[AAPC - Pathophysiology] Final Review
Patients diagnosed with pharyngitis usually see their symptoms resolve with proper treatment in what time frame?
2 weeks.
How many types of ALS are there?
2.
How many new cases of lung cancer are diagnosed annually?
2.1 million.
CKD is the ninth leading cause of death in the United States. According to the National Kidney Foundation, approximately how many Americans are living with a kidney transplant?
215,000.
A cataract is a progressive clouding of the normally clear lens of the eye that gradually degrades visual quality. Cataracts affect how many Americans 40 years and old?
22 million.
What is the median duration of a major depressive episode?
23 weeks.
In atrial flutter, the heart rate ranges from:
242 to 360 bpm.
More than half of all people diagnosed with lung cancer will die within:
1 year of being diagnosed.
Asthma is one of the most common chronic diseases globally. Approximately how many people in the United States are affected by asthma?
30,000,000.
Medical professionals rank asthma based on the frequency and severity of symptoms. How many main types of asthma are there?
4.
Approximately how many people with rheumatoid arthritis also experience signs and symptoms that don't involve the joints?
40 percent.
Increasing age is the greatest risk factor for developing cataracts. During what age range are cataracts most likely to develop?
40 to 50 years old.
ALS can occur throughout the world with no racial, ethnic, or socioeconomic boundaries. What is the most common age the disease occurs in?
40 to 70.
It's not possible to know exactly how long a person with kidney failure will live, as each case is different. How much longer can a person expect to live on dialysis?
5 to 10 years.
How many stages of CKD are there?
5.
Surgery will not cure Crohn's disease. The benefits are usually temporary, and the disease often recurs. What percentage of people with Crohn's will require surgery at some point?
50 percent.
The ACS recommends all men talk with their healthcare provider to help them decide if prostate cancer screening is right for them. At what age is this recommended for someone at average risk for prostate cancer?
50.
Men, especially those with risk factors for BPH, should talk with their doctor about any lower urinary tract symptoms and the need for regular prostate exams. What percent of men that develop acute urinary retention will require invasive therapy?
6 percent.
Evidence of osteoarthritis can be seen on X-rays and symptoms can usually be managed. Approximately what percentage of people with osteoarthritis are symptomatic?
60 percent.
Most individuals are diagnosed with lung cancer at what age?
65.
IBD affects more than three million Americans. How many new cases of IBD are diagnosed each year?
70,000.
Survival of colorectal cancer is directly related to detection and cancer type, but overall is poor for symptomatic cancers, as they are typically quite advanced. According to the ACS, if the cancer spreads to nearby tissues and lymph nodes (regional stage), the five-year survival rate drops to?
71 percent.
The best steps a person can take to prevent a stroke including knowing their stroke risk factors, following their doctor's recommendations, and adopting a healthy lifestyle. Roughly what percentage of strokes are preventable?
80 percent.
What percentage of people with depression eventually respond to treatment and gain relief from their symptoms?
80-90 percent.
BPH is one of the most common conditions associated with aging in men. What percent of men older than the age of 80 are affected?
90 percent.
How many Americans have CKD and don't even know it?
90 percent.
According to the American Cancer Society, if the cancer is only localized and has not spread outside of the cervix or uterus, the 5-year survival rate of women with cervical cancer is:
92 percent.
Timely treatment of the underlying cause may enable recovery and return of normal renal function. In severe cases, AKI will progress to CKD. Which of the following in NOT considered a cause of AKI?
> None of the below. Hypovolemia; Severe burns; Medication reaction.
Although the precise cause of schizophrenia isn't known, certain factors appear to increase the risk of developing or triggering schizophrenia. Which of the following is NOT a factor?
> None of the below. Malnutrition and/or exposure to toxins/viruses before birth or during infancy; Taking certain drugs such as marijuana, amphetamines, and LSD; Taking certain drugs such as steroids, antihypertensives, and sleeping pills.
Clots may be termed as an embolus or a thrombus. Which of the following statements is true?
A clot that remains in a vein and stays there is called a thrombus. If the clot detaches from the wall and travels to another part of the body it is an embolus.
Although the specific causes of rheumatoid arthritis are unknown, a factor NOT considered to increase the risk of developing the disease is:
A person who does not carry the HLA gene.
Which of the following would be a factor to make a person a higher risk for CAD?
A person with diabetes and an HbA1c level of 7.8.
Once Parkinson's is diagnosed, the next step is deciding on treatment. The type of treatment recommended will depend on several factors. Which of the following statements is NOT true?
A physiologist is trained in the nervous system, will plan the treatment course.
What is COPD?
A progressive, irreversible respiratory condition.
When healthy lifestyle changes alone do not control or lower high BP, a patient's doctor may change a patient's treatment plan by prescribing medicines to treat their condition. Which type of medication dilate blood vessels and keep them from narrowing?
ACE.
Which of the following statements is not true?
About one in 20 women will develop invasive breast cancer over the course of her lifetime.
What is the median age for people diagnosed with colon cancer?
Age 68 for men; Age 72 for women.
Alcohol and other drugs (AOD) abuse and dependence can affect anyone. People between what ages are more likely to use addictive substances?
Ages 18-25.
If medications fail to prevent or slow joint damage, surgery may be recommended to repair damaged joints, which may help reduce pain, improve function, and restore the patient's ability to use their joint. Which surgical procedure immobilizes a joint with fusion of the adjacent bones?
Arthrodesis.
Which of the following is NOT common in the later stages of COPD?
Asthma Exacerbation.
Immune system suppressors, or immunomodulators, work in a variety of ways to prevent the immune system from attacking the bowel. Which of the following is a common immune system suppressor medication?
Azathioprine.
Almost all men will develop some enlargement of the prostate as they age due to glandular hyperplasia, an increase in its number of cells. Which statement is TRUE?
BPH is considered a normal condition of male aging that occurs when the cells of the prostate gland begin to multiply.
Women with a specific gene mutation inherited from their parents have a higher chance of developing breast cancer, ovarian cancer, or both. What is this gene mutation?
BRCA1 and BRCA2.
Which of following statements is true about pharyngitis?
Bacterial pharyngitis causes more severe symptoms than viral pharyngitis.
Low-impact exercise can increase a patient's endurance and strengthen the muscles around their joint, making it more stable. Which type of exercise can strengthen the small muscles around knees and ankles?
Balance exercises.
Endoscopic procedures help confirm a diagnosis of IBD, along with imaging studies. Which type of endoscopic procedure uses an "inchworm" process to view the small intestines?
Balloon-assisted enteroscopy.
BPH is a noncancerous enlargement of the prostate gland. What does BPH stand for?
Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy.
The severity of symptoms in people who have prostate gland enlargement varies, but they tend to start off mild and gradually worsen over time if they aren't treated. Which of the following can BPH lead to?
Bladder calculi; Hydronephrosis; Recurrent UTIs.
Timely treatment of the underlying cause may enable recovery and return of normal renal function. In severe cases, AKI will progress to CKD. Which of the following in NOT considered a condition leading to CKD?
Bladder disease.
Which of the following is considered evidence of diabetic complications that would require further testing?
Blisters, ulcers, or infections on the feet; Weak peripheral pulses; Deposits of puffy yellow spots on the retina.
Which of the following tests would likely be performed on a patient with diabetes mellitus?
Blood Test; Urine Test; Vision Test.
Osteoarthritis is a degenerative disease that causes bones within the joint to rub together. Which of the following causes the painfulness in joints?
Bony changes.
Which of the following is NOT considered a type of COPD?
Bronchiolitis.
When a patient has respiratory symptoms consistent with asthma different pulmonary tests may be performed to establish a diagnosis of asthma. Which type of test is best for measuring function after exposure to allergens?
Bronchoprovocation Test.
Which of the following tests would be unlikely needed to determine a patient's complications due to diabetes mellitus?
Bronchoscopy.
Which of the following statements is true?
CAD, a stenosis of the arteries that supply blood to the heart, and is the most common type of heart disease.
Leukemia is usually treated by a hematologist-oncologist, doctors who specialize in blood disorders and cancer. Treatment will depend on the cancer type and stage, as well as the patient's age and overall health. Which type of therapy uses reengineered cells to attack the cancer?
CAR T-cell therapy.
The rate at which leukemia progresses and how the cells replace the normal blood and marrow cells vary with each type of leukemia. Which leukemia is the second most common leukemia, rarely seen in children, and usually new cases are found in people age 55 and older?
CLL.
Which of the following statements is true?
COPD can be managed with medication and lifestyle changes.
Which of the following statements is NOT true?
COPD is a regressive disease that maybe completely reversible.
The lens is comprised of layers. Which of the following is considered the outermost layer of the lens?
Capsule.
Osteoarthritis is diagnosed based on the patient's symptoms, the location and pattern of pain, and various diagnostic procedures and tests. Which of the following statements is NOT true?
Cartilage appears on X-rays to clearly indicate osteoarthritis.
Which of the following statements is NOT true regarding cataracts?
Cataracts are considered to be a rapidly progressive condition that cause vision changes instantly.
Which of the following statements is true regarding cataracts?
Cataracts tend to develop slowly and in the early stages a person may not even realize any changes to their vision.
A trachelectomy may be performed to treat the early-stage cervical cancer. What is removed during this procedure?
Cervix.
What are neurotransmitters?
Chemical messengers.
What is COPD?
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease.
Bone-on-bone friction associated with osteoarthritis may cause crepitus. What is crepitus?
Clicking or cracking sound when the joint moves.
Generalized seizures account for more than 30 percent of all epileptic seizures. There are six types of generalized seizures, which type causes repeated or rhythmic muscle movements such as a jerking motion?
Clonic seizures.
Different procedures may be performed that can significantly improve the outcomes and reduce long-term disability after a stroke. Which type of procedure will block blood flow to an aneurysm?
Coiling.
Which of the following statements is NOT true regarding IBD symptoms?
Constipation may occur when parts of the bowel cannot reabsorb water.
Which of the following are etiologies of systolic heart failure?
Coronary artery disease, cardiomyopathy, previous MI, left ventricle dilates.
Medications can help relieve osteoarthritis pain. Which type of medication may make the painful area feel cold or warm?
Counterirritants.
The two most common forms of IBD are Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Which of the following statements is true about Crohn's disease?
Crohn's disease involves "skip lesions" in patches next to areas of healthy tissue.
Which of the following statements is true regarding CKD?
Damage to the kidneys is usually permanent; Depending on the underlying cause, some types of kidney disease can be treated; If underlying illnesses and risk factors are addressed and treated aggressively, kidney function can be preserved.
Craig goes to his doctor and has signs and symptoms that are common with IBD. What might his doctor tell him to do to reduce the flares he is experiencing?
Decrease his coffee consumption.
Osteoarthritis is a degenerative disease that causes bones within the joint to rub together. Which of the following deteriorations is NOT a major contributor in the cause of pain in joints?
Deterioration of muscle.
There are many conditions that can cause and increase the risk of kidney failure. Which of the following is the most common cause?
Diabetes.
Dietary factors may play a role in the risk of being diagnosed with colorectal cancer. Which of the following presents a higher risk?
Diets high in fat, red meat, and processed meat.
Genetic abnormalities play a role in the development of leukemia. Which of the following is NOT considered a genetic disorder linked to leukemia?
Epstein-Barr.
According to the American Heart Association, approximately how frequently does a person in the United States have a heart attack?
Every 40 seconds.
Arrhythmias may be related to certain lifestyle factors. The doctor may suggest several lifestyle changes that can help limit the occurrence of arrhythmias. Which of the following is NOT recommended?
Exercise occasionally with kickboxing, intense cardio or aerobics.
There are many treatment options for osteoarthritis. Which of the following can help eliminate the symptoms and reverse the damage?
Exercises; TENS; Arthroplasty. --> None of the above.
What symptoms are NOT found in infants or small children with CHF?
Extreme agitation or hyperactivity.
While the exact cause of MDD is unclear, what would be considered the major risk factor?
Family history of MDD.
Which of the following test results would be included as a disorder for a metabolic syndrome, which would make an individual a high risk for type 2 diabetes?
Fasting glucose of 100 mg/dL or higher.
Other medications and supplements may be recommended to relieve a patient's signs and symptoms. These medications may which of the following?
Fiber supplement; Tylenol; Iron supplement.
Endoscopic procedures help confirm a diagnosis of IBD, along with imaging studies. Which type of endoscopic procedure is helpful in viewing the large intestine in cases of severe inflammation?
Flexible sigmoidoscopy.
Which of the following is NOT a complication of ulcerative colitis?
Fluid overload.
IBD is an umbrella term used to describe disorders that cause chronic inflammation of what anatomical area?
Gastrointestinal tract.
IBD is a complex disease that is thought to be caused by a combination of environmental and genetic factors that interact with the body's immune system causing it to malfunction, resulting in intestinal inflammation. Which of the following is NOT considered to be a factor in the development of IBD?
Genetics and gene mutations with close relatives that have IBD; Vaccinations and antibiotics affecting the immune system; Oral contraceptives and breast feeding. --> None of the above.
Which of the following is NOT an oral diabetes medications?
Glargine.
Which of the following is NOT listed as a diet element for an individual with diabetes?
Gluten-free.
Blood tests may be ordered for people suspected of rheumatoid arthritis to help in the diagnosing process. Which of the following blood tests would NOT be ordered?
HDL.
Which of the following is NOT true regarding HPV testing?
HPV tests are always performed before a pap test and the Pap test validates the HPV test.
The goal of treatment with antipsychotic medications is to effectively manage signs and symptoms at the lowest possible dose. Which of the following is a long-lasting injectable antipsychotic?
Haloperidol decanoate.
The changes induced by drugs of abuse persist long after drug use has ceased, which puts abusers at risk for relapse even after long periods of abstinence. People with both alcohol and other drug disorders are more likely to:
Have more severe dependence-related problems than those with a single disorder.
Over time, which of the following would individuals with diabetes mellitus become more susceptible to?
Heart Disease; Nerve Damage; Stroke.
Patients with asthma may remain asymptomatic for long intervals between episodes of asthma exacerbations. Which of the following is NOT considered a classic sign and symptom of asthma?
Heart palpitations.
Blood tests may be ordered for people suspected of rheumatoid arthritis to help in the diagnosing process. Which of the following blood tests may be ordered?
Hgb.
Which of the following is a characteristic of type 2 diabetes mellitus?
Hyperglycemia and inadequate levels of insulin resistance.
Many people with rheumatoid arthritis also experience signs and symptoms that don't involve the joints. Which of the following is NOT included in the non-structures?
Hypersalivation.
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of type 2 diabetes mellitus?
Hypoglycemia.
The goal of treatment is to reduce joint inflammation and pain, maximize joint function, prevent joint destruction/deformity and organ damage, and reduce long term complications. What is the definition of optimal rheumatoid arthritis treatment?
Involves a combination of medicines, rest, joint-strengthening exercises, and physical therapy.
Which of the following statements is NOT true regarding the DaT (dopamine transporter) scan?
It is necessary for correct diagnosis and staging of the disease.
Nancy, a 57 year-old female, is at a family barbeque and her brother thinks she may be experiencing an MI. What signs or symptoms may she be exhibiting?
Jaw pain; Nausea and vomiting; Dyspnea.
If the patient's symptoms are tolerable, they might decide to postpone treatment and simply monitor their symptoms. Specific actions and lifestyle changes can be made to help relieve a patient's BPH symptoms, including:
Learn and perform Kegel exercises to strengthen pelvic muscles.
Which of the following is NOT a breast surgery treatment for breast cancer?
Lobectomy.
Healthy kidneys produce the hormone erythropoietin that stimulates the bone marrow to make RBCs. As the kidneys fail, less erythropoietin is produced, resulting in a decreased production of RBCs and, in turn, anemia. Which of the following is NOT a sign/symptom of anemia?
Loss of appetite.
Which of the following is a medication treatment option used for individuals with diabetes to prevent heart and blood vessel disease?
Low-dose aspirin; Blood pressure lowering medication; Cholesterol lowering medication.
When the heart is not able to adequately pump blood and fluid builds up, what other areas of the body may be affected by the fluid accumulation?
Lungs, Abdomen, Liver, and Lower Extremities.
Individual's family and personal history plays a factor in the risk of being diagnosed with colorectal cancer. Which of the following is NOT considered a risk factor based on a patient's personal history?
Lynch Syndrome.
There is a variety of tests that may be performed to help diagnose seizure activity. Which test may be performed to measure the magnetic fields produced by the brain to help identify the area of onset?
MEG.
Treatment approaches must be tailored to address each patient's drug use patterns and drug-related medical, psychiatric, environmental, and social problems. Which type of behavioral therapy would be used on someone who is resistant to treatment?
MET.
Imaging procedures may be performed to get pictures of the affected joint. Which of the following will they NOT reveal?
MRIs will reveal the cause of the fluid surrounding the joint.
Which of the following is NOT a sign/symptom of Type B: Blue Bloater (Bronchitis Predominant)?
Major complaint is dyspnea.
Which of the following are signs/symptoms of Type A: Pink Puffer (Emphysema Predominant)?
Major complaint is dyspnea; Cough is rare; Diaphragms are flattened; Airflow obstruction is ubiquitous.
Which of the following statements is true?
Many people with diabetes can expect to live as long as people without diabetes with an early diagnosis, effective management and a healthy, active lifestyle.
Which of the following is NOT an injectable insulin?
Meglitinides.
Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for prostate gland enlargement?
Men not older than the age of 40.
Type 2 diabetes mellitus most often occurs in people who are:
Middle-aged or older.
Which of the following are signs/symptoms of Type B: Blue Bloater (Bronchitis Predominant)?
Mild dyspnea that progresses; Major complaint is productive, chronic cough with mucopurulent sputum; Patients are cyanotic; Chest is noisy with rhonchi and wheezing sounds; Airflow obstruction is ubiquitous.
Arthritis is a general term that means inflammation of the joint. Osteoarthritis (OA), also known as degenerative joint disease (DJD), is the most common type of arthritis, affecting:
More than 30 million adults in the United States, of whom more than half are under the age of 65.
The prognosis of asthma is generally pretty good. Which of the following statements is untrue?
Most patients with moderate or severe asthma achieve good to excellent control of their disease.
Which of the following statements is untrue about CVAs?
Most strokes are caused by bleeding into the brain.
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), also commonly known as Lou Gehrig's disease, affects the motor nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord. This is what kind of progressive disease?
Neurodegenerative Disease.
Which of the following is a microvascular disorder?
Neuropathy.
How long are antibiotics taken when a patient is diagnosed with viral pharyngitis?
No antibiotics need to be taken.
Which of the following is NOT a clinical manifestation related to hyperglycemia?
Oliguria.
How many American have diabetes mellitus?
One in 10.
Afib is the most common arrhythmia diagnosed in clinical practice, with roughly half a million new cases diagnosed every year in the United States. How many people who have AFib also have AFL?
One-third.
Osteoarthritis starts out gradually and worsens over time. It affects both men and women. Which of the following statements is NOT true?
Osteoarthritis most commonly starts after age 65.
Osteoarthritis starts out gradually and worsens over time. It affects both men and women. Which of the following statements is true?
Osteoarthritis most commonly starts around age 50.
Which less common type of breast cancer spreads to the skin and areola?
Paget disease.
A stroke can cause temporary or permanent disabilities, depending on how long the brain lacks blood flow and which part was affected. What is the condition of numbness or abnormal sensations of the body?
Paresthesia.
Symptoms of Parkinson's are separated into motor symptoms, which generally involve movement, and non-motor symptoms, which do not. Which of the following statements is true about primary non-motor symptoms?
Parkinson's increases the risk of malignant melanoma.
When a patient has respiratory symptoms consistent with asthma different pulmonary tests may be performed to establish a diagnosis of asthma. Which type of test measures pressure on exhalation?
Peak Expiratory Flow.
Symptoms of Parkinson's are separated into motor symptoms, which generally involve movement, and non-motor symptoms, which do not. Which of the following statements is NOT true about primary non-motor symptoms?
People may experience hypersomnia with Parkinson's.
Surgery might be necessary to remove problematic clots, especially those that restrict blood flow to the lungs. Which of the following is a surgical procedure that is used to break up the embolism?
Percutaneous thrombectomy.
Type 2 diabetes mellitus is characterized by which of the following:
Peripheral resistance to the action of insulin; Hyperglycemia; Inability to turn food into energy.
Which of the following is a macrovascular disorder?
Peripheral vascular disease.
Which of the following is NOT a classic symptom of hyperglycemia?
Polydactyly.
Which of the following is a classic symptom of hyperglycemia?
Polydipsia.
Which type of test might be performed on men with suspected neurological problems?
Postvoid residual volume test.
Which is the least common classification of ALS?
Primary Lateral Sclerosis.
Which type of test might be performed to diagnosis or rule out prostate cancer?
Prostatic biopsy.
Which radiological test that may be performed to help diagnose PE is considered the gold standard of tests?
Pulmonary angiography
Osteoarthritis is one of the most common chronic diseases. Where does it rank among disability worldwide?
Ranks fifth.
In systolic heart failure, cardiac output is reduced due to which of the following?
Reduction in contractility of LV myocardium by diseases that disrupt myocyte activity.
What is the most common cause of death in patients with ALS?
Respiratory failure.
What type of test or exam may be performed where the pupil is dilated to examine the lens and the retina?
Retinal exam.
Osteoarthritis is the most common type of arthritis, inflammation of the joint. Which of the following is NOT another term used for osteoarthritis?
Rheumatoid arthritis.
If rheumatoid arthritis is suspected, the patient would most likely be referred to a:
Rheumatologist.
Pharmacologic therapy varies can include the use of a single medication or a combination of two or more. Which type is considered to be fast acting and last three to six hours?
SABA.
Which type of lung cancer is the most aggressive?
SCLC.
How long are antibiotics taken when a patient is diagnosed with bacterial pharyngitis?
Seven to ten days.
Which of the following is considered a treatment for COPD?
Smoking cessation; Oral corticosteroids; Anticholinergics; Antibiotics; Flu vaccine.
Pharyngitis is the medical term for which condition?
Sore throat.
What is the recommended test according to the Global Initiative of Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease for diagnosing COPD?
Spirometry.
When a patient has respiratory symptoms consistent with asthma different pulmonary tests may be performed to establish a diagnosis of asthma. Which type of test can estimate airway narrowing?
Spirometry.
Parkinson's is a progressive disease, which means symptoms typically worsen over time. Several staging systems exist that divide symptoms into stages. According to the Parkinson's Disease Foundation which stage characterizes that the patient may be bedridden and experience hallucinations?
Stage 5.
Low-impact exercise can increase a patient's endurance and strengthen the muscles around their joint, making it more stable. Which type of exercise can help build muscles around painful joints?
Strengthening exercises.
Which type of treatment or therapy is usually NOT an option for patients with SCLC?
Surgery.
Which of the following statements is true?
Survival is directly related to detection and cancer type.
Which of the following is a clinical manifestation related to hyperglycemia?
Susceptible to yeast infections.
Which of the following is NOT a symptom found in bacterial pharyngitis?
Swollen and white patches on tongue.
Which of the following readings is considered stage 1 hypertension?
Systolic 130-139 or diastolic 80-89.
Anti-inflammatory drugs decrease inflammation in the GI tract. Which of the following is considered a biologic therapy?
TNF alpha inhibitors.
Minimally invasive procedures: might be recommended for patients with moderate to severe symptoms, when medication proves ineffective, or if a patient has urinary tract obstruction, bladder stones, hematuria, or kidney problems. Which type of procedure destroys the inner portion of the enlarged prostate gland?
TUMT.
Which of the following terms is used to describe rapid breathing?
Tachypnea.
Which type of treatment therapy is a drug treatment used to block the growth and spread of the cancer?
Targeted therapy.
Which of the following statements regarding IBD is NOT true?
The goal of therapy is not to reduce symptoms, achieve and maintain remission and avoid complications.
Which of the following statements regarding IBD is true?
The goal of therapy is to reduce symptoms and achieve and maintain remission.
According to the American College of Rheumatology, there is a diagnostic criteria required on the classification scale. Which of the following statements is correct for a person to meet the criteria?
The person has a positive ESR, RF, CCP, and ANA tests (four points), and symptoms affecting the wrists, elbows, and shoulders (three points).
According to the American College of Rheumatology, there is a diagnostic criteria required on the classification scale. Which one of the following statements is incorrect for a person to meet the criteria?
The person has positive CRP and ESR tests (one point), symptoms lasting six weeks (one point), and symptoms affecting the ankles, wrists, and elbows (three points).
Atrial fibrillation is the most common tachyarrhythmia. Estimates of the prevalence of AFib in the United States range from about 2.7 million to 6.1 million. Which of the following statements is NOT true about AFib?
The rhythm in the atria is regular and more organized than the abnormal patterns common with AFL.
A person with rheumatoid arthritis will usually go through periods in which the disease flares up and causes worsening of symptoms. Which of the following statements is true?
The same joints on both sides are affected.
When a person develops leukemia, the stem cells become abnormal or cancerous and begin to multiply uncontrollably. Which of the following statements is NOT true?
These cancerous cells function properly.
Doctors can perform a rapid strep test, a throat culture, RADT, or request blood work to diagnose strep throat, which test is considered the gold standard diagnostic test?
Throat culture.
In cases where a provider may suspect strep throat, what type of simple laboratory test is performed?
Throat culture; RADT.
Ischemic strokes and TIAs are caused by a blockage or a blood clot. Which type of medication may be given to break up the clots?
Thrombolytic.
Which of the following statements is NOT true regarding CKD?
Treatment is aimed at stopping complications, and completely reversing the disease progression.
Which of the following test results would NOT be included as a disorder for a metabolic syndrome, which would make an individual a high risk for type 2 diabetes?
Triglyceride level under 150 mg/dL.
DSM-5 states that to be diagnosed with schizophrenia, a certain criteria must be met. Which of the following is NOT included in the criteria?
Two of the symptoms needs to be either delusions, hallucinations, or disorganized speech.
Which of the following pain relievers may be recommended for mild pain experienced with IBD?
Tylenol.
Which of the following statements is true regarding diabetes mellitus?
Type 2 diabetes is an insidious disease.
Which of the following statements is NOT true regarding diabetes mellitus?
Type 2 diabetes often occurs in people who are active and exercise on a daily basis.
The US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) has no screening recommendation for which ages?
Under the age of 21.
The length of the contagious period depends on the underlying condition. How long will a patient with a viral infection remain contagious?
Until the fever runs its course.
The length of the contagious period depends on the underlying condition. How long will a patient with strep throat remain contagious?
Until they have been on antibiotics for 24hrs.
Endoscopic procedures help confirm a diagnosis of IBD, along with imaging studies. Which type of endoscopic procedure is helpful to view the duodenum?
Upper endoscopy.
What is usually the cause of pharyngitis?
Upper respiratory infection.
Blood tests are kidney function tests that measure how well blood and waste products are being filtered by the kidneys. Which of the following is not a blood test that may be performed?
Urinalysis.
Primary care doctors may start medical management of BPH, but if urinary issues do not improve or if symptoms are severe, the patient will likely be referred to a:
Urologist.
Osteotomy is a procedure that may be performed on patients for osteoarthritis. Which of the following statements is NOT true about the procedure?
Used in inactive patients, over the age of 60 who have difficulty with physical activities.
Prostate cancer is a malignant tumor that arises when the cells in the prostate grow and multiply when they should not. The prostate is a ______ gland that sits at the base of the bladder in men.
Walnut-shaped
Some arrhythmias tend to happen at specific times or under certain circumstances, so the doctor will often ask when they occurred and what the patient was doing. Which of the following would the doctor probably NOT ask?
Were you eating at the time or had you just eaten?
Bone cartilage is a major component of bone and joint mechanics and health. Which of the following statements is true regarding bone cartilage?
When bone cartilage breaks down, it causes pain, swelling, and problems moving the joint.
During long periods of inactivity, gravity causes blood to stagnate in the lowest areas of the body. Which of the following is NOT considered to lead to the slowing of blood flow (stasis), which may lead to VTE?
When the lower extremities are vertical for long periods of time.
Which of the following statements is NOT true about IBD?
When there is little or no signs of inflammation, the individual is considered symptomatic.
Which of the following risk factors put women at a higher risk for breast cancer than other risk factors?
Women who have two first-degree relatives who were diagnosed with breast cancer.
Imaging procedures may be performed to get pictures of the affected joint. Which of the following will they reveal?
X-rays will show bone spurs around a joint indicating bone damage.
According to the American College of Rheumatology, a system has been created for classification of rheumatoid arthritis. What is primarily used to stage the classification of the disease?
X-rays.
A patient has diabetes and is at risk for CAD. Will taking Metformin help the patient's risk of CAD?
Yes, Metformin is a medication that helps control plaque buildup and reduce the risk of CAD.
The type of treatment recommended will depend on several factors, including the patient's age, overall health, comorbidities, location of affected joints, and severity of the condition. What is considered the first in treatment for all people with rheumatoid arthritis?
Yoga.
Early diagnosis and spirometry testing for COPD does not provide the possibility to:
change the clinical outlook.
The kidneys are a pair of ________ organs located in the retroperitoneal space at the bottom of the rib cage.
fist-sized
Emphysema occurs when _______.
the alveoli are damaged.
If conservative treatments do not work, providers may recommend surgery. Which of the following is NOT a surgery to help repair damaged joints?
Arthrocentesis.
Rheumatoid arthritis is the third most common type of arthritis and affects as much as one percent of the worldwide population. How many Americans does it affect?
1.5 million.
Rheumatoid arthritis causes disability and can increase mortality and decrease life expectancy. In general, while it isn't fatal, complications can shorten a person's life expectancy by around:
10 to 15 years.
Treatments for abuse and dependence have been shown to reduce AOD-associated morbidity and mortality, improve health, productivity, and social outcomes, and reduce health care spending. What percent of people with SUD receive treatment?
10-20 percent.
In atrial fibrillation, the heart rate ranges from:
100 to 175 bpm.
Schizophrenia is a severe chronic psychiatric disorder. Approximately how many people each year are newly diagnosed with this disease?
100,000 to 200,000.
IBD affects more than three million Americans. Each year, IBD accounts for how many hospitalizations?
100,000.
In Crohn's disease, the anatomic pattern of the disease tends to predict the type and extent of complications. With effective treatment what percentage of people will still have a chronically active disease?
11 percent.
The DSM-5 describes a problematic pattern of use of an intoxicating substance leading to clinically significant impairment or distress with 10 or 11 diagnostic criteria (depending on the substance) occurring within a:
12-month period.
Which of the following is considered a normal systolic BP reading?
120 mm Hg pressure of the blood against the arterial walls during contracts to pump blood out to the body.
It is imperative that people with schizophrenia work with a trained mental health professional or doctor to find a treatment plan that is easy to maintain and most helpful for them. Ten years after diagnosis, what percent of people are not better and are hospitalized?
15 percent.
People who have epilepsy are how many times more likely to drown while swimming or bathing than the rest of the population because of the possibility of having a seizure while in the water?
15 to 19 times.
Which of the following is considered a complication of COPD?
Acute Bronchitis; Pneumonia; Pulmonary Thromboembolism; Concomitant left ventricular failure.
Leukemia is classified based on its speed of progression and the type of cells involved. Which classification involves the immature blood cells that are released before they are fully functional?
Acute leukemia.
Which is the most common type of NSCLC?
Adenocarcinoma.
There are many types of prostate cancer. Which of the following is the most common?
Adenocarcinomas.
Psychotherapy can be an effective treatment for people with MDD. What does psychotherapy help someone with?
Adjust to a crisis or other current difficult/stressful event.
Which racial or ethnic group is hypertension more common in, especially at an early age?
African American.
Diagnosing hypertension is as simple as taking a BP reading. Most doctors' offices check blood pressure as part of a routine visit. How many consistent elevated BP readings are usually needed before a provider official diagnoses a person with hypertension?
After two to three elevated readings over several appointments.
Which type of medication reduces the nerve impulses to blood vessels and slow the heartbeat?
Alpha-beta blockers.
A patient who is diagnosed with bacterial pharyngitis and is NOT allergic to penicillin may be prescribed what type of antibiotic?
Amoxicillin.
Numerous different stimuli trigger mild to severe attacks in asthmatic patients. These stimuli vary with allergens ranging from:
Animal dander; Medications; Cold air.
Which of the following medications is considered the first line of defense against IBD symptoms?
Anti-inflammatory drug.
An inadequate blood supply to the heart or damage to heart tissue can interfere with the heart's electrical impulses. This is also known as:
Arrhythmia.
Which of the following terms is used to describe an abnormal heart rhythm or rate?
Arrhythmia.
Many people with rheumatoid arthritis also experience signs and symptoms that don't involve the joints. Which of the following is included in the non-structures?
Dry eyes.
Currently, schizophrenia cannot be cured, but the outlook for people suffering from this illness is continuously improving. Which of the following statements is NOT true?
Early onset of illness is associated with a good prognosis.
Other than taking medication and participating in therapy, what else can improve MDD symptoms?
Eating foods that contain a high level of omega-3 fatty acids.
Heart rhythm problems such as AFib and Aflutter have numerous testing options to assist the doctor in obtaining a proper diagnosis. Which test is the primary tool for diagnosing these conditions?
Electrocardiogram.
Which of the following procedures may be performed next if a colposcopy does not allow visual of the transformation zone?
Endocervical curettage.
While there are many different types of leukemia, the symptoms among these types can be similar. Leukemia symptoms are often vague and non-specific. Which of the following is NOT considered a symptom of leukemia?
Enlargement of the pancreas and appendix.
While the exact cause of rheumatoid arthritis has not been identified, researchers do know that it is the result of an autoimmune response. Which of the following statements is true?
Individuals may have a certain gene that is activated by emotional stress.
Which of the following statements is true regarding IBD symptoms?
IBD can cause problems such as skin, joint, and eye inflammation.
Pharmacologic therapy varies can include the use of a single medication or a combination of two or more. Which type is considered to be the most effective for controlling asthma?
ICS.
What type of therapy is used to specifically target a patient's immune system in advanced cancer?
Immunotherapy.
PE blood clots most commonly from the deep veins of the legs and are caused by:
Inactivity; Chemotherapy; Vascular injuries.
Certain foods and beverages can aggravate a patient's sign and symptoms. Which of the following is NOT recommended to reduce flares?
Increase dairy products.