is also important to protect the _________ from further injury while assessing the patient and preforming CPR

spinal cord

The manual support and immobilization that you provide when using the rapid extrication technique produce a greater risk of _________ _________.

spine movement

scoop stretcher or orthopedic stretcher

split into 2 or 4 sections fitted around patient who is lying on ground

the letter "S" in the pneumonic PASTE refers to

sputum

A lightweight folding device that is used to carry a conscious, seated patient up or down stairs

stair chair

Used to carry patients up and down stairs

stair chair

after applying an AED to the patient, the AED states "no shock advised" what is your next step of action

start chest compressions for 2 minutes then have the AED reanalyze.

a prolonged asthma attack that is unrelieved by epinephrine may progress into a condition known as

status asthmaticus

secondary assessment

step within the patient assessment process in which a systematic physical examination of the patient is performed. The examination may be a systematic full-body scan or a systematic assessment that focuses on a certain area or region of the body, often determined through the chief complaint

rigor mortis

stiffening of the body muscles; a definitive sign of death

gastr(o)-

stomach

digestive system

stomach and intestines, mouth salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, rectum and anus

left upper quadrant (LUQ)

stomach, spleen, colon

calc-

stone; heel

As you and your partner are carrying a stable patient down a flight of stairs in a stair chair, you feel a sudden, sharp pain in your lower back. You should:

stop the move and request additional lifting assistance.

you are 6 blocks away from the hospital when the patient stops breathing again and no longer has a pulse. you should?

stop the vehicle and analyze the rhythm

seminal vesicles

storage sacs for sperm and seminal fluid which empty into the uretha at the prostate

extension

straightening of a joint

What is the impact of stressors on your physical and mental well being

stress

Hering-Breuer reflex

stretch receptors in the chest wall that detect if the lungs are too full or too empty, stops the VRG, penumotaxic center and apneustic center from accidentally causing lung trauma

hypoglycemia can mimic conditions such as a

stroke

portable stretcher

strong rectangular tubular metal frame + rigid fabric stretched across it

oral/per os (PO) slow rate

taken by mouth, takes as long as 1 hour, noninvasive, less expensive, dosing is less reliable because of vomiting or diarrhea

Who is responsible for coordinating moves?

team leader

jaw-thrust maneuver

technique to open the airway by placing the fingers behind the angle of the jaw and bringing the jaw forward; used for patients who may have a cervical spine injury

when palpating the chest and abdomen you are attempting to identify areas of

tenderness

headaches caused by muscle contractions in the head and neck are typically associated with?

tension headaches

Abandonment

termination of care by the EMT without the patients consent and without making provision for transferring care to another medical professional with the skills and training necessary to meet the needs of the patient.

prone and supine

terms that describe body position, the body is in prone position when lying face down, the body is in supine position when lying face up

orientation

tests mental status by checking patient's memory and thinking ability person, place, time and event

EMT-administered medications

the EMT is directly administering the medication to the patient

automaticity

the ability of cardiac muscle cells to contract spontaneously without a stimulation from a nervous system

compliance

the ability of the alveoli to expand when air is drawn in during inhalation

myocardial contractility

the ability of the heart muscle to contract. (when the heart muscle is stretched this increases leading to greater force of contraction and increased cardiac output)

passive ventilation

the act of air moving in and out of the lungs during chest compressions

inhalation

the active, muscular part of breathing that draws air into the airway and lungs

residual volume

the air that remains in the lungs after maximal expiration

when assessing a patient with a possible cerebrovascular accident (CVA) you should check what first

the airway

tidal volume

the amount if air that is moved into or out of the lungs during a single breath

end-tidal CO2

the amount of CO2 present in exhaled breath

vital capacity

the amount of air that can be forcibly expelled from the lungs after breathing in as deeply as possible

tidal volumn

the amount of air that is moved in or out of the lungs during one breath

minute volume aka minute ventilation

the amount of air that moves in and out of the lungs in 1 minute minus the dead space minute volume = resiratory rate x tidal volume

stroke volume

the amount of blood moved in one heart beat, in one minute the entire blood volume 5-6L is circulated through all the vessels

end-tidal co2

the amount of carbon dioxide present at the end of an exhaled breath

posterior tibial artery

the artery just behind the medial malleolus: supplies blood to the foot.

dorsalis pedis artery

the artery on the anterior surface of the foot between the first and second metatarsals

life expectancy

the average amount of years a person can be expected to live

posterior

the back surface of the body the side away from you in the standard anatomic position.

nephrons

the basic filtering units in the kidneys

metabolism (cellular respiration)

the biochemical processes that result in production of energy from nutrients within cells

metabolism (cellular respiration)

the biochemical processes that result in production of energy from nutrients within the cells

aorta

the body's main artery, which receives blood from the left ventricle and delivers it to all other arteries that carry blood to the tissues of the body

plantar

the bottom of the foot

urethra

the canal that conveys urine from the bladder to outside the body

blood flow through the capillary beds is regulated by?

the capillary sphincters

xiphoid process

the cartilaginous tip of the sternum

perfusion

the circulation of blood within an organ or tissue

asystole

the complete absence of all heart electrical activity

endocrine system

the complex message and control system that integrates many body functions including the release of hormones

acetabulum (pelvic girdle)

the depression on the lateral pelvis where its three component bones join, socket in which the ball of the femur fits

pulse pressure

the difference between the systolic and diastolic pressures (systolic - diastolic = pulse pressure) it signifies the amount of force the heart generates with each contraction. pulse less than 25mm = shock

compensated shock

the early stage of shock in which the body can still still compensate for blood loss. agitation, anxiety, feeling of impending doom, altered mental status, thirst, shallow breathing, nausea or vomiting, weak rapid (thread) absent pulse, clammy or ashen skin

intended effect

the effect that a medication is expected to have on the body

internal respiration

the exchange of gases between the blood cells and the tissues

external respiration

the exchange of gases between the lungs and the blood cells in the pulmonary capillaries; also called pulmonary respiration

respiration

the exchange of oxygen and CO2

what develops when the heart muscle can no longer generate enough pressure to circulate?

cardiogenic shock

inferior vena cava

carries blood returning from the abdomen, pelvis and lower extremities

superior vena cava

carries blood returning from the head, neck, shoulders and upper extremities

systemic circulation

carries oxygen-rich blood from the left ventricle through the body and back to the right atrium. blood passes through the tissues and organs it delivers oxygen and nutrients.

chondr(o)-

cartilage

tension pneumothorax

caused by damage to the lung tissue. this damage allows air normally held within the lung escapes into the chest cavity causing organs to shift toward the uninjured side within the chest cavity. tracheal is a late sign of a TP

cyt(o)-

cell

regulation of blood flow is determined by?

cellular need

Lifting Patient by Bed Sheet

center the patient on the sheet + tightly roll up excess fabric on each side. Cylindrical handle that provides a strong way to grasp fabric.

CNS

central nervous system

playing the piano is coordinated by which part of the brain

cerebellum

cerebr(o)-

cerebrum

neurogenic shock usually results from damage to the spinal cord at the?

cervical level

stable angina

characterized by pain in the chest of coronary origin that is relieved by rest or nitro

unstable angina

characterized by pain in the chest of coronary origin that occurs in response to progressively less exercise or few stimuli than ordinarily required to produce angina

zygomas

cheekbones

thorac

chest

because of the urgent need to start CPR in a pulseless non-breathing patient you must complete a primary assessment as soon as possible and begin CPR with

chest compressions

thoracic cage

chest or rib cage

CP

chest pain

signs and symptoms of cardiogenic shock

chest pain, irregular pulse, weak pulse, low blood pressure, cyanosis, cool clammy skin, anxiety, rales (crackles) pulmonary edema.

for woman in advanced stages of pregnancy who are conscious and suffering from a foreign body airway obstruction you should use the?

chest thrusts

c/c

chief complaint

What does Chart or Charte method stand for

chief complaint, history and physical examination, assessment, treatment, and transort

signs and symptoms of bronchitis

chronic cough wheezing cyanosis productive cough

COPD

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

patients with long-standing lung disease often have

chronically high levels of blood CO2

sphincters

circular muscles that encircle and by contracting constrict or dilate a duct tube or opening

What is CAB and why is it used

circulation (cardiac arrest or sever bleeding) airway (obstruction) breathing (respiratory arrest) used when patient is in cardiac arrest

perfusion

circulation of blood in an organ or tissue in adequate amounts to meet the cells' current needs

neurogenic shock

circulatory failure caused by paralysis of the nerves that control the size of the blood vessels leading to a wide spread dilation seen in patients with spinal cord injuries caused by damage to the spinal cord. causing the blood to pool. medical causes include brain conditions, tumors, pressure on the spinal cord and spina bifida. the muscles in the walls of the blood vessels are cut off from the sympathetic nervous system and nerve impulse that cause them to contract.

esophagus

collapsible tube about 10" long that extends from the end of the pharynx to the stomach, moves food from the mouth the the stomach

Hematoma

collection of blood under the skin

pleural effusion

collection of fluid between the lung and chest wall that may compress the lung.

assessment of skin

color, temperature, moisture in infants and small children, skin color is assessed on the palms and soles

these are associated with altered mental status

coma, seizure, intoxication, body temperature abnormalities, hypoxia, hypoglycemia

sniffing position

common posture seen in children that indicates a patient is trying increase airflow patient sits upright with the head and chin thrust slightly forward, appears to be sniffing

tripod position

common posture that indicates a patient is trying to increase airflow sitting and leaning forward on outstretched arms with head and chin thrust slightly forward

Why should you coordinate your movement with team?

communicate with them to avoid accidents

Confidentiality

communication between you and the patient is considered confidential and generally cannot be disclosed without permission from the patient or court order.

c/o

complaining of

What six functions does the PCR report provide

continuity of care legal documentation education administrative information essential research record evaluation & continuous quality improvement

systole

contraction phase

inflammation and swelling of the pharynx, larynx and trachea resulting in a "seal bark" is typically caused by

croup

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

cushions brain structures and filters our impurities, colorless

blue bloaters

cyanotic, barrel chest, tripod position

this is a genetic disorder that affects the lungs and digestive system

cystic fibrosis

A backboard is a device that provides support to patients who you suspect have: a. hip injuries b. pelvic injuries c. spinal injuries d. all of the above

d

Special _________ are usually required to move any patient who weighs more than 350 pounds to an ambulance. a. techniques b. equipment c. resources d. all of the above

d

You have been called to the scene of a high-speed motor vehicle collision involving two compact cars. The first vehicle was a roll-over, ejecting the driver. The second vehicle contained both a driver and a front-seat passenger who cannot be reached because the door is up against a building. What device will you use to put the roll-over victim onto the wheeled ambulance stretcher? a. extremity lift b. scoop stretcher c. short backboard d. backboard

d

You have been called to the scene of a high-speed motor vehicle collision involving two compact cars. The first vehicle was a roll-over, ejecting the driver. The second vehicle contained both a driver and a front-seat passenger who cannot be reached because the door is up against a building. You'll likely use the ________ to transfer the patient from your stretcher to the hospital bed. a. diamond carry b. scoop stretcher c. portable stretcher d. draw sheet method

d

You may injure your back if you lift: a. with your back curved b. with your back straight, but bent significantly forward at the hips c. with the shoulder girdle anterior to the pelvis d. all of the above

d

You should not attempt to lift a patient who weighs more than ______ without a least four rescuers. a. 220lbs b. 230lbs c. 240lbs d. 250lbs

d

________ safety depends on the use of proper lifting techniques and maintaining a proper hold when lifting or carrying a patient. a. your b. your team's c. the patient's d. all of the above

d

heart and lung blood flow

deoxygenated blood enters right atrium through the tricuspid valve to right ventricle pulmonary artery to the lungs oxygenated blood travels through the pulmonary vein to the left atrium through the bicuspid valve to the left ventricle and to the body

the collection of fluid in the part of the body that is closest to the ground is called

dependent edema

which of the following signs an symptoms will help distinguish COPD from congestive heart failure

dependent edema

signs and symptoms of congestive heart failure

dependent edema rales paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea

What are the definitive signs of death that are obvious and clear even to non medical persons.

dependent lividity rigor mortis putrefaction

Definitive signs of death

dependent validity rigor mortis putrefaction

Safety of You + Team

depends on lifting techniques maintaining proper hold

What is the physiologic and psychological response to illness especially if the illness is prolonged debilitating or terminal

depression

psychiatric emergencies

depression

lower left quadrant (LLQ)

descending and sigmoid portions of the colon

transdermal meds

designed to be absorbed through the skin of transcutaneous usually intended for whole body effects (adhesive patch

which of the following is a nervous system change commonly found in older adults?

deterioration of nerve endings

treatment of psychogenic shock

determine duration of unconsciousness record initial vital signs and mental status suspect head injury if patient is confused or slow to regain consciousness transport

blood flow

determined by cellular need and is accomplished by vessel constrictions or dilation, together with sphincter constriction or dilation

sensitization

developing a sensitive to a substance that did not initially cause an allergic reaction

endocrine emergencies

diabetes mellitus

sphincters are circular muscle walls in capillaries causing the walls to?

dialate and constrict

The _________ carry technique involves one EMT at the head end of the stretcher or backboard, one at the foot end, and one at each side of the patient; all are able to face forward as they walk

diamond

ventricle relaxes

diastole

what blood pressure reflects the pressure on the walls of the arteries when the ventricle is at rest

diastolic

form of meds

dictates the route of administration. the manufacturer chooses the form to ensure the proper route, timing of it's release in to the blood stream and its effects on target organs of body systems

dys-

difficult, painful, abnormal

high priority patients

difficulty breathing poor general impression unresponsive with no gag or cough reflex severe chest pain pale skin or other signs of poor perfusion complicated childbirth uncontrolled bleeding responsive but unable to follow commands severe pain in any part of the body inability to move any part of the body

the autonomic nervous system regulates function such as?

digestion

the plaque that builds up in atherosclerosis obstructs blood flow and interferes with the vessels ability to

dilate

blood supply to the heart is increased by

dilation of the coronary arteries

The __________ ground lift is used for patients who are found lying supine on the ground with no suspected spinal injury

direct

The ________ ________ _________ is used for patients with no suspected spinal injury who are found lying supine on the ground.

direct ground lift

Used for patients who are found lying supine with no suspected spinal injury

direct ground lift

methods to control external bleeding

direct pressure, tourniquet, elevation

Upon arriving at the scene of a motor vehicle crash, you find a single patient still seated in his car. There are no scene hazards. As you approach the vehicle, you note that the patient is semiconscious and has a large laceration to his forehead. You should:

direct your partner to apply manual in-line support of the patient's head

What is important for safe lifting + carrying?

directions + commands

pathy

disease

ischemic heart disease

disease involving a decrease in blood flow to one or more portions of the heart muscle

atherosclerosis

disorder in which calcium and cholesterol build up inside the walls of blood vessels eventually leading to partial or complete blockage of blood flow.

ventricular fibrillation

disorganized ineffective quivering of the ventricles resulting in no blood flow and a state of cardiac arrest. AED is specifically programed to recognize this rhythm.

carbon dioxide can be transported in three ways

dissolved in the plasma combined with water in the form of bicarbonate attached to hemoglobin

de-

down from

pleurocentesis

draining fluid from the chest

What is the MOST appropriate method to use when moving a patient from his or her bed to the wheeled stretcher?

draw sheet method

What in the workplaces causes an increase in accidents, tension among coworkers,and poor treatment decision

drugs and alcohol

signs and symptoms of obstructive shock

dyspnea, rapid or weak pulse, rapid shallow breaths, decreased lung compliance unilateral, decreased or absent breath sounds, decreased blood pressure jugular vein distention, subcutaneous emphysema, cyanosis, tracheal deviation toward affected side (Beck's triad)

Nitro by metered does spray

each spray equals to one tablet. wait 5 minutes before repeating dose, closely monitor BP and vitals (every 5 min if patient condition changes) don't give if BP is under 80 systolic

work, family, and stress best describes the life stage known as?

early adulthood

eu-

easy, good, normal

aphagia

eating disorders, swallowing and eating issues

cecum

the first part of the large intestine into which the ileum opens.

sacrum

the five sacral vertebrae are fused together to form one bone joined to the iliac bones of the pelvis at the sacroiliac joints to form the pelvis

perfusion

the flow of blood through body tissues and vessels

afterload

the force or resistance against which the heart pumps. in general as this increases, cardiac output decreases.

bonding

the formation of a close, personal relationship

palmar

the front region of the hand

anterior

the front surface of the body; the side facing you in the standard anatomic position

nature of illness (NOI)

the general type of illness a patient is experiencing; seizures, dizziness

nature of illness (NOI)

the general type of illness the patient is experiencing; seizures, heart attacks, diabetic problems, poisonings

united states pharmacopoeia

the government publication that lists all drugs in the us

myocardium

the heart muscle

atrioventricular node (AV) 40-50 BPM

the impulses cross a bridge of special electrical tissue called?

aphasia

the inability understand and or produce speech

systolic pressure

the increased pressure that is caused along the artery with each contraction of the ventricles and the pulse wave that it produces

vital signs

the key signs that are used to evaluate the patient's condition; respirations, pulse, blood pressure, level of consciousness, and skin characteristics

coccyx

the last three or four vertebrae of the spine, the tail bone

decompensated shock

the late stage of shock when blood pressure is falling. when shock has progressed too far, it is irreversible. (systolic BP of 90 or lower)

temporal bone

the lateral portions on each side of the cranium

the right side of the brain controls?

the left side of the brain

mucous membranes

the lining of body cavities and passages that communicate directly or indirectly with the environment outside the body

femur (thigh bone)

the longest and one of the strongest bones in the body

dehydration

the loss of water or fluid from the tissues of the body, can cause or aggravate shock (fluid loss may be a result of vomiting and diarrhea)

lumbar spine

the lower part of the back, formed by the lowest five nonfused veterbrae, also called the dorsal spine

expiratory reserve volume

the maximum amount of air you can forcibly breathe out after a normal breath

sternum

the midline of the chest three components: manubrium, body and xiphoid process

occiput

the most posterior part of the cranium

chief complaint

the most serious thing that the patient is concerned about

involuntary muscle

the muscle over which a person has no conscious control

nasopharynx

the nasal cavity, formed by the union of facial bones and protects the respiratory tract from contaminants

adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

the nucleotide involved in energy metabolism, used to store energy

heart rate (HR)

the number of heartbeats during a specific time (usually 1 minute)

aortic valve

the one way valve that lies between the left ventricle and the aorta and keeps blood from flowing back into the left ventricle after the left ventricle ejects its blood into the aorta; one of the four heart valves

epidermis

the outer layer of skin. most superficial layer of the skin, composed of several layers of cells

parasympathetic nervous system

the part of the Autonomic Nervous System that controls vegetative functions such as digestion of food and relaxation. slows the heart and respiratory rates, constricts blood vessels in muscles and dilates blood vessels in the digestive system

superior

the part of the body or any body part nearer to the head

midbrain

the part of the brain that is responsible for helping to regulate the level of conciousness

autonomic nervous system

the part of the nervous system (brain) that controls the involuntary activities of the body such as the heart rate blood pressure and digestion of food.

autonomic nervous system

the part of the nervous system that regulates involuntary activities of the body such as a sweating, heart rate, blood pressure, and digestion of food. releases hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine (sympathetic)

nasopharynx

the part of the pharynx that lies above the level of the roof of the mouth or palate

exhalation

the passive part of the breathing process in which the diaphragm and the intercostal muscles relax, forcing air out of the lungs

postictal state

the period following a seizure that lasts between 5 and 30 minutes characterized by labored respirations and some degree of altered mental status

dead space

the portion of the tidal volume that does not reach the alveoli and thus does not participate in gas exchange

preload

the precontraction pressure in the heart as the volume of blood builds up. (when it increases, the volume of blood within the ventricles increases which cause the heart muscle to stretch.

edema

the presence of abnormally large amount of fluid between cells in body tissues causing swelling in the effected area. (pulmonary edema increased respiratory rate & abnormal lung sounds)

blood pressure

the pressure of circulating blood against the walls of the arteries

blood pressure

the pressure the blood exerts against thewalls of the arteries as it passes through them

pharmacodynamics

the process by which a medication works on the body

adsorption

the process of binding or sticking to a surface.

oxygenation

the process of delivering oxygen to the blood by diffusion from the alveoli following inhalation into the lungs

respiration

the process of exchanging oxygen and CO2

respiration

the process of gas exchange

triage

the process of sorting patients based on the severity of each patient's condition

digestion

the processing of food that nourishes the individual cells of the body

lesser trochanter

the projection of the medial/superior portion of the femur

lesser trochanter

the projection on the medial/superior portion of the femur

diastole

the relaxation or period of relaxation of the heart especially of the ventricles

genital system

the reproductive system in men and woman

diastolic pressure

the residual pressure that remains in the arteries during the relaxing phase of the heart's cycle

systemic vasular resistance (SVR)

the resistance to blood flow within all the blood vessels except the pulmonary vessels

return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC)

the return of a pulse and effective blood flow to the body in a patient who previously was in cardiac arrest.

what ventricle pumps blood in through the pulmonary circulation

the right

the left side of the brain controls?

the right side of the brain

accessory muscles

the secondary muscles of respiration neck muscles, chest pectoralis major muscles, and the abdominal muscles use of these for respiration is a sign of inadequate breathing

the heart is divided down the middle into two sides (left and right) by a wall called?

the septum

hair follicles

the small organs that produce hair

glottis

the space in between the vocal cords that is the narrowest portion of the adult's airway; also called to glottic opening

vasa deferentia

the spermatic duct of the testicles also called the vas deferens

virulence

the strength or ability of a pathogen to produce disease

bioethics

the study of ethics related to issues that arise in health care

pharmacology

the study of the properties and effects of medications. the science of drugs, including their ingredients, preparation, uses and actions on the body.

perfusion triangle

the three parts of the cardiovascular system: heart (pump), blood vessels(container/pipes), and blood (contents)

Golden Period

the time from injury to definitive care treatment of shock and traumatic injuries is most critical and potential for survival is best

chest compression fraction

the total percentage of time during a resuscitation attempt in which active chest compressions are being performed

airway

the upper airway tract or the passage above the larynx, which includes the nose, mouth, and throat lower airway

maxillae

the upper, non-moveable jawbones

capnometry

the use of a capnometer a device that measures the amount of expire carbon dioxide

capnometry

the use of a capnometer, a device that measures the amount of expired CO2

what is vital capicity

the volume of air moved during the deepest points of respiration

alveolar minute volume

the volume of air moved through the lungs in 1 minute minus the dead space calculated by multiplying tidal volume (minus dead space) and respiratory rate

minute volumn

the volume of air moved through the lungs in 1 minute minus the dead space; calculated by multiplying tidal volume and respiratory rate; also referred to as minute volume

alveolar ventilation

the volume of air that reaches the alveoli. It is determined by subtracting the amount of dead space air from the tidal volume

cardiac output

the volume of blood that the heart can pump per minute.

mucus

the watery secretion of the mucous membranes that lubricates the body openings.

pulse

the wave of pressure created as the heart contracts and forces blood out of the left ventricle and into the major arteries

responsiveness

the way in which a patient responds to external stimuli, including verbal stimuli, tactile stimuli, and painful stimuli

When the shoulder girdle is aligned over the pelvis during lifting:

the weight is exerted straight down the vertebrae.

middle adults (41-60) often to focus on achieving what?

their life goals

indications

therapeutic use for a particular medication

which of the following statements about septic shock is FALSE?

there is damage to the spinal cord resulting in vasodialation

vocal cords

thin white bands of tough muscular tissue that are lateral borders of the glottis and serve as the primary center for speech production

cellular asphyxia

this happens when cyanide impairs the ability of cells to metabolize oxygen effectively

congestive heart failure

this is a troublesome cause of breathlessness because the heart is not pumping efficiently and therefore the body does not have adequate oxygen

hypoxemic hypoxia

this is know when the pulse oximeter may indicate that there is adequate saturation even though the tissues are actually hypoxic

cardiac asthma

this is not a form of asthma but rather a type of coughing or wheezing that occurs with left sided heart failure

migraine headaches

this is the second most common type of headache and are thought to be caused by changes in blood vessel size in the base of the brain

air hunger

this is when a person reports the feeling of "not getting enough air" and has a strong need to breath

carboxyhemoglobin

this is when carbon monoxide binds to the hemoglobin then oxygen cannot be transported to the tissues.

simple partial seizure

this may cause twitching of the extremity muscles that may spread slowly to another body part

thrombolytic therapy

this may reverse stroke symptoms and even stop the stroke if given within 3 to 6 hours of the onset of symptoms

acute asthma attack

this maybe be caused by an allergic response to specific foods or some other allergen. (sever emotional stress, exercise & respiratory infections)

hyperventilation syndrome (panic attack)

this syndrome occurs in the absence of other physical problems, the respirations of a person who is experiencing hyperventilation syndrome may be as high as 40 shallow breaths per minute or as low as only 20 very deep breaths per minute

triceps

three bundles of muscle that join together at the elbow, works opposite the bicep

brain

three major subdivisions: cerebrum, cerebellum and brain stem

pharynx

throat, composed of nasopharynx, oropharynx and laryngopharynx

oropharynx

throat, extends vertically from the back of the mouth to the esophagus and trachea

per rectum (PR) rapid rate

through the rectum. this route of delivery is most commonly used with children because of easier administration and more reliable absorption, anti-nausea medicines, anti-seizure medicines

transcutaneous - slow rate

through the skin, patches, longer lasting effect

dia-

through, completely

capillary vessels

tiny blood vessels between the arterioles and venules that permit transfer of oxygen, CO2, nutrients and waste between body tissues and the blood

lymph nodes

tiny oval shaped structures located in various places along the lymph vessels that filter lymph

apex (plural apices)

tip of a structure, pointed extremity of a conical structure

synovial membrane

tissue on the inner lining of the joint capsule, responsible for making synovial fluid

pleura

tissue that covers the lungs (visceral pleura) and lines the inside of the chest cavity (parietal pleura)

What is the basic principal of emergency care?

to do no further harm

coagulate

to form a clot to plug an opening in an injured blood vessel and stop bleeding

auscultate

to listen to sounds within an organ with a stethoscope

Why must you practice techniques?

to perform them quickly, safely + efficiently

defibrillate

to shock a fibrillating (chaotically beating v-fib) heart with specialized electric current in an attempt to restore a normal rhythmic beat.

ad-

to, toward

transverse (axial) plane

top and bottom

children with chronic pulmonary medical conditions may use a home ventilator that is connected by a

tracheostomy tube

when examining the extremities, what should you note along the veins that indicate potential IV drug use?

track marks

What is a backboard used for?

transfer patients who must be moved in supine or immobilized position.

angina pectoris

transient (short lived) chest discomfort caused by partial or temporary blockage of blood flow to the heart muscle; also called angina. exertional chest pain relieved by nitro

TIA

transient ischemic attack (small stroke)

treatment of septic shock

transport, adminster O2 en route, full ventilatory support, elevate legs, keep warm

True of false teething typically begins around 6 months

true

True or false pulmonary edema can develop quickly after a major heart attack

true

True or false there is no blood loss in anaphylactic shock

true

true of false an AED with special pediatric pads may be used on pediatric medical patients between the ages of 1 month to 8 years who have been assessed to be unresponsive not breathing and pulseless

true

true of false angina can result from a spasm of the artery

true

true of false angina occurs when the hearts need for oxygen exceeds its supply

true

true of false atherosclerosis results in narrowing of the lumen of coronary arteries

true

true of false cardiac arrest in younger children is less common than in older children and is usually caused by a breathing problem

true

true of false heart disease is the number one killer of woman in the united states

true

true of false if a patient complaining of chest pain and has a history of a previous AMI you should ask if this pain feels similar to the previous AMI

true

true of false in general, a maximum of three does of nitro are given for any ONE episode of chest pain

true

true of false the aorta is the body's main artery

true

true or false COPD most often results from cigarette smoking

true

true or false The abbreviation CRNA means certified registered nurse anesthetist

true

true or false a cerebral embolism is an obstruction of a cerebral artery caused by a clot that was formed somewhere else and traveled to the brain

true

true or false a key piece of information to document is the time of onset of the patients signs and symptoms

true

true or false a late finding in cardiogenic shock would be a systolic blood pressure of less than 90mm Hg

true

true or false a low oxygen level can affect the entire brain often causing anxiety, restlessness and confusion

true

true or false a patient having a seizure may become cyanotic from lack of oxygen

true

true or false a patient should be transported with lights and sirens activated when there is a life threatening condition

true

true or false a person who is unresponsive may or may not need CPR

true

true or false a physician orders for life sustaining treatment (POLST) must be signed by an authorized medical provider to be valid.

true

true or false a secondary assessment of a medical patient is not practical if the patient is critically ill or your transport time is short

true

true or false an RSV infection can cause respiratory illnesses such as bronchiolitis and pneumonia

true

true or false an epidemic occurs when new cases of a disease in the human population exceeds the number of expected cases

true

true or false an injection of epinephrine is the only really effective treatment for anaphylactic shock

true

true or false as a result of the aging process, older patients generally have more serious complications than younger patients

true

true or false asthma produces a characteristic wheezing as patients attempt to exhale through partially obstructed air passages

true

true or false at each vertebra in the neck and back two nerves called spinal nerves branch out from the spinal cord and carry signals to and from the body

true

true or false because the oxygen supply to the heart is diminished with angina, the electrical system can be compromised putting the person at risk for significant cardiac rhythm problems

true

true or false believed to be transmitted from patient to patient via the unwashed hands of health care providers

true

true or false blood contains red blood cells, white blood cells platelets, and a liquid called plasma

true

true or false cardiac arrest patients should be transported to the closest appropriate facility

true

true or false differentiating a high priority transport from a low priority transport is often a skill developed with experience

true

true or false during the primary assessment you need to quickly evaluate the patients airway breathing circulation and level of consciousness

true

true or false exposure to the virus that causes AIDS is a risk that EMT's face on a regular basis

true

true or false febrile seizures result from sudden high fevers and are generally well tolerated by children

true

true or false for infants the preferred technique of artificial ventilation without a BVM device is with a mask or other barrier device

true

true or false hepatitis A can only be transmitted from a patient who has an acute infection

true

true or false history taking may be the only way to determine what the problem is or what may be causing the problem

true

true or false if the patients chest is wet then the electrical current may move across the skin rather than between the pads to the patients heart

true

true or false if the primary problem is in the brain, only part of the brain is effected

true

true or false if the primary problem is in the heart and lungs, the entire brain is effected

true

true or false if you are exposed to a patient with pulmonary tuberculosis you should be tested with a tuberculin skin test to see if you have been exposed

true

true or false in adults the compression to breath ratio is always 30:2 in two rescuer CPR

true

true or false in an unconscious adult patient you should assess for a pulse in the carotid artery

true

true or false in cystic fibrosis mucus becomes thick sticky and hard to move

true

true or false life threatening allergic reactions can occur in response to almost any substance that a patient may encounter

true

true or false meningococcal meningitis is highly contagious

true

true or false not all medical terms will have a prefix

true

true or false patients who have had a stroke can lose their airway or stop breathing with out warning

true

true or false patients with a stroke affecting the right hemisphere of the brain can usually understand language but their speech may be slurred

true

true or false septic shock occurs as a result of severe infection

true

true or false serious conditions that include headache as a symptom are hemorrhagic stroke, brain tumors and meningitis

true

true or false shock occurs when oxygen and nutrients cannot get to the body's cells?

true

true or false side effects of inhalers used for acute shortness of breath include increased pulse rate, nervousness and muscle tremors

true

true or false signs and symptoms of pulmonary emboli include dyspnea, hemoptysis and tachycardia

true

true or false snoring sounds are indicative of a partial upper airway obstruction

true

true or false sudden death is usually the result of cardiac arrest in which the heart fails to generate an effective blood flow

true

true or false the abbreviation for deep vein thrombosis's DVT

true

true or false the body responds to shock by direction blood flow away from the organs that are more tolerant of low flow

true

true or false the brain is most sensitive to oxygen, glucose and temperature

true

true or false the golden period refers to the first 60 minutes after the injury occurred

true

true or false the level of carbon dioxide sensed by the brain stem stimulates respiration

true

true or false the level of oxygen in the blood is a secondary stimulus for respiration

true

true or false the principal difference between a patient who has had a stroke and a patient with hypoglycemia almost always has to do with the mental status

true

true or false the pulse oximeter can help you determine the severity of the respiratory component of a patients problem

true

true or false the spinal nerves carry signals to and from the body, but they only move one way. towards the brain (sensory) and away from the brain (motor)

true

true or false to perform a jaw-thrust maneuver place your fingers behind the angles of patients lower jaw and then move the jaw forward

true

true or false when a term has more than one word root a combining vowl must be placed between the two roots

true

true or false when assessing a patient with a history of seizure activity it is important to determine whether this episode differs from any previous ones

true

true or false when examining the neck you should assess for jugular vein distention and tracheal deviation

true

true or false while an AED can be used on an infant the preferred method is manual defibrillation

true

true or false you are obligated as a medical professional to refrain from labeling patients and displaying personal biases

true

true or false you should not start CPR if the patient has obvious signs of irreversible death

true

When caring for a visually impaired patient, you should?

try to avoid sudden movements

oma

tumor

causes of structural seizure

tumor infection scar tissue from injury head trauma stroke

when operating an AED what is the first step in the defibrillation sequence?

turn on the AED

BID

twice a day

di-

twice, double

bi-

two

salivary glands

two of them under the tongue, produce 1.5L of saliva daily

the underlying cause of a dissecting aortic aneurysm is

uncontrolled hypertension

sublingual (SL) rapid rate

under the tongue, nitroglycerin tablets, enter through the oral mucosa absorbed quickly, protects medications from chemicals in digestive system sub (under) and lingua (relating to the tongue)

How should you move a non-urgent patient?

unhurried manner orderly planned methods that involve least lifting

Presumptive signs of death

unresponsive to painful stimuli lack of carotid pulse or heartbeat absence of chest rise and fall no deep tendon or corneal reflexes absence of pupil response no systolic blood pressure profound lowered or decreased body temp

patients who are at the highest risk of hemorrhagic stroke are those who have

untreated hypertension

To perform POWER GRIP your palms should be facing?

up with your thumbs curled over your fingers

ana-

up, back, again

epi-

upon, on

manubrium

upper section of the sternum

The key rule of lifting is to always keep the back in a straight, ________ position and to lift without twisting.

upright

In order to facilitate a safe and coordinated move, the team leader should:

use preparatory commands to initiate any moves.

basket stretcher or Stokes litter

used in water rescues surrounds + supports patient water drains through holes

small volume nebulizers (SVN's)

used to administer liquid medications that have been turned into a fine atomize mist by a flow of air or oxygen. administered by MDI as well. can be used with a CPAP and during BVM ventilation.

When carrying a patient up or down stairs, you should avoid:

using a wheeled stretcher whenever possible

skills based error

using incorrect equipment or an incorrect procedure for administering a medication.

blood enters the right atrium from the body through the?

vena cava

when carbon dioxide levels become elevated the respiratory centers in the brain adjust the rate and depth of what accordingly

ventilation

V/Q ratio

ventilation/perfusion ratio, how much gas is being moved and how much blood is gaining access to the alveoli

disorganized, ineffective quivering of the ventricles is known as?

ventricular fibrillation (Vfib)

angio-

vessel

influenza type A

virus that has crossed the animal/human barrier and has infected humans, recently reaching a pandemic level with H1N1

signs and symptoms of septic shock

warm skin or fever, tachycardia, low blood pressure.

peristalsis

wavelike contraction of smooth muscles moves urine to the bladder

aortic aneurysm

weakness in the wall of the aorta which makes it susceptible to rupture. feels like a tearing sensation

hemiparesis

weakness on one side of the body

What factors should you consider before lifting or moving patient?

weight patient weighing 250 or more needs 4 rescuers distance moving patient to

rales

wet breath sounds/rattling may indicate cardiac failure, also called crackles, usually on both inspiration and expiration

A(n) ___________ ambulance stretcher is a specially designed stretcher to be rolled along the ground

wheeled

Specifically designed stretcher that can be rolled along the ground

wheeled ambulance stretcher

What do you use to carry a patient up or down stairs?

wheeled stair chair

What is the most common device used to move + transport patients?

wheeled stretcher

signs and symptoms of asthma

wheezing on inspiration/expiration bronchospasm

proximate causation

when a person who has a duty abuses it, and causes harm to another individual. the EMT, the agency, and/or the medical director may be sued for negligence.

When should the medical examiner be called?

when death involves suicide, suspected criminal or unusual situations (hanging or poisoning) death from car accident, and infant and child deaths

shoulder girdle

where the clavicle, scapula and humerus come together allowing the arm to be moved

carina

where the trachea ends and divides into two smaller tubes, the right and left mainstem bronchi

joint articulation

wherever two long bones come in contact

leuk/o

white (white blood cells leukocyte)

alb

white - albino

dilation

widening of a tubular structure such as a coronary artery

c with line above it

with

The extremity lift would NOT be appropriate to use on a patient:

with a deformed humerus

end(o)-

within

WNL

within normal limits

s with a line above it

without

Afebrile

without fever

a-, an-

without, lack of

patient-assisted medication

you are assisting the patient with the administration of his or her own medication

you should suspect an airway obstruction in the unresponsive patient if

you feel resistance when blowing into the patients lungs

True or False Body fluids are generally not considered infectious substances?

False

germinal layer

base of the epidermis, continiously produces new cells

normal breath sounds

clear and quiet during inspiration and expiration

true or false COPD is characterized by long inspiratory times

false

How much does a wheeled ambulance stretcher weigh?

40-145 lbs

right lower quadrant (RLQ)

large intestine, cecum and ascending colon, appendix

adolescents

persons who are 12-18 years of age

Cincinnati Pre-hospital Stroke Scale

-facial droop -arm drift -difficulty speaking

Questions to determine if additional resources are needed

1) How many patients? 2) Nature of their conditions 3) Who contacted EMS? 4) Scene pose threat to you, patient and others?

al

pertaining to

reassessment steps

1) repeat the primary assessment 2) reassess vital signs 3) reassess the chief complaint 4) recheck interventions 5) identify and treat changes in the patient's condition

With proper technique, you and your partner should be able to safely lift a patient who weighs up to ______ lb.

220

You should not attempt to lift a patient who weighs more than _____ pounds with fewer than four rescuers, regardless of individual strength.

250

when treating a suspected unstable shock patient,, vital signs should be recorded approximately every ______ minutes

5

what is the decline in the kidney function between the ages of 20-90 years

50%

Describe how constant communication between team members can avoid rescuer injury.

Anticipate moves, coordinated manner. follows direction + commands

What is the response to the anticipation of danger

Anxiety

dead space

Any portion of the airway that does contain air and cannot participate in gas exchange such as the trachea and bronchi

Which of the following is considered confidential?

Assessment findings, A patients mental condition, A patients medical history

Involuntary consent

Assisting patients who are mentally ill, developmentally delayed or who are in behavioral (physiologic) crisis is complicated

what breathing apparatus is the most effective way to assist a person with CHF to breathe effectively and to prevent an invasive airway management technique

CPAP

Inferior (away from the head)

Below a body part or nearer to the feet

Cyanosis

Blue skin

What are kyphosis and spondylosis?

Both are spinal curvatures, kyphosis is more severe

Contusion

Brusing

When should a backboard be used?

Cardiac arrest, must be moved supine, must be immobilized

True or False Ethnocentrism occurs when you consider your own cultural values to be equal to those of others.

False

True or False For expressed consent to be valid, the patient must be a minor?

False

True or False Gloves, eye protection and hand-washing are the main components of PPE

False

True or False If a patient refuses care and transport, you do not need to complete a PCR?

False

putrefaction

Decomposition of body tissues: a definitive sign of death.

power lift

EMT back upright with legs bent patient is lifting with when EMT straightens legs to raise the upper body + arms

What is ideal for lifting?

EMT same height + strength

True or False Punitive damages are intended to compensate the plaintiff for the actual injuries sustained?

False

True or False Recapping the needle from a syringe is the best way to dispose of it safely?

False

True or False Speaking louder to a non-English-speaking patient will increase his or her ability to understand you?

False

True or False The medical director is responsible for authorizing and regulating all emergency medical services within the state

False

slander

False and damaging information about a person that is communicated by the spoken word.

libel

False and damaging information about a person that is communicated in writing.

Once your ambulance is dispatched to an emergency you have an obligation to do what?

Duty to act

Your responsibility to provide patient care is called?

Duty to act

What often dictates the amount of space of proximity, between people when communicating?

Cultural norms

True or False The US Supreme Court has held that drug addiction is an illness and not a crime

True

urinary blader

a sac behind the pubic symphysis made of smooth muscle that collects and stores urine

crackles

crackling rattling breath sound signaling luquid in the air spaces of the lungs; formerly called rales

What two groups of bones make up the skull?

Cranium and facial bones

Dx

Diagnosis

Secondary Prevention

Efforts to limit the effects of an injury or illness that you cannot completely prevent.

Primary Prevention

Efforts to prevent an injury or illness from ever occurring.

direct contact

Exposure or transmission of a communicable disease from one person to another by physical contact.

indirect contact

Exposure or transmission of disease from one person to another by contact with a contaminated object.

T/F A scoop stretcher may be used alone for a standard immobilization of a patient with a spinal injury.

F

T/F If you find that lifting a patient is a strain, try to move the patient to the ambulance as quickly as possible to minimize the possibility of back injury.

F

T/F It is unprofessional for you to discuss and plan a lift at the scene in front of the patient.

F

T/F Pneumatic stretchers were developed to increase patient comfort on the road.

F

T/F The flexible stretcher is the most comfortable of all of the various lifting devices.

F

What are the different kinds of stretchers?

Flexible stretcher, backboard, basket stretcher, scoop stretcher, stair chair, neonatal isolette

Public Health

Focused on examining the health needs of an entire population with the goal of preventing health problems.

Complications from chest compressions

Fractured ribs, lacerated liver and fractured sternum

Distal

Further from the trunk or nearer to the free end of the extremity.

Consent

Granted permission to render care

When examining abdomen, you should palpate for:

Guarding, tenderness and rigidity

six infectious diseases of special concern

HIV Hepatitis B Meningitis Tuberculosis SARS H1N1

Portable radio

Hand-carried or handheld devices that operates at 1 to 5 watts

What immunizations does the CDC recommend for health care providers?

Hepatitis B, Influenza , Vacicella, Measles, Mumps, Rubella (MMR) Tetanus Diphtheria Pertussis (TDAP)

What are three questions you should ask yourself before lifting a patient?

How much does the patient weigh? Should I reach for that? Should I lift using only one side? What grip should I use?

us =

I (plural)

What is the one case you would call 911 first before providing CPR

If you are by yourself and witness a cardiac arrest

emergency medical care

Immediate care or treatment

response to decreased blood pressure

Increased heart rate and constriction of arteries normal blood pressure is maintained and there is decreased blood flow to skin and extremities

What are the signs of stress?

Increased heart rate, increased BP, tensed muscles, perspiration dilated pupils

In contrast to typical wheeled ambulance stretchers, features of a bariatric stretcher include?

Increased stability due to a wider wheelbase

Endocrine system change with age

Insulin production and metabolism decline Slow down physical activity Hormone production declines

True or False The development of the field medic and rapid helicopter evacuation took place during the Korean conflict.

True

True or False The two-way radio is at least two units: a transmitter and a receiver?

True

Organs in right lower quadrant

Large intestine: cecum and ascending colon Appendix

An 81-year-old female fell and struck her head. You find the patient lying on her left side. She is conscious and complains of neck and upper back pain. As you are assessing her, you note that she has a severely kyphotic spine. What is the MOST appropriate method of immobilizing this patient?

Leave her on her side and use blanket rolls to immobilize her to the long backboard.

governmental immunity

Legal doctrine that can protect an EMS provider from being sued or which may limit the amount of the monetary judgement that the plaintiff may recover: generally applies only to EMS systems that are operated by municipalities or other governmental entities.

What is the best way to care for your patient once he tells you he does not want to go to the hospital?

Let him know how important it is that he accepts transport to the hospital or call the medical director and have them speak to the patient

AVPU

Level of consciousness determination Alert Verbal Pain responsiveness Unresponsive

Refusal of care is a common source of _______ in EMS

Litigation

Organs in right upper quadrant

Liver, gallbladder, and portion of colon

Prone

Lying face down

True or False When at a crime scene, you must be careful not to disturb the scene any more than absolutely necessary.

True

Adduction

Motion of a limb toward the midline

Abduction

Motion of limb away from the midline

medical patient assessments focus on

NOI nature of illness symptoms and patients chief complaint

to access chest pain use the mnemonic

OPQRST

Onset Provocation or palliation Quality Region/radiation Severity on a scale of 1-10 Timing

OPQRST For pain assessment

depositions

Oral questions asked of parties and witnesses under oath

bloodborne pathogens

Pathogenic microorganisms that are present in human blood and can cause disease in humans. These pathogens include, but are not limited to, hepatitis B virus and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).

pupils equal and round regular in size react to light

PEARRL

Pallor

Paleness of skin

personal protective equipment (PPE)

Protective equipment that blocks exposure to a pathogen or a hazardous material.

standard precautions

Protective measures that have traditionally been developed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention for use in dealing with objects, blood, body fluids, and other potential exposure risks of communicable disease.

open-ended questions

Questions for which the patient must provide detail to give an answer.

close-ended questions

Questions that can be answered in short or single word responses.

quadrants

RUQ = right upper quadrant LUQ = left upper quadrant RLQ = right lower quadrant LLQ = left lower quadrant

VHF (very high frequency)

Radio frequencies between 30 and 300 MHz; the VHF spectrum is further divided into "high" and "low" bands.

In loco parentis

Refers to the legal responsibility of a person or organization to take on some of the functions and responsibilities of a parent.

What is a common characteristic found in patients with mental health problems?

Regression

Cardiac arrest in children cause

Respiratory arrest

S T O P

S = the patients stops breathing and has a pulse T = the patients care is transferred to another provider of equal or higher level training O = you are out of strength or too tired to continue CPR P = a physician who is present or providing online medical direction assumes responsibility for the patient and directs you to discontinue CPR

Good Samaritan Law

Statutory provisions enacted by many states to protect citizens from liability for errors and omissions in giving good faith emergency medical care, unless there is wanton, gross or willful negligence

simplex

Single-frequency radio; transmissions can occur in either direction but no simultaneously in both; when one party transmits, the other can only receive, and the party that is transmitting is unable to receive.

What patients need special lifting techniques?

Suspected head/spinal injury/shock, pregnant patients, obese patients

When would a patient be secured to a stretcher while on a backboard?

Suspected spinal injury, multisystem trauma, in need of CPR

posterior (dorsal)

The back surface of the body

Posterior (dorsal)

The back surface of the body: the side away from you in the standard anatomic position. (back)

Flexion

The bending of a joint

immune

The body's ability to protect itself from acquiring a disease.

Plantar

The bottom surface of the foot

Palmer

The forward facing part of the hand in the anatomic position.

Apex (plural apices)

The pointed extremity of a conical structure.

Dorsal (posterior)

The posterior surface of the body including the back of the hand.

abdominal-thrust maneuver

The preferred method to dislodge a severe airway obstruction in adults and children; also called the Heimlich maneuver.

contamination

The presence of infectious organisms or foreign bodies on or in objects such as dressings, water, food, needles, wounds, or a patient's body.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

The primary federal agency that conducts and supports public health activities in the United States. The CDC is part of the US Department of Health and Human Services

Emergency doctrine

The principle of the law that permits a health care provider to treat a patient in an emergency situation when the patient is incapable of granting consent because of an altered level of consciousness, disability, the effects of drugs or alcohol or the patient's age.

What is the Illinois law regarding straps on backboards and stretchers?

Three straps on backboards, five on stretchers

Why would you contact medical control

To receive direct orders needed to administer certain treatments.

T A C O S

Tobacco Alcohol Caffeine Over-the-counter meds/herbal supplements Sexual and street drugs

True or False Religious customs or needs of the patient must be respected?

True

MED channels

VHF and UHF channels that the Federal Communications Commission has designated exclusively for EMS use.

How is an infections disease transmitted?

Vector-borne (insect) Airborne and Foodborne

Mobile radio

Vehicle-mounted device that operates at a lower frequency than a base station.

therapeutic communications

Verbal and nonverbal communication techniques that encourage patients to express their feelings and to achieve a positive relationship.

cultural imposition

When one person imposes his or her beliefs, values, and practices on another because he or she believes his or her ideals are superior.

res ipsa loquitor "the thing speaks for itself"

When the EMT or EMS system held liable even when the plaintiff is unable to clearly demonstrate how an injury occurred.

tidal volume

a measure of the depth of breathing and is the amount of air in milliliters that is moved into or out of the lungs during one breath

cardiac output

a measure of the volume of blood circulated by the heart in 1 minute calculated by multiplying the stroke volume by the heart rate.

neonate

a newborn age birth to 1 month

fontanelles

areas where the infant's skull has not fused together; usually disappear at approximately 18 months

appendicular skeleton

arms, legs, pelvis and shoulder girdle

peri

around

circum-

around, about

arteri(o)-

artery

PRN

as needed

six conditions where "wheezing can be found"

asthma COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease pneumonia bronchitis anaphylaxis

an allergic response to certain foods or some other allergen may produce an acute?

asthma attack

respiratory emergencies

asthma, chronic bronchitis, emphysema

alveoli

at the ends of the broncioles, 700 million grapelike sacs where the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide occurs, functional unit of the respiratory system, contain pulmonary capillaries

the aorta bifurcates where

at the midline / umbilicus

To avoid injury when pushing a patient or other object, you should

avoid pushing the patient with your elbows fully extended.

index of suspicion

awareness that unseen life threatening injuries or illness may exist.

ab-

away from

Bariatrics is: a. the branch of medicine concerned with the elderly b. the branch of medicine concerned with the obese c. the branch of medicine concerned with infants d. the method used to access blood pressure

b

If the weight you are pushing is lower than your waist, you should push from: a. the waist b. a kneeling position c. the shoulder d. a squatting position

b

an emt may injure his or her back even if it is straight, if the?

back is bent forward at the hips

po

by mouth

intrapulmonary shunting

bypassing of oxygen-poor blood past nonfunctional alveoli to the left side of the heart

The _________ is both the mechanical weight-bearing base of the spinal column and the fused central posterior section of the pelvic girdle. a. lumbar spine b. sacrum c. coccyx d. ileum

c

When lifting, you should: a. spread your legs past shoulder width b. lift a patient while reaching far in front of your torso c. keep the weight that you are lifting as close to your body as possible d. use your back muscles by bending at the waist

c

inferior

closest to the feet

superior

closest to the head

medial (inner)

closest to the midline

proximal

closest to the point of attachment

superficial

closest to the surface of the skin

personal protective equipment (PPE)

clothing or specialized equipment that provides protection to the wearer

rhonchi

coarse breath sounds heard in patients with chronic mucus in the airways

atelctasis

collapse of the alveolar air spaces of the lungs

parasympathetic division

controls nonemergency functions

urinary system

controls the discharge of certain waste materials filtered from the blood by the kidneys controls fluid balance filter and eliminate waste control pH balance

brain stem

controls the most basic functions of the body, breathing, blood pressure, swallowing and pupil constriction

CAD

coronary artery disease

signs and symptoms of pertussis

coughing spells whooping sound fever mostly seen in pediatric patients

hemoptysis

coughing up blood

the lumen of an artery may be partially or completely blocked by the blood-clotting system due to a ______________ that exposes the inside of the atherosclerotic wall

crack

A(n) ___________ stretcher is a rigid carrying device when secured around a patient but can be folded or rolled when not in use

flexible

Can be folded or rolled up

flexible stretcher

perfusion

flow of blood through body tissue and vessels in adequate amounts to meet the cells' current needs for oxygen, nutrients and waste removal. the body is perfused via the circulatory system.

The direct carry is used to transfer a patient:

from a bed to the ambulance stretcher

frontal bone

frontal region of the cranium

FROM

full range of motion

cholecysto

gall bladder

residual volume

gas remaining in the lungs to keep them open

providing fast aggressive ventilations could result in

gastric distention

GI

gastrointestinal

GU

gento urine

blast(o)-

germ or cell

What are several functions the skeletal system is responsible for?

give the body shape provides protection to fragile organs allows for movement storage of calcium

systemic circulation

in the body, carries oxygen-rich blood from the left ventricle through the body and back to the right atrium

aspiration

in the context of airway, the introduction of vomitus or other foreign material into the lungs

Where is the saphenous vein located

in the leg

pulmonary circulation

in the lungs, carries oxygen-poor blood from the right ventricle through the lungs and back to the left atrium

Professional standards

include recommendations published by organizations and societies that are involved in emergency medical care

itis

inflammation

bronchiolitis

inflammation of the bronchioles that usually occurs in children younger that 2 years and is often caused by the respiratory syncytial virus

two main types of stroke

ischemic (direct blockage) and hemorrhagic (rupture)

tissues downstream from a blood clot will suffer from lack of oxygen. if the blood flow is resumed in a short time, the ___________________________tissues will recover

ischemic (lack of oxygen)

arthro-

joint

A(n) __________ stretcher features a strong rectangular tubular metal frame with rigid fabric stretched across it

portable

Tubular framed stretcher with rigid fabric stretched across it

portable stretcher

What are devices to lift + carry patients?

portable stretchers flexible stretchers back boards basket stretchers (Stokes litters) scoop stretcher stair chairs

treatment of cardiogenic shock

position comfortably sitting or semi-sitting position to assist breathing, administer oxygen, assist ventilations, transport promptly

altered mental status, incontinence, muscle rigidity and twitching are signs and symptoms of

possible seizure activity

backboard

provides support for hip, pelvic, spinal or lower extremity injury.

you have determined that the patient in question is hyperventilating your emergency care would include

providing oxygen

What is better than Pushing?

pulling

diamond carry

rescuer @ head of stretcher rescuer @ foot of stretcher rescuers @ each side of stretcher face forward when walking

breathing assessment

respiration rate rhythm, regular or irregular quality/character of breathing depth of breathing

in most cases cardic arrest in children younger than 9 years old results from

respiratory arrest

cost(o)-

rib

ipsi

same

hom-

same or like

assessment process

scene size-up primary assessment history taking secondary assessment reassessment

A(n) ________ ________ may be used for patients who have been struck by a motor vehicle.

scoop stretcher

anaphylactic shock

sever shock caused by an allergic reaction. occurs when a person reacts violently to a substance to which he has been sensitized (injections, stings, ingestion, inhalation) widespread vascular dilation, increased permeability, bronchoconstriction.

SARS

severe acute respiratory syndrome viral infections that starts with flu-like symptoms and may progress to pneumonia, transmitted by close person to person contact

SOB

shortness of breath

Beck's Triad

signs and symptoms of cardiac tamponade, jugular vein distention, muffled heart sounds, and narrowing pulse pressure where the systolic and diastolic blood pressure start to merge (systolic drops and diastolic pressure rises)

rate, rhythm, and quality

signs of normal adequate breathing

ventilation

simple movement of air between the lungs and the environment

primary assessment

single goal is to identify and initiate treatment of immediate or potential life threats

rapid extrication technique

sitting position inside vehicle to supine on backboard for standard immobilization

Why is knowledge of body mechanics important when lifting + moving patient?

standing upright lifted or carried with hands reflected in shoulder girdle, spinal column, pelvis, then legs. BACK INJURIES occur when your back curved forward @ hips. weight supported by back muscles RULE # 1 Always keep your back in a straight upright (vertical) position + lift without twisting.

plasma

sticky yellow fluid that carries the blood cells and nutrients

inferior

the part of the body or any body part nearer to the feet

partial pressure

the term used to describe the amount of gas in air or dissolved in fluid, such as blood

terminal drop hypothesis

the theory that a person's mental function declines in the last 5 years of life

action

the therapeutic effect medication is expected to have on the body

scalp

the thick skin covering the cranium

complex partial seizures

these result from abnormal discharges from the temporal lobe of the brain

chordae tendineae

thin bands of fibrous tissue that attach to the heart valves and prevent them from inverting

visceral pleura

thin membrane that covers the lungs

parietal pleura

thin membrane that lines the chest cavity

TID

three times per day

What is required for all equipment?

training + practice

sub

under, beneath

stroke volume

volume of blood ejected with each ventricular contraction

cirrh/o

yellow- orange

peer-assisted medication

you are administering medication to yourself or your partner

preschool pulse range

80 - 140 beats/minute

How much weight can a bariatric stretcher hold?

850-900 lbs

a neonate usually weighs 6 to _______ lbs at birth and the head accounts for ______% of it's body weight

8lbs 25%

toddler pulse range

90 - 150 beats/minute

anterior (ventral)

The front surface of the body

what is the estimated minimum life expectancy for humans

78

signs and symptoms of acute myocardial infarction

- sudden onset of weakness, nausea and sweating without obvious cause - chest pain, discomfort, or pressure that is often crushing or squeezing and that does not change with each breath - pain, discomfort, or pressure in the lower jaw, arms, back, abdomen or neck - irregular heartbeat and syncope - dyspnea - pink, forthy sputum - sudden death

four examples of how an EMT can contract HIV while taking care of a patient

-patients blood is splashed or sprayed into your eyes nose mouth or open sore/cut -blood from an infected patient on your hands and you touch your own eyes nose mouth or open sore/cut -a needle used to inject the patient breaks your skin broken glass at a motor vehicle condition/incident that -penetrates your glove (and skin) which may have already been covered with blood from an infected patient

3 serious consequences of AMI

-sudden death -cardiogenic shock -congestive heart failure

six steps in treatment of CHF

-take vital signs, give oxygen by NBM 10-15L/min medical control may order the use of CPAP -allow the patient to remain sitting in an upright position with the legs down -be reassuring many patients with CHF are quite anxious because they cannot breath -gather the specific medication for the treatment of CHF and take them to the hospital -nitro may be a value if patients systolic BP is greater than 100mmHg -prompt transport to ER is essential

Perfusion triangle (cardiovascular)

-the pump (the heart) -the pipes or container function (blood vessels) -content or volume (blood)

Respiratory system change with age

1) Vital capacity (volume of air moved during deepest inspiration and expiration) decreases 2) Residual volume (amount of air left in lungs after expiration of the max amount of air) increases 1) Vital capacity decreases due to loss of respiratory muscle mass, increased stiffness of thoracic cage and decreased surface area available for exchange of air 2)Residual volume increases, which hampers diffusion of gases because of stagnant air that remains in the alveoli

What is the determination of negligence based on? all 4 must be present for negligence case to be successful

1. Duty 2. Breach of Duty 3. Real or perceived damages 4. Causation

What are the 6 one-rescuer drags, carries, and lifts?

1. body drag 2. fire fighter's drag 3. front cradle 4. one-person walking assist 5. fire fighter's carry 6. pack strap

What are the 3 guidelines for loading the stretcher into the ambulance?

1. have enough lifting power 2. safe and proper use of stretcher 3. ensure stretcher and patient are secured before driving ambulance

What are the 5 guidelines for carrying a patient on a stretcher?

1. know weight of patient and weight limit of equipment 2. coordinate movements 3. do not twist body while moving patient 4. keep weight close to your body and back locked 5. flex at hips and bend knees

At what weight must 4 EMTs be used?

250 lbs

about how many minutes after blood flow is cut off that some of the heart muscle cells begin to die?

30 minutes

How many rescuers are needed for Diamond Carry?

4

How many rescuers should you have?

4

the incubation period for hepatitis B is typically

4-12 weeks

after _______without oxygen, brain damage is very likely

4-6 minutes

the incubation period for the ebola virus is approximately

6-12 days after exposure

adolescent pulse range

60 - 100 beats/minute

adult pulse range

60 - 100 beats/minute

rapid scan

60 to 90 seconds to identify injuries that must be managed immediately assess head, neck, chest, abdomen, pelvis, extremities, back and buttocks

school age pulse range

70 - 120 beats/minute

base station

Any radio hardware containing a transmitter and receiver that is located in a fixed place.

noise

Anything that dampens or obscures the true meaning of a message.

posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

A delayed stress reaction to a prior incident. Often the result of one or more unresolved issues concerning the incident, and may relate to an incident that involved physical harm or the threat of physical harm.

mechanical piston device

A device that depresses the sternum via a compressed gas-powered or electric-powered plunger mounted on a backboard.

communicable disease

A disease that can be spread from one person or species to another.

National EMS Scope of Practice Model

A document created by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) that outlines the skills performed by various EMS providers

cricoid cartilage

A firm ridge of cartilge that forms the lower part of the larynx

Community Paramedicine

A health care model in which experienced paramedics receive advanced training to equip them to provide additional services in the prehospital environment such as health evaluations monitoring of chronic illnesses or conditions and patient advocacy.

contributory negligence

A legal defense that may be raised when the defendant feels that the conduct of the plaintiff somehow contributed to any injuries or damages that were sustained by the plaintiff.

cellular telephone

A low-power portable radio that communicates through an interconnected series of repeater stations called "cells".

cardiac output

A measure of the volume of blood circulated by the heart in 1 minute, calculated by multiplying the stroke volume by the heart rate.

infectious disease

A medical condition caused by the growth and spread of small, harmful organisms within the body.

duty to act

A medioclegal term relating to certain personnel who either by statute or by function have a responsibility to provide care.

Mobile Integrated Healthcare (MIH)

A method of delivering health care which involves providing health care within the community rather than at a physicians office or hospital.

pathogen

A microorganism that is capable of causing disease in a susceptible host.

Emergency Medical Services (EMS)

A multidisciplinary system that represents the combined efforts of several professionals and agencies to provide prehospital emergency care to the sick and injured

diaphragm

A muscular dome that forms the under surface of the thorax separating the chest from the abdominal cavity. Contraction of this brings air into the lungs. Relaxation allows air to be expelled from the lungs.

Which of the following clinical findings would not warrant the use of an AED?

A patient with a history of cardiac arrest

emancipated minors

A person who is under the legal age in a given state but, because of other circumstances is legally considered an adult. If they are underage and married, a parent, or legally documented as such.

Certification

A process in which a person, an institution, or a program is evaluated and recognized as meeting certain predetermined standards to provide safe and ethical care.

Certification

A process in which a person, an institution, or a program is evaluated and recognized as meeting certain predetermined standards to provide safe and ethical patient care.

telemetry

A process in which electronic signals are converted into coded, audible signals; these signals can then be transmitted by radio or telephone to a receiver with a decoder at the hospital.

critical incident stress management (CISM)

A process that confronts the responses to critical incidents and defuses them, directing the emergency services personnel toward physical and emotional equilibrium.

scanner

A radio receiver that searches or "scans" across several frequencies until the message is completed; the process is then repeated.

recovery position

A side-lying position used to maintain a clear airway in unresponsive patients who are breathing adequately and do not have suspected injuries to the spine, hips, or pelvis

exposure

A situation in which a person has had contact with blood, body fluids, tissues, or airborne particles in a manner that suggests disease transmission may occur.

mobile data terminals (MDT)

A small computer terminals inside ambulances that directly receive data from the dispatch center.

hematoma

A solid swelling of clotted blood within the tissue

repeater

A special base station radio that receives messages and signals on one frequency and then automatically retransmits them on a second frequency.

dedicated line

A special telephone line that is used for specific point-to-point communications; also known as a "hot line".

What is the major goal of continuous quality improvement?

A system of internal and external reviews and audits of all aspects of an EMS system

Continuous Quality Improvement (CQI)

A system of internal and external reviews and audits of all aspects of an EMS system.

Emergency Medical Dispatch (EMD)

A system that assists dispatchers in selecting appropriate units to respond to a particular call for assistance and provides callers with vital instructions until the arrival of EMS crews.

Medicolegal

A term relating to medical jurisprudence (law) or forensic medicine

negligence per se

A theory that may be used when he conduct of the person being sued is alleged to have occurred in clear violation of a statute.

rapport

A trusting relationship that you build with your patient.

what should be used on a patient who is apneic and pulseless

AED

What level of training would allow you to perform cardiac monitoring and advanced life support?

AEMT

what type of resource is typically required for someone with chest pain?

ALS - advanced life support

treatment of obstructive shock

ALS, rapid transport

human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is caused by HIV, which damages the cells in the body's immune system so that the body is unable to fight infection or certain cancers.

Advance Life Support (ALS)

Advanced lifesaving procedures some of which are now being provided by the EMT

advanced life support (ALS)

Advanced lifesaving procedures used to treat medical conditions, such venous fluids and medications, and the use of advanced airway adjuncts. EMT's may be trained in some of these areas.

A E I O U

Alcohol epilepsy, endocrine, electrolytes Insulin Opiates Uremia (kidney failure) possible causes of altered mental status

pons

An organ that lies below the midbrain and above the medulla and contains numerous important nerve fibers, including those for sleep respiration and the medulla respiratory center

protected health information (PHI)

Any information about health status, provision of health care, or payment for health care that can be linked to an individual. This is interpreted rather broadly and includes any part of patient's medical record or payment history.

electrical impulses spread from what node to the ventricles

Atrioventricular (AV)

The stage of the grieving process where an attempt is made to secure a prize for good behavior or promise to change ones lifestyle is?

Bargaining

causes of respirator arrest in infants and children include

COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Superficial

Closer to or on the skin

Proximal

Closer to the trunk

What types of emergency moves can be used to prevent aggravation of potential spinal injuries?

Clothes drag, blanket drag, arm drag, arm-to-arm drag

American with Disabilities Act (ADA)

Comprehensive legislation that is designed to protect people with disabilities against discrimination.

Gross negligence

Conduct that constitutes a willful or reckless disregard for a duty or standard of care.

If you are in the first unit to arrive at the scene of a motor vehicle collision what should you do?

Consider using the ambulance as a shield to protect the scene.

Deformities Contusions Abrasions Punctures Burns Tenderness Lacerations Swelling

DCAP-BTLS For rapid scan during physical exam

What agency developed and published the first curriculum to serve as the guideline for EMT training

DOT - Department of Transportation

Which of the following agencies is the Federal source for the EMT education standards?

DOT - Department of Transportation

compensatory damages

Damages awarded in a civil lawsuit that are intended to restore the plaintiff to the same condition that he or she was in prior to the incident.

punitive damages

Damages that are sometimes awarded in a civil lawsuit when the conduct of the defendant was intentional or constituted a reckless disregard for the safety of the public.

Digital signals are also used in some kinds of paging and tone-alerting systems because they transmit _____________ and allow for more choices and flexibility.

Encoded messages

The stage of the grieving process that involves refusal to accept diagnosis or care is know as?

Denial

What are the 5 stages of grieving?

Denial, Anger/Hostility, Bargaining, Depression, Acceptance.

Organs in left lower quadrant

Descending and sigmoid portions of the colon

Quadrant's

Describes the sections of the abdominal cavity in which two imaginary lines intersect at the umbilicus diving the abdomen into four equal areas.

medications for seizure disorders

Dilantin, phenytoin phenobarbital Tegretol, carbamazepine

What are the three methods for transporting a patient from bed to stretcher?

Direct carry, draw sheet method, scoop stretcher

What is common when acknowledging a child's death

Disbelief

Breach of Confidentiality

Disclosure of information without proper authorization.

T/F The rapid extrication technique is the preferred technique to use on all sitting patients with possible spinal injuries.

F

T/F The use of adjunct devices and equipment, such as sheets and blankets, may make the job of lifting and moving a patient more difficult.

F

T/F When carrying a patient down stairs or on an incline, make sure the stretcher is carried with the head end first.

F

What should you wear when tools are being used during extrication?

Face shield or goggles

Upon arrival at the scene, your partner began assessing vital signs without talking to the patient. This demonstrates?

Failure to obtain consent

Negligence

Failure to provide the same care that a person with similar training would provide.

GCS

Glasgow coma scale

What is the most common type of personal protective equipment

Gloves

The quickest source of energy is?

Glucose

What is the simplest yet most effective way to control disease transmission?

Handwashing

You have two patients who were involved in a motor vehicle crash when their SUV struck a tree—one with neck and back pain, and the other with a deformed left femur. The patient with the deformed femur states that he does not want to be placed on a hard board, nor does he want a collar around his neck. What is the MOST appropriate and practical method of securing these patients and placing them into the ambulance?

Immobilize the patient with neck and back pain on a long backboard and place him on the wheeled stretcher; place the patient with the deformed femur on a folding stretcher secured to the squad bench

hepatitis

Inflammation of the liver, usually caused by a viral infection, that causes fever, loss of appetite, jaundice, fatigue, and altered liver function.

Causes of respiratory arrest in children

Injury, airway infection, obstruction with foreign bodies, SIDS

physical examination

Inspection, palpation, auscultation

causes of decreased blood pressure

Loss of blood or its fluid components Loss of vascular tone and sufficient arterial constriction to maintain necessary arterial pressure even without any actual fluid or blood loss A cardiac jumping problem

Supine

Lying face up

What is bariatrics?

Management of obese patients

Events that can trigger critical incident stress inclue

Mass -casualty incidents.

MOLST

Medical orders for life sustaining treatment

Nervous system change with age

Metabolic rate does not change Neural networks becomes slower Interconnections between brain cells continue allowing loss of neurons without loss of knowledge or skill Change in sleep patterns due to loss of neurons Sensation declines

aerobic metabolism

Metabolism that can proceed only in the presence of oxygen

Scope of Practice

Most commonly defined by the state. Outlines the care that an EMT is legally able to provide for the patient.

What organization provides the ability to collect, store, and share standardized EMS data through out the US?

National EMS Information System (NEMSIS)

What document provides overarching guidelines for the minimum skills each level of EMS provider should be able to accomplish?

National EMS Scope of Practice Model

When should a direct ground lift be used?

No suspected spinal injury and supine, EMTs by sides

When should an extremity lift be used?

No suspected spinal injury and supine/sitting, helpful when patient is in small place, EMTs - one at head, one at feet

Should you + your partner attempt to lift the patient and move hime back to his bed?

No this patient weighs 280 lbs. You need 4 rescuers to equally distribute this weight. Patient is unable to provide assistance you will be lifting dead weight.

basic life support (BLS)

Noninvasive emergency lifesaving care that is used to treat medical conditions, including airway obstruction, respiratory arrest, and cardiac arrest.

cerebellum

One of the three major subdivisions of the brain, sometimes called the little brain, coordinates the various activities of the brain, particular find body movements

O P Q R S T

Onset, when did the problem begin and what caused it Provocation or Palliation, what makes it better or worse Quality, what is the pain like, sharp, dull, crushing tearing, steady Region/Radiation, where does it hurt, does the pain move Severity on a scale of 1 to 10 Timing, is the pain constant, does it come and go

Stoma

Opening that connects trachea directly to skin

What is the safest way to lift a patient?

POWER LIFT

Medical Control

Physician instructions given directly by radio or cell phone (online/direct) or indirectly by protocol guidelines (offline/indirect) as authorized by the medical director of the service program.

In most areas, medical control is provided by the ________ who work at the receiving hospital

Physicians

POLST

Physicians orders for life sustaining treatment

Hazardous materials in vehicles and buildings should be clearly identified using?

Placards and labels

When should an emergency move be used?

Potential for danger before assessment/management (fire, explosives, etc.), when the patient's location prevents assessment

infection control

Procedures to reduce transmission of infection among patients and health care personnel.

PASTE

Progression Associated chest pain Sputum Talking tiredness Exercise tolerance alternative assessment for a complaint of shortness of breath

hematologist emergencies

Result from sickle cell disease or various blood disorders such as hemophilia

The Six Rights of Medication Administration

Right patient Right medication Right dose Right route Right time Right documentation

Signs of dearh

Rigor mortis, dependent lividity, decapitation, decomposition of body

What type of carrying device should you use for this patient?

SCOOP STRETCHER split into two sections, slide under patient on each side + reconnect. eliminates need to roll patient. used for patients with hip fractures,brittle bones or moving patient up + down stairs. stabilize + secure patient before moving.

Digestive system change with age

Saliva secretion declines, which reduces body;s ability to process complex carbs Intestine ability and gastric acid secretion declines

When arriving on scene, what should you focus on first?

Scene safety

The care that an EMT is able to provide is most commonly defined as?

Scope of practice

SAMPLE

Signs and symptoms Allergies Medications Pertinent past medical history Last oral intake Events leading up to injury or illness To gather past medical history

Ventral (anterior)

The anterior surface of the body (front)

general adaptation syndrome

The body's response to stress that begins with an alarm response, followed by a stage of reaction and resistance, and then recovery or, if the stress is prolonged, exhaustion.

parietal bones

The bones that lie between the temporal and occipital regions of the cranium

cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)

The combination of rescue breathing and chest compressions used to establish adequate ventilation and circulation in a patient who is not breathing and has no pulse.

defamation

The communication of false information about a person that is damaging to that person's reputation or standing in the community.

false imprisionment

The confinement of a person without legal authority or the person's consent.

foodborne transmission

The contamination of food or water with an organism than can cause disease.

Intravenous Therapy (IV)

The delivery of medication directly into a vein

Primary Service Area (PSA)

The designated area in which the EMS agency is responsible for the provision of prehospital emergency care of transportation to the hospital

Anterior (ventral)

The front surface of the body: the side facing you in the standard anatomic position.

Federal Communications Commission (FCC)

The federal agency that has jurisdiction over interstate and international telephone and telegraph services and satellite communications, all of which may involve EMS activity.

Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)

The federal regulatory compliance agency that develops, publishes, and enforces guidelines concerning safety in the workplace.

cervical spine

The first seven vertebrae (C1-C7) in the neck. The atlas is the first cervical vertebra on which the skull rests

Emergency Medical Responder (EMR)

The first trained professional such as a police officer fire fighters lifeguard or other rescuer to arrive at the scene of an emergency to provide initial medical assistance.

pulmonary veins

The four veins that return oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart.

skeleton

The framework that gives the body its recognizable form, also designed to allow motion fothe body and protection of vital organs. 206 bones

host

The organism or individual that is attacked by the infecting agent.

Suffix

The part of a term that comes after the root word at the end of the term.

sympathetic nervous system

The part of the autonomic nervous system that controls active functions such as responding to fear (also known as "fight or flight" system) speeds up the heart rate, increases respiratory rate and depth, dialates blood vessels in the muscles and constricts blood vessels in the digestive system

discovery

The phase of a civil lawsuit where the plaintiff and defense obtain information from each other that will enable the attorneys to have a better understanding of the case and which will assist in negotiating a possible settlement or in preparing for trial. Discovery includes depositions, interrogatories and demands for production of records.

Ethics

The philosophy of right and wrong, of moral duties and of ideal professional behavior.

Medical Director

The physician who authorizes or delegates to the EMT the authority to provide medical care in the field

Licensure

The process whereby a competent authority usually the state allows people to perform a regulated act.

licensure

The process whereby a competent authority usually the state allows people to perform a regulated act.

documentation

The recorded portion of the EMT's patient interaction, either written or electronic. This becomes part of the patient's permanent medical record.

paging

The use of a radio signal and a voice or digital message that is transmitted to pagers ("beepers") or desktop monitor radios.

vector-borne transmission

The use of an animal to spread an organism from one person or place to another.

concealment

The use of objects to limit a person's visibility of you.

Combining vowel

The vowel used to combine two word roots or a word root and suffix.

transmission

The way in which an infectious disease is spread: contact (direct or indirect), airborne, foodborne, or vector-borne

List 3 layers of clothing recommended for cold weather

Thin layer, thermal middle layer, outer layer

anatomic position

This is a position of reference in which the patient stands facing you, arms at the side, with the palms of the hands forward.

Critical patients

Those with altered mental status, airway and breathing difficulties, or any sign of circulatory compromise

what is usually a warning sign that a larger significant stroke may occur in the future

Transient ischemic attack (TIA)

Hepatitis D

Transmitted via blood, sexual contact 4-12 week chronic infection is common 20% of patients

Hepatitis C

Transmitted via blood, sexual contact Cirrhosis of the liver develops in 50% of patients 2-10 weeks incubation period

Hepatitis B

Transmitted via blood, sexual contact, saliva, urine, breast milk Up to 30% become chronic carriers Asymptomatic 4-12 weeks incubation period

Hepatitis A

Transmitted via fecal-oral, infected food or drink Acute only 2-6 weeks incubation period

T I P S

Trauma Infection Psychogenic causes Seizure, syncope possible causes of altered mental status

What is the first thing you should do if exposed to a patients blood or body fluids?

Turn over patient care to another EMS provider.

Implied Consent

Type of consent in which a patient who is unable to give consent is given treatment under the legal assumption that he or she would want treatment.

Signs of airway obstruction

Unable to speak/cough, cyanotic, make exaggerated efforts to breath Resistance when blowing into patients lungs

Assault

Unlawfully placing a patient in fear of bodily harm

Battery

Unlawfully touching a patient or providing emergency care without consent.

Sexual Harassment is defined as?

Unwelcome requests for sexual favors

What is rapid extrication?

Urgent move where patient can be moved in less than 1 minute, could increase damage if there is a spinal injury

How will your team safely carry the patient DOWN STAIRS?

Use a stair chair if patient can sit up. use a backboard or scoop stretcher foot end first. two rescuers @ head + 2 rescuers @ feet ensure patient's weight is equally distributed. one rescuer @ base of stairs to guide + ensure safety. efforts must be coordinated + communication to ensure safety

pericardial effusion

a collection of fluid between the pericardial sac and the myocardium

tuberculosis

a chronic mycobacterial disease that usually strikes the lungs

You have been called to the scene of a high-speed motor vehicle collision involving two compact cars. The first vehicle was a roll-over, ejecting the driver. The second vehicle contained both a driver and a front-seat passenger who cannot be reached because the door is up against a building. Which of the following is an advantage of the diamond carry? a. it uses an even number of people (less likely to drop) b. it can be done with one person, freeing up others for patient care c. the patient can be slid along the ground d. it provides the best means of spinal immobilization

a

You should use a rigid _______, often called a Stokes litter, to carry a patient across uneven terrain from a remote location that is inaccessible by ambulance or other vehicle. a. basket stretcher b. scoop stretcher c. molded backboard d. flotation device

a

on or um -

a (plural)

hypoxic drive

a backup system to control respiration, sense drop in the oxygen level in the blood

methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)

a bacterium that can cause infections in different parts of the body and is often resistant to commonly used antibiotics; it is transmitted by different routes including the respiratory route and can be found on the skin in surgical wounds in the bloodstream lungs and urinary tract

homeostasis

a balance of all systems in the body

occlusion

a blockage usually of a tubular structure such as a blood vessel

anxious-avoidant attachment

a bond between an infant and parent or caregiver in which the infant is repeatedly rejected and develops an isolated lifestyle that does not depend on the support and care of others

greater trochanter

a bony prominence on the proximal lateral side of the thigh just below the hip line

stridor

a brassy, crowing inspiratory, harsh, high-pitched sound, prominent on inspiration, often heard without a stethoscope, may indicate airway obstruction in the neck or upper part of the chest

pulmonary edema

a buildup of fluid in the lungs, usually as a result of congestive heart failure

medication

a chemical substance that is used to treat or prevent disease or relieve pain

nitroglycerin effects

a) relaxes coronary walls of arteries and veins (blood vessels) b) results in less blood returning to the heart c) decreases blood pressure d) dilation of arteries, which increases oxygen supply to the heart e) causes mild headache after administration

adventitious breath sounds

abnormal breath sounds such as wheezes, rhonchi, and rales

Which of the following conditions or situations presents the MOST unique challenge to the EMT when immobilizing an elderly patient on a long backboard?

abnormal spinal curvature

supra

above, over

what do middle adults tend to focus their time and energy on?

achieving life goals

trans

across, through, beyond

sympathetic division

activates body during emergency situations

cardiogenic shock can occur within 24 hours of an?

acute myocardial infarction

immunologic emergencies

anaphylactic reaction

central nervous system (CNS)

anatomical division, brain, brain stem and spinal cord

peripheral nervous system

anatomical division, nerves that connect all parts of the body to the brain, sensory division and motor division, 31 pairs of spinal nerves and 12 pairs of cranial nerves

when for a brief period of time, heart tissues do not get enough oxygen, the pain is called?

angina

patella (kneecap)

anterior knee bone

thyroid cartilage (Adam's apple)

anterior part of the larynx

pubic symphysis

anterior side of the pelvis where the left pubis and right pubis are joined, has cartilage

altered mental status

any deviation from alert and oriented to person, place, time and event or any deviation from a patients normal baseline mental status

You have been called to the scene of a high-speed motor vehicle collision involving two compact cars. The first vehicle was a roll-over, ejecting the driver. The second vehicle contained both a driver and a front-seat passenger who cannot be reached because the door is up against a building. For the passenger in the second vehicle, you may need to perform a(n) __________ on the driver in order to reach the patient. a. extremity lift b. emergency move c. short backboard d. you should do nothing different; treat each patient the same

b

You should perform an urgent move in all of the following situations except: a. if a patient has an altered level of consciousness b. if the patient is complaining of neck pain c. in extreme weather conditions d. if a patient has inadequate ventilation or shock

b

ecchymosis

bleeding under the skin (bruising)

Hemia

blood

hemat(o)-

blood

An EMT may injure his or her back, even if it is straight, if the

back is bent forward at the hips.

A device used to provide support to a patient who is suspected of having a hip, pelvic, spinal, or lower extremity injury

backboard

Spine board or longboard

backboard

causes of infectious disease

bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa (parasites) helminthes (parasites)

BVM

bag-valve mask

femoral head

ball-like structure at the superior end of the femur where the femur connects to the acetabulum

A branch of medicine concerned with the management (prevention of control) of obesity and allied diseases

bariatrics

Concerned with management of obesity

bariatrics

signs and symptoms of emphysema

barrel chest pursed lip breathing dyspnea on exertion

precedence

basing current action on lessons, rules, or guidelines derived from previous similar experiences

Commonly used in technical and water rescues; stokes litter

basket stretcher

subcutaneous tissue

below the skin

infra

below, under

flex and extend

bend and straighten

flexion

bending of a joint

pleural space

between the parietal pleura and visceral pleura, small space containing a thin film of pleural fluid

melan/o

black

cyst(o)-

bladder; any fluid-containing sac

You can move a patient on his or her back along the floor or ground by using all of the following methods except: a. pulling on the patient's clothing in the neck and shoulder area b. placing the patient on a blanket, coat, or other item that can be pulled c. pulling the patient by the legs if they are the most accessible part d.placing your arms under the patient's shoulders and through the armpits, and while grasping the patient's arms, dragging the patient backward

c

What should you do if weight is greater than what you can lift?

call for help

wheeled ambulance stretcher

can be rolled along ground. collapsible undercarriage allows it to be loaded into ambulance

signs and symptoms of anaphylactic shock

can develop within seconds, mild itching or rash, burning skin, vascular dilation, generalized edema, coma, rapid death. a second phase reaction can occur 1-8 hours after the initial reaction.

receptive

can understand speech

expletive

cant speak properly

what are the tiny blood vessels that are approximately one cell thick?

capillaries

colorimetric devices

capnometer or end-tidal CO2 detectors are devices that use a chemical reaction to detect the amount of CO2 present in expired gases by changing colors

the rate of breathing is typically increased when

carbon dioxide levels increase

which of the following poisons effects the ability of cells to metabolize or carry oxygen?

carbon monoxide

an incident to where you have more than one patient complaining of a headache may indicate

carbon monoxide poisoning

most pre-hospital cardiac arrests occur as the result of

cardiac dysrhythmia (interruption of rhythm)

myocardium

cardiac muscle, works as two paired pumps

larynx

complex arrangement of tiny bones, cartilage, muscles and two vocal cords. Dividing line between upper and lower airway

face

composed of 14 bones

pharynx

composed of the nasopharynx, oropharynx and laryngopharynx

tablet form

compressed under a high pressure. contain other materials mixed in

cardiac tamponade

compression of the heart as a result of buildup of blood or other fluid in the pericardial sac leading to decreased cardiac output. a collection of fluid between the pericardial sac and the myocardium, its caused by blunt or penetrating trauma that causes hemorrhage around the heart. occurs when blood leaks into the space between the pericardium and the pericardial sac.

dissecting aneurysm

condition in which the inner layers of an artery , such as the aorta, become separated, allowing blood (at high pressure) to flow between the layers. sudden tearing, separation of lining, potential for great blood loss. the onset of pain is abrupt without additional systems

contraindications

conditions that make a particular medication or treatment inappropriate when it would harm the patient or have no positive effect on the patient's condition

cause of epileptic seizure

congenital origin

rhonchi

congested breath sounds may suggest the presence of mucus in the lungs, low pitched, noisy sounds most prominent on expiration

CHF

congestive heart failure

a patient taking medications such as Lasix or digoxin is likely to have which of the following underlying medical conditions?

congestive heart failure

heart valve damage, myocardial infarction and long-standing high BP are the cause of what?

congestive heart failure

it can be caused by diseased heart valves, can be treated with nitroglycerin and ankle edema is a common finding

congestive heart failure

cardiovascular emergencies

congestive heart failure, heart attack

ligaments

connect bones to bones

tendons

connect muscles to bones

bile ducts

connect the liver to the intestine

renal pelvis

connects the ureter and kidney

level of consciousness (LOC)

conscious with an unaltered LOC conscious with an altered LOC unconscious

upper air

consists of all anatomic airway structures above the level of the vocal cords, nose mouth jaw oral cavity pharynx and larynx

large intestine

consists of cecum, colon and rectum, 5' long

General guidelines for carrying a patient on a stretcher include:

constant communication with your partners

you have been assessing a 17 year old girl in respiratory distress and you have just completed the secondary assessment. your next step is to

contact medical control

foot

contains seven tarsal bones, talus (ankle), calcaneus (heel), five metatarsal and 14 phalanges (two in the big toe and three in each of the smaller toes)

thorax

contains the heart, lungs and great vessels part of the torso

thoracic cavity (chest)

contains the heart, lungs, esophagus and great vessels (aorta and two venae cavae)

perfusion triangle: heart

damage to the heart by disease or injury decreases the ability of the heart to properly function as a pump, it cannot move enough blood through the body to support perfusion

frostbite

damage to tissues as the result of exposure to cold, frozen or partially frozen body parts are frostbitten

stratum corneal layer

dead layer of skin

Necrosis

death of body tissue

infarction

death of body tissue usually caused by interruption of it's blood supply

It is essential that you ____________ your equipment to prevent the spread of disease.

decontaminate

Cushing's triage

decrease in heart rate increase in blood pressure irregular respirations

hypoperfusion

decreased blood flow through organs indicated by skin that is cool, clammy and pale

inspiratory reserve volume

deepest breath you can take after a normal breath

when encountering a patient with depressed fontanelles you should suspect

dehydration

pulmonary circulation

flow of blood from the right ventricle through the pulmonary arteries and all of there branches and capillaries in the lungs back to the left atrium through the venules and pulmonary veins also called the lesser circulation.

semen

fluid ejaculated from the penis and containing sperm

The mattress on a stretcher must be _________ ________ so that it does not absorb any type of potentially infectious material, including water, blood, or other body fluid.

fluid resistant

signs and symptoms of anaphylaxis

flushed skin or hives generalized edema decreased blood pressure laryngeal edema with dyspnea

Which way should you carry the backboard or stretcher?

foot first so patient's head is elevated

Pedi

foot or child

a person who was eating prior to having a seizure may have a

foreign body obstruction

pelvic bones

formed by the fusion of the ilium, ischium and pubis

axial skeleton

forms the foundation on which the arms and legs are hung, skull, face, thoracic cage, and vertebral column

oropharynx

forms the posterior portion of the oral cavity, which is bordered superiorly by the hard and soft palates, laterally by the cheeks, and inferiorly by the tongue

an infants lungs are ____________ and providing BVM ventilation that are too forceful can result in trauma from pressure of _______

fragile barotrauma

STAT

immediately

How is patient's weight distributed when she is on a carrying device?

important to know patient's weight to equally distribute it. supine on backboard or scoop stretcher semi-sitting position weight is NOT equal Horizontal 68% to 78% weight in torso so STRONGEST rescuer should be @ HEAD of device.

Institutional standards

include specific rules and procedures of he EMS system, ambulance service or organization to which you are affiliated.

diastolic blood pressure tends to __________ with age

increase

if you encounter a pregnant patient in cardiac arrest your priorities are to provide high quality CPR and

increase pressure on the aorta and vena cava

hypercarbia

increased CO2 level in the bloodstream

risk factors for a myocardial infarction include all of the following except? a - male gender b - high BP c - stress d - increased activity level

increased activity level

headache, vomiting, altered mental status and seizures are all considered early signs of

increased intracranial pressure

dilation of the coronary arteries does what?

increases blood flow

nasal flaring

indicates inadequate breathing

jaundice

indicates liver disease or dysfunction, patient's skin and sclera turn yellow

toxic induced hepatitis

inhalation, skin or mucous membrane exposure, oral ingestion or intravenous administration within hours to days following exposure

pulmonary edema may be produced by

inhaling toxic chemical fumes

subcutaneous (SC) slow rate

injection into the fatty tissue between the skin and the muscle, daily insulin injections

intramuscular (IM) moderate rate

injection into the muscle, absorbed quickly because muscles have a lot of blood vessels, can damage muscle tissue, uneven absorption injected with auto-injector

trauma emergencies

injuries that are the result of physical forces applied to the body

list five respiratory problems leading to cardiac arrest in children

injury both blunt and penetrating infections of the respiratory tract or another organ system a foreign body airway obstruction submersion (drowning) electrocution poisoning or drug overdose sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)

barotrauma

injury resulting from pressure disequilibrium across body surfaces, example: too much pressure in the lungs

The MOST serious consequence of a poorly planned or rushed patient move is:

injury to you or your patient.

lumen

inside diameter of the artery or other hollow structure

intra

inside, within

enter(o)-

intestines

intraosseous (IO) immediate rate

into the bone, medications that are given by this route reach the bloodstream through the bone marrow. painful

intravenous (IV) immediate rate

into the vein. medications that need to enter the bloodstream immediately maybe injected directly into a vein, fastest way to deliver a chemical substance, not for aspirin, oxygen and charcoal

ICP

intracranial pressure

the autonomic nervous system controls the?

involuntary actions of the body

guarding

involuntary muscle contractions of the abdominal wall in an effort to protect an inflamed abdomen, a sign of peritonitis

microcirculation

is a term used to describe the small vessels in the vasculature that are embedded with organs and responsible for the distribution of blood within the tissues (capillaries) main functions: blood flow/tissue perfusion, blood pressure, tissue fluid, delivery of oxygen, removal of carbon dioxide, regulation of body temp and inflammation.

anemia

is an abnormally low number of red blood cells. (chronic or acute bleeding, deficiency in certain vitamins or minerals, underlying disease process) tissues may become hypoxic (low oxygen)

blood pressure

is the pressure of blood within the vessels at any one moment in time -systolic peak arterial pressure (vessels contract) -diastolic the pressure maintained with the arteries while the heart rests between heartbeats

massive pulmonary embolism

it can prevent blood from being pumped from the right side of he heart to the left resulting in complete backup of blood in the right ventricle leading to the catastrophic obstructive shock and complete pump failure.

heart organ

it has to pump blood to supply oxygen-enriched red blood cells to the tissues of the body.

What is the EMS Agenda for the future?

it is a multidisciplinary national review of all aspects of EMS delivery that encourages the creation of systems that help to protect the well being of EMS providers and includes 14 components that make up an EMS system.

sacroiliac joint

joint at the back of the pelvis, surrounded by tough, thick ligaments and has little motion

JVD

jugular venous distention

What should you do with your back?

keep it straight + locked avoid twisting

When carrying a patient on a backboard up or down stairs

keep the head end elevated

To minimize the risk of injuring yourself when lifting or moving a patient, you should:

keep the weight as close to your body as possible.

The FIRST rule of safe lifting is to:

keep your back in a straight, vertical position.

What is the key rule of lifting?

keep your back straight

What steps can you take to maximize safety while LIFTING patient?

keep your legs shoulder width apart. keep you back in straight, locked in position. keep weight as close to your body as possible. bend at the knees, not at the waist, when lifting avoid lifting + reaching at same time. avoid twisting your body as you are lifting lift with your palms facing up (power grip) communicate with partner at all times

reticular activating system

keeps you awake

nephr

kidney

retroperitoneal

kidney and pancreas, lie behind the abdominal cavity above the level of the umbilicus

urologic emergencies

kidney stones

renal

kidneys

When using a body drag to pull a patient who is on the ground, you should

kneel to minimize the distance that you will have to lean over

How do you reach or pull patient?

kneel to pull patient on ground when pulling, your elbows should only be extended just beyond torso bend you knees to pull a patient who is @ a different height than you are .position feet.

The POWER LIFT should be done with your body in what position?

knees bent straight back

Ischemia

lack of oxygen

Macro

large

cerebrum

largest part of the brain, four lobes

LMP

last menstrual period

what side of the heart is more muscular because it pumps blood into the aorta and all the other arteries in the body

left side

LUQ

left upper quadrant

white blood cells

lekocytes, immune defense

Remember to always consider whether there is an option that will cause ________ ________ to you and the other EMTs.

less strain

signs of respiratory failure

lethargy, difficult to arouse tachypnea with periods of bradypnea or agonal respirations inadequate chest rise/poor excursion inadequate respiratory rate or effort bradycardia diminished muscle tone

sebaceous glands

lie next to hair follicles, provides waterproofing for the skin

kidneys

lie on the posterior muscular wall of the abdomen, rid the blood of waste and control balance of water and salt

brain stem

lies deep in the cranium, controlling center for body functions that are necessary for life

scapula (shoulder blade)

lies in the muscular tissue of the posterior thoracic wall

bi(o)-

life

The proper technique for using the power grip is to

lift with your palms up

The proper technique for using the power grip is to:

lift with your palms up.

The same basic body mechanics for applying safe reaching + pulling are for

lifting + carrying

Which of the following steps is NOT proper procedure when performing an emergency move?

lifting the patient by the belt to move him or her

stair chair

lightweight folded up device that is used to carry conscious, seated patient up or down stairs

power grip

litter or backboard is gripped insert each hand under the handle palm facing up thumb extended

shallow respirations

little movement of the chest wall

hepa

liver

hepat(o)-

liver

right upper quadrant (RUQ)

liver, gallbladder, colon

what is the maximum pressure exerted by the left ventricle as it contracts?

systolic blood pressure

How can you minimize the risk of injury moving a patient on a WHEELED AMBULANCE STRETCHER?

make sure it is ELEVATED so you don't have to bend down, increases chance for back injury stretcher is top heavy so hold it firmly when guiding stretcher from FOOT END, arms are held close to your body. do not reach keep elbows flexed + use arm muscles. guiding stretch from HEAD END, push with your arms + bend your elbows so that hands are 12" to 15" in front of torso.

when a patient has a pacemaker implanted in the upper left chest, care for this patient should include

making sure the AED patches are not directly over the pacemaker device

over-the-counter (OTC) medications

may be purchased directly without a prescription

meter

measuring instrument

positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP)

mechanical maintenance of pressure in the airway at the end of expiration to increase the volume of gas remaining in the lungs

hypoglycemia

medical term for an extremely low blood glucose level, can be caused by an excess of insulin

intranasal (IN) rapid rate

medication is pushed through a specialized atomizer devise called a mucosal atomizer devise into the naris. relatively new form of delivery, liquid medication is turned into a spray absorption is quick

antagonist

medication that binds to a receptor and blocks other medications, also called blockers

capsule

medications encased in a gelatin shell filled with powder or liquid by mouth.

enteral medications

medications that enter the body through the digestive system and are slowly absorbed

prescription medications

meds that are distributed to patients only by pharmacists according to a physician's order

conjunctiva

membrane lining the eyelids, covers the exposed surface of the eye

among older adults ______________function in the 5 years preceding death is presume to decline

mental

What does wellness include?

mental, physical and social well being

aerobic metabolism

metabolism that can proceed only in the presence of oxygen

anaerobic metabolism

metabolism that takes place in the absence of oxygen, principal product is lactic acid

anaerobic metabolism

metabolism that takes place in the absence of oxygen; the principle product is lactic acid

aracnoid

middle layer

tunica media

middle layer of the artery where smooth muscles are found that can contract and dilate to change the diameter of the blood vessel

pressure in the arteries during cardiac contraction is know as

systolic pressure

NKA

no know allergies

-

none

generic name

nonproprietary name of medication, not capitalized

vesicular breath sounds

normal breath sounds made by air moving in and out of the alveoli

bronchial breath sounds

normal breath sounds made by air moving through the bronchi

signs of normal breathing

normal rate between 12-20 breaths per min regular pattern of inhalation and exhalation clear and equal lung sounds on both sides of the chest regular and equal chest rise and fall adequate depth/tidal volume

sclera

normally white portion of the eye

NPO

nothing by mouth

changes in gastric and intestinal function may inhibit _______ intake and utilization in ______adults

nutritional older

signs of airway obstruction

obvious trauma, blood or other obstruction noisy breathing such as snoring, bubbling, gurgling, crowing extremely shallow or absent breathing

agonal respirations

occasional. gasping breaths that occur after the heart has stopped

atherosclerosis can lead to a complete what?

occlusion of a coronary artery

agonal respirations

occur when the respiratory center in the brain continues to send signals to the breathing muscles after the heart has stopped, occasional, gasping breaths

severe airway obstruction

occurs when a foreign body completely obstructs the patient's airway, patients cannot breathe, talk or cough

mild airway obstruction

occurs when a foreign body partially obstructs the patient's airway the patient is able to move adequate amounts of air, but also experiences some degree of respiratory distress

epidemic

occurs when new cases of a disease in a human population substantially exceed the number expected based on recent experiences.

epidemic

occurs when new cases of a disease occur in a human population and substantially exceed what is expected based on recent experience

tunnel vision

occurs when you become focused on one aspect of the patients condition and exclude all others

How should you move a patient?

on a wheeled device If one isn't available use a stretcher

Which of the following MOST accurately describes the correct position of the EMTs who are executing the diamond carry technique?

one at the head, one at the feet, and one on each side of the patient's torso

carbon dioxide

one of the primary waste products of cellular work (metabolism) in the body and is removed from the body by the lungs

atrium

one of the two upper chambers of the heart

ilium

one of three bones that fuse to form the pelvic ring

ischium

one of three bones that fuse to form the pelvic ring

pubis

one of three bones that fuse to form the pelvic ring

ventricle

one of two (right and left) lower chamber of the heart. the left ventricle receives blood from the left atrium (upper chamber) and delivers blood to the aorta. the right ventricle received blood from the right atrium and pumps it into the pulmonary artery. 20-50 BPM

atrium

one of two (right and left) upper chambers of the heart. the right atrium receives blood from the vena cave and delivers it to the right ventricle the left atrium receives blood from pulmonary veins and delivers it to the left ventricle.

the proper depth of chest compressions on a 9 month of infant is?

one third the diameter of the chest 1 1/2 "

signs and symptoms of inadequate breathing

patient complains of dyspnea altered mental status with shallow or slow breathing anxious or restless respiratory rate is too fast or too slow breathing rhythm is irregular skin is pale, cool or clammy cyanosis pale conjunctivae respiratory sounds decreased or noisy breath sounds on one or both sides patient cannot speak more than a few words at a time muscle retractions unequal or inadequate chest expansion excessive coughing tripod position barrel shaped chest pursed lips or nasal flaring

respiratory infection

patient coughs up thick, yellowish or greenish sputum

direct ground lift

patient found lying supine on ground no spinal injury

emergency move

patient is dragged or pulled from a dangerous scene before care

What must you do to carry a loaded backboard or stretcher up or down stairs?

patient is secured tightly to device to prevent sliding

when should you not help administer a MDI

patient is unable to coordinate administration & inhalation inhaler is not prescribed for patient u did not obtain permission from medical control or local protocol medication is expired contraindications specific to the medication

When should you provide an urgent move?

patient unconscious inadequate ventilation shock extreme weather conditions

pursed lips

patients with COPD will often exhale through pursed lips in order to keep airways open longer and allows the patient to push air out slowly

gynecologic emergencies

pelvic inflammatory disease, vaginal bleeding

reassessment

performed at regular intervals during the assessment process, identify and treat changes in a patient's condition

focused assessment

performed on patients who have sustained nonsignificant MOIs or on responsive medical patients, based on the chief complaint

blood pressure is a rough measure of what?

perfusion

informed consent

permission for treatment given by a competent patient after the potential risks, benefits, and alternatives to treatment have been explained.

alert and oriented x 4

person, place, time and event

toddlers

persons who are 1 to 3 years of age

early adults

persons who are 19-40 years of age

middle adults

persons who are 41 to 60 years of age

late adults

persons who are 61 years old or older

infants

persons who are from 1 month to 1 year of age

electro-

pertaining to electricity

algia

pertaining to pain

A technique in which the litter or backboard is gripped by inserting each hand under the handle with the palm facing up and thumb extended

power grip

A lifting technique in which the EMT's back is held upright, with legs bent, and the patient is lifted when the EMT straightens the legs to raise the upper body and arms

power lift

The safest and most powerful way to lift, lifting by extending the properly placed flexed legs, is called a(n) _______ _________.

power lift

When lifting the patient you should use the

power lift

scene size-up

ppe ensure scene safety number of patients mechanism of injury/nature of illness additional resources need for c spine/extraction

+

present

hydrostatic pressure

pressure exerted by a liquid and oocurs when blood is moved through the artery at relatively high pressures

cricoid pressure

pressure on the cricoid cartilage; applied to occlude the esophagus to inhibit gastric distention and regurgitation of vomitus in the unconscious patient

aorta

principal artery leaving the back left side of the heart, it carries freshly oxygenated blood to the body

life threats to patient

problems with the ABCs poor initial general impression unresponsiveness potential for hypoperfusion or shock chest pain associated with low blood pressure severe pain anywhere excessive bleeding

the back side of the brain

processes sight

pancreas

produces enzymes that aid in digestion and insulin

chyme

product of stomach, combination of all the eaten foods with added stomach acids

liver

production of bile, assists with metabolism of nutrients within the bloodstream, detoxification of blood

signs and symptoms of tension pneumothorax

progressive shortness of breath increased altered level of consciousness neck vein distention tracheal deviation

logy

study of

pathophysiology

study of the functional changes that occur when the body reacts to a particular disease

bronchioles

subdivision of the smaller bronchi in the lungs, made of smooth muscle and dilate or constrict in response to various stimuli

What is the SOAP mean

subjective, objective, assessment and patient care

toxicologic emergencies

substance abuse, plant poisoning

enzymes

substances catalysts designed to speed up the rate of specific biochemical reactions

hormones

substances formed in specialized organs or glands and carried to another organ or group of cells in the same organism. including metabolism growth and body temperature.

signs and symptoms of pneumothorax

sudden chest pain with dyspnea decreased lung sounds on affected side

glyc(o)-

sugar

wheezing breath sounds

suggest obstruction of lower airways, high pitched whistling sounds most prominent on expiration

extremity lift

supine or sitting position with no extremity or spinal injuries

Trendelenburg's Position

supine position on an incline with feet elevated 6 " - 12" above head to keep blood in the core of the body

the right and left iliac arteries

supplies blood to the groin, pelvis and legs

The left coronary artery

supplies blood to the left atrium and left ventricle and divides into two major branches just a short distance from the aorta.

the tibial and peroneal arteries

supplies blood to the lower legs and feet

The right coronary artery

supplies blood to the right atrium and right ventricle and in most people the bottom part of inferior wall of the left ventricle.

the right and left subclavian arteries (under the clavicles)

supplies blood to the upper extremities

The right and left carotid arteries

supplies the head and brain with blood

humerus

supporting bone of the arm

tracheostomy

surgical opening into the trachea

ectomy

surgical removal of

dependent edema

swelling in the part of the body closest to the ground caused by collection of fluid in the tissues; a possible sign of congestive heart failure

pedal edema

swollen legs and feet

when the battery wears out in the pacemaker the patient may experience?

syncope (fainting)

neurologic emergencies

syncope, seizure

ventricle contract

systole

Public Safety Access Point

A call center staffed by trained personnel who are responsible for managing requests for police fire and ambulance services.

True or False A professional appearance and manner by the EMT will help build the patients confidence and ease the anxiety

True

True or false The EMT scope of practice includes the use of an automated external defibrillator

True

True or False AEMT's typically go through 1,000 to 1,300 hours of training.

False

True or False As a health care professional and an extension of physician care, you are not bound by patient confidentiality.

False

Health Insurance Portability & Accountability Act (HIPPA)

Federal legislation passed in 1996. It's main effect in EMS s in limiting availability of patients health care informationt and penalizing violations of patient privacy.

A CISD meeting is an opportunity to discuss?

Feelings about the incident.

cover

The tactical use of an impenetrable barrier for protection.

True of False Personnel trained as EMR's can include law enforcement officers, fire fighters, and ski patrollers.

True

Automated External Defibrillator (AED)

a device that detects treatable life-threatening cardiac dysrhythmias (ventricular fibrillation and ventricular tachycardia) and delivers the appropriate electrical shock to the patient.

What is Clinical Care?

describes the various pieces of equipment and scope of practice for using the equipment

What is the integration of health services

the prehospital care the EMT administered is coordinated with the care administered at the hospital


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