AAST 100

The Nadir

Jim Crow - In the late 19th century, this expanding system of spatial and physical racial separation in public transportation and elsewhere came to be called Jim Crow, after a popular minstrel show character that ridiculed black people. Plessy v. Ferguson 1896 - the court declared Louisiana's Separate Car Act constitutional and established the separate but equal legal doctrine that would protect segregation for more than half a century. Imperialism - as European nations built vast colonial empires in Africa and Asia to gain raw materials and markets for their industrial products. Scientific racism - Races evolve unequally was borrowed from Charles Darwin and mapped onto scientific ideas about the racial order of society. Social Darwinism - Supported the economic and social order, in which blacks were deemed fit only for field work, hard labor, and domestic service. Progressivism - a reform movement that sought to cleanse politics of corruption and bring efficiency to American political life. White Primary - a primary election that effectively excluded blacks - southern Democrats selected the white candidates who would run on their slate in the general election. Wilmington Insurrection - whites killed scores of blacks and destroyed black property, including the premises of the Daily Record. Lynching - the public murder, often a hanging, of an individual by a mob acting outside the law. Ida B. Wells - anti-lynching activist "Red Record" 1895 - lynching statistics and the alleged causes of lynching. Booker T. Washington "Up from slavery" - Rising up from being a slave child in the civil war and getting an education after. 1881 Tuskeegee - Booker T. Washington founded this institute for the African Americans in order to seek leadership. 1895 Atlanta Compromise - blacks would work and submit to white political rule, southern whites guaranteed blacks to receive a basic education. American Negro Academy - Focused on humanities and human rights, pro-immigration NACW 1896 - determined not only to defend the honor of black women but also to advance the cause of their race. Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin, Mary Church Terrell (founders of NAACP) Uplift - the notion that blacks themselves must take primary responsibility for black progress. Debt Peonage 1877 - tactic in racism and economy 3rd party that had a contract agreement for prison system, corporation (convict leasing) Migration/Exodus - New South: Nashville, DC, Atlanta. Mound Bayou, MS 1890-1915 - own manufacturing of cotton, timber, corn, own banks, public/private schools, independent churches. Ezpized armed resistance in Mississippi. Respectability Politics - 1. Distance from stereotypes 2. Integrated emulate white middle-class values, escaping racism, and justice. 1st Professional Blues Singers - Ma Rainey, Bessie Smith Black Vaudeville 1880s-1930s - stage performance of music and dance chitlin circuit provided a vehicle for vaudeville, George Walker, Burt Williams, performed Blackface Jazz performances. Race Men and Race Women - Public spokesperson for the race Booker T. Washington - "Up from Slavery" Race Men Booker T. Washington (1856-1915) - Becomes power influential figure started from the bottom and moved up. Atlanta Compromise speech. Anti agitation, self-help Race Women Margaret Murray Washington (1865-1925) - Founded black school, early figure. Was a suffragist after Washington's death. W.E.B Du Bois - Opposite of Washington's believes. exceptional negro, bright, pro-agitation, found Niagra movement, and NAACP. A great example of Scholar Civic Activist. Anna Julia Cooper (1812 - 1885) - Ph.D. from Paris, "Voice from the South" emphasis African American women in black progress. William Delaney (1812-1885) - Father of Black nationalism, African American people in national terms. Edward Blyden (1832-1912) - Father of Pan-Africanism is a global solidarity of people in African descent. Manifest Destiny - expansion of the U.S. Spanish American War - to force out Spain. Puerto Rico, Guam became under U.S. territory destiny for America to gain land "white man's burden." Accommodation - working within the racial status quo, including segregation - an approach that Washington publicly urged. Pan-Africanism - the notion, held by those both within and outside the African continent, of a shared global sense of African identity as well as an abiding concern for the welfare of Africans everywhere.

Black Freedom, White Freedom, and Jeffersonian Democracy

Cash crops - Readily salable crops grown for commercial sale and export rather than local use. Northwest Ordinance - An act of the Confederation Congress organizing the region known as the Old Northwest, which included U.S. territories north of the Ohio River and east of the Mississippi River. Slavery was banned in these territories. prohibited slavery in this region. Three-fifths Compromise - A compromise between the Nothern and Southern states, reached during the constitutional convention, establishing that three-fifths of each states slave population would be counted in determining federal taxes and representation in the House of Representatives. Fugitive slave clause - The constitutional clause permitting slave owners of any state to retrieve their fugitive slaves from any other state. Louisiana Purchase 1803 - The federal government's purchase of Louisiana from France, which doubled the size of the United States and fostered the spread of slavery. Mutual Aid Society - An organization or voluntary association in which members agreed to assist one another in securing benefits such as insurance. Bobalition - A rendition of the word abolition, based on what whites heard as a mispronunciation by blacks. It was used on broadsides and in newspapers to mock free black celebrations of abolition. Colonization - The idea that blacks should be sent back to Africa or moved to another territory outside the United States. 1790 Naturalism Act - The nation's first immigration law, which instituted a two-year residency requirement for immigrants who wished to become U.S. citizens and limited naturalization to free white people. Law - banning of slavery north states 1776-78 - all but 3/13 colonial states, banned importation but didn't ban transportation. Black Laws 1804 - Laws adopted in some midwestern states requiring all free black residents to supply legal proof of their free status and post a cash bond of up to $1,000 to guarantee their good behavior. Cotton Gin - Increased slave productivity for cotton, made cotton most popular more barrels produced. 1-2 pounds a day before cotton gin, 50 pounds a day after. Virginia and Southern states created a new frontier. Free African Society - Black Institutions Absalom Jones, Richard Allen. Provided medical care for yellow fever. AME churches project for educating slaves. War of 1812 - Second war American independence 4,000 African Americans will gain freedom.

Reconstruction 1865-1877

Historically black colleges and universities AME(HBCU)- reflected their founders' goals, giving great emphasis to religious instruction, Christian morality, and hard work, as well as academic and vocational training. Sharecropping - arrangments under which farmers worked the land for a share of the crop, typically one-third or one-half. Crop lien - African Americans had to borrow against anticipated harvests for seed and supplies. Convict lease- system generated income for southern states, but it forced prisoners to work under conditions that blatantly disregarded their human rights. Black codes - enforced the labor contracts that once again bound freedpeople, who had few other options, to the land. The codes mandated strict obedience to white employees and set work hours, usually sunup to sundown. Frances Ellen Watkins Harper - abolitionist, Her well-written poems all addressed Reconstruction. The Fisk Jubilee Singers - First black musical group to sing spirituals for a national and international audience. Founded in 1866. They go on tour in order to raise money for school. They arranged spirituals. (HBCU) Black Reconstruction - black men were able to vote in the South and to participate in politics. Civil Rights Act of 1866 - This act defined U.S. citizenship for the first time and affirmed that all citizens were equally protected by the laws. Reconstruction Amendments - 13th Amendment 1864: Abolish Slavery except for crim and punishment. 14th Amendment 1868: Granted Citizenship equal protection of the laws to all citizens. All people born in the U.S. are citizens. 15th Amendment 1869: Ballot, Vote: Black male suffrage. The right of citizens of the U.S. to vote shall not be denied. Reconstruction Act of 1867 - southern states to the Union. Lincoln 1865- Death of Lincoln Baptists - Black Women's club movement, organizing of black feminism. Union League 1862 - build support for the Republican Party and sent representatives to the South after the war. Civil Rights Act of 1875 - required equal treatment in public accommodations and on public conveyances regardless of race. Black mutual aid societies - Clinics, Hospitals, Schools. KKK 1865 - Organized in pulaski Tennesee, night riders conducted raids at night. Targeted African Americans. THE BLUES: Emerged in Mississippi Delta, response from Black working class to the sharecropping regime. EPISTEMOLOGY - part of a long-standing tradition (way of knowing) labeled of Folk, Spirituals, Field howlers, work songs, call and response. Ma Rainer, Bessie Smith Exodusters 1879 - Migrants who left south to create Kansas. Black Buffalo Soldiers - soldiers who were previously apart of USCT. They were brave. American equal rights association 1866 - equal rights for African Americans. Black suffrage but also pro-woman rights, black male voting rights. 1869 Colored National Labor Union - Improve the quality of life and working conditions for its members. Knights of Labor - Premise was to advocate the working man. 1881 - "washing amazons" - Atlanta Georgia. Compromise 1877 - Democrats deal for republicans

The Civil War 1861-1865

National Negro convention movement - a series of national, regional, and local conventions, starting in 1830, where black leaders addressed the concerns of free and enslaved blacks. Started by Richard Allen. 1. Right to education 2. Questioned moral suasion of abolitionism 3. end to fugitive slave law 4. Right to employment 5. Cooperative economic enterprising. Abolitionism 1808 - abolish slavery Frederick Douglass 1847 - "North Star" - Anti-slavery newspaper. William Lloyd Garrison 1845 - Abolitionist paper American Colonization Society 1816 - Quakers, Methodists, slave rebellions on freedom. Population increase 13-22 million immigrants immigrated to U.S. Crania Americana 1839 - Europeans most brain capacity, Africans the least brain capacity. Moral Suasion - A primary strategy in the abolitionist movement that relied on vigorous appeals to the nation's moral and Christian conscience. Aimed to convince the white majority that slavery and the oppression of free blacks were immoral, offensive to god, and contrary to the nation's ideals. Sojurner Truth - first black woman to sue for custody of son. 1851 - "Ain't I a woman". Wilmont Proviso - A controversial congressional proposal that sought to prohibit slavery in the new territories gains as a result of the Mexican American War. Although it did not pass the Senate, it sparked angry debate between the North and South. Compromise of 1850 - A compromise aimed at reducing sectional tensions by admitting California as a free state; permitting the question of slavery to be settled by popular sovereignty in New Mexico and Utah Territories; abolishing the slave trade in the District of Colombia; resolving the Texas debt issue; and enacting a new fugitive slave law. Popular Sovereignty - An approach to resolving the question of whether to allow slavery in new states by letting residents of the territories decide. Fugitive Slave Act 1850 - Part of the Compromise of 1850, this law strengthened federal authority over fugitive slaves. Made it easier for fugitive slaves to be captured and returned to their owners by strengthening federal authority over the capture and return of runaway slaves. Personal liberty laws - A series of state laws in the North aimed at preventing the return of fugitive slaves to the south. Vigilance committees - Groups led by free blacks and their allies in the North to assist fugitive slaves. An aboveground arm of the underground railroad, assisted arriving fugitives by providing temporary shelter, food, clothing, and sometimes legal assistance and jobs. Civil disobedience - refusal to obey a law that one considers unjust - a form of protest with a long history among African Americans. Uncle Tom's Cabin - Novel by Harriet Beecher Stowe that portrayed the horrors of slavery, boosted the abolitionist cause, and angered the proslavery South. Kansas-Nebraska Act 1854 - A law that allowed the residents of Kansas and Nebraska Territories to decide whether slavery should be allowed. Dred Scott v. Sanford 1857 - a slave was not entitled to sue in the Missouri courts and was not free even though he had been taken into a free territory; that no person of African descent could be a citizen; that slaves were property; and that Congress had no authority to regulate slavery in the territories. Black nationalism - the belief that African Americans were a nation within a nation that required self-determination John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry 1859 - An unsuccessful attempt by the white abolitionsit John Brown to seize the federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Virginia, and incite a slave insurrection. Bleeding Kansas 1854-1861 - Bloodiest battle fight between anti/pro slavery people on kansas to see what kansas will become Contraband - confiscated Confederate property. First Confiscation Act 1861 - authorized the confiscation of slaves as Confederate property. Causes of the Civil War 1. Slavery 2. Economic 3. Federal vs. State's Rights 4. Election of Abraham Lincoln 5. Fort Sumter Port Royal Experiment (1861-1862) - former slaves designated contrabands and began working the abandoned cotton plantations under the supervision of Union military officials. They organized their own time and labor, received wages, and sold surplus crops. Located in Georgia Sea Islands, South Carolina, Florida, Georgia, shipping port for Confederates. 10,000 slaved Africans left behind. Property seized of war. 90,000lbs of cotton for 400lbs a dollar. Second Confiscation Act 1862 - declared freedom for all slaves employed in the rebellion and for refugee slaves able to make it to Union-controlled territory. Preliminary Emancipation Proclamation 1862 - This proclamation gave the Confederates one hundred days until January 1, 1863, to cease their rebellion. Emancipation Proclamation 1863 - This proclamation referenced the preliminary one, with its determination to free the slaves in states or parts of states still in rebellion against the United States as of January 1, and then listed the regions in which the slaves would be forever free. U.S. Colored Troops 1863 - Frederick Douglass stepped up his efforts to promote black military service, emphasizing its links with citizenship. Robert Gould Shaw, colonel of the Fifty-Fourth Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry Regiment, raised by abolitionists. First black unit organized. Martin R. Delany - Union military's highest-ranking African American. Recruited black soldiers. New York City draft riots - roving white mobs, including large numbers of criminals and Irish working-class men, turned to ransacking black neighborhoods. Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction 1863 - Lousiana, large stretches along the Mississippi River, and areas of Tennessee and Arkansas were in Union hands. 1st South Carolina Volunteers - 2 black women: Suzie King Taylor - started a school in the Sea Islands and served as a teacher, nurse, and laundress for the all-black Thirty-Third U.S. Colored Troops. Harriet Tubman - Combahee River. Wade-Davis Bill 1864 - challenged the president's authority. This bill required that before a state government could be reestablished, a majority of the state's white males citizens had to take an ironclad oath that they had never supported the Confederacy. Elizabeth Keckley - achieved economic success, she was an abolitionist, founder of the Contraband Relief Association, a member of Washington's black elite, and a noted memoirist. Special Field Order 15 1865 - General Sherman granted confiscated and abandoned Confederate land to former slaves. Freedmen's Bureau 1865 - The federal agency created to aid freedpeople in their transition to freedom. Thirteenth Amendment - abolished slavery everywhere in the Union, and sent it to the states for ratification. National Equal Rights League - league emphasized moral reform and self-help, aiming to encourage sound morality, education, temperance, frugality, industry, and promote everything that pertains to a well-ordered and dignified life.

Black Bondage and the American Revolution

Negro Election Day - Africans and African Americans in the North united across cultural and linguistic divides in a boisterous annual celebration. Festivals mocked political process (parades). West African culture, conjuring magic. Conjure - Traditional African folk magic in which men and women called conjurers draw on the powers of the spirit world to influence human affairs. Gullah - A creole language composed of a blend of West African languages and English. Gullah Culture - Africanisms - consciousness, and culture. New world (African culture) language, cuisine, manufacturing, had its own spirituality. Some Christian theology. Great Awakening (Black culture) - A multidenominational series of evangelical religious revivals that took place in North America between the 1730s and the 1780s. Puritans arrived with ideas with enlightened human and liberty and freedom, arrived with chosenness. American project was chosen. Intelectual religion not emotional. African Americans participate in revivals. Africans take Christianity as a spiritual movement. African Americans established first churches. Hoped Africans would be more productive. Houses of refuge and resistance. African language, a colonial power. New lights - Protestant ministers who, during the Great Awakening, challenged traditional religious practices by delivering emotional sermons that urged listeners to repent and find salvation in Christ. Evil Landing - Africans landed on the coast of Georgia. Phillis Wheatly (1753-1784) - enslaved African that learned to write poetry after her owner taught her to read the Bible. Published her first book of poems in London at age 20. Afro-Christianity - north and south inspired by great awakening. 10-15% Africans Power of Ashé - make things happen. Magic - Application, a practice of Root doctors.

Bondage in North America

Quakers - Member of the egalitarian English Protestant sect also known as the Religious Society of Friends. Code Noir - Slave code used in France's New World colonies. TransAtlantic Slave Trade 16th-19th Century - 1492 Columbus, race and capale, doctrine and practice (power carried out) The middle passage - The Amistad, Slave Ship zong Middle Passage trophs - water, ships - incubators for alternative community. Linked fate: "lgbo/Ebo landing", The sea will take us home, sea is not the enemy. Exile- Diaspora Bondage - Estate - "property", punishment, Religion, inequality, Race/Power- Negro, law colony colonized by puritans city on a hill. divine democracy Drivers - supervised slaves enforcing them, created a Hierarchy. Country marks - scaring cheek, forehead denoted African history, country mark Craftmanship - built quarters according to architectural community

Black Patriots

Somerset case - A British legal case that freed an American slave named James Somerset and inspired other slaves to sue for their freedom. Freedom suits - Legal actions by which slaves sought to achieve freedom in British and American courts. Habeas Corpus - A feature of English common law that protects prisoners from being detained without trial. Translated literally, the Latin phrase means " you should have the body." Loyalists - Colonists who remained loyal to Britain during the American Revolution. Lord Dunmore's Proclamation 1775 - A document issued by Virginia's royal governor John Murray, the Earl of Dunmore, in November 1775, offering freedom to "rebel" slaves who joined his forces. Southern Strategy - An unsuccessful British military plan, adopted in late 1778, that was designed to defeat the Patriots by recapturing the American South. American Revolution 1765-1783 - chosenness and liberty, helped will to disconnect the crown/England. Reject connection to crown, independence from Britain. Independence from British parliament. Black Loyalists - Boston King, seeking freedom, commit to English side to negotiate freedom.

Black Resistance and Revolution in the Antebellum South

The Haitian Revolution (1791-1804) Inspired the slaves internationally as it was the first successful slave revolt, created hope for international slaves. Gabriel Prosser 1800 - enslaved blacksmith who planned a large slave rebellion in the Richmond area in the summer of 1800, but was postponed due to rain. Denmark Vesey 1822 - Denmark Vesey created a plot in order to rebel Charleston South Carolina, he planned over a year recruiting men and locating weapons. Vesey was a lay preacher in an AME church where he planned his plot at religious classes. The plan failed as two slaves told the plan to their owners. Gullah Jack helped Vesey in his plan. Gullah Jack - created charms Richmond Virginia to revolt. David Walker's Appeal 1829 (abolitionist) - wrote an appeal to the colored citizens of the world, a call for black unity and self-help in the fight against oppression and injustice. Appalled by the ACS, viewing colonization as a doctrine designed to perpetuate slavery by banishing free blacks. Convinced that all blacks should fight for freedom within the United States. Nat Turner 1831 - Led one of bloodiest slave rebellions in American history. Created the Second Great Awakening. Turner had men that would move from plantation to plantation in order to free slaves, he would kill off the white men and women. Each time his force grew. They were tracked down after two days, but this event made whites fear with their lives. Harriet Tubman created the TRUANT - a slave who absconded for a matter of days, weeks, or sometimes months. In order to avoid punishment. Slaves also would often hide in local swamps or woods. This form of resistance was called LYING OUT. Frederick Douglass, William Wells Brown, and Harriet Tubman, went on to provide eloquent testimony about the brutality of slavery and become among the nation's most influential antislavery activists. Soloman Northup wrote an autobiography "Twelve years a slave" wrote about his difficulties living as a slave, and how he had to figure out whom to trust and mail his letters. NORTH STAR the uneducated slaves were guided by the north star while traveling away from slavery. 1848 Ellen and William craft played a role as a sick elderly white plantation owner and a young invalid faithful attendant in order to evade detection. Henry "Box" Brown - shipped himself to philadelphia in a crate as it showed the creativity he had in order to become free showed how determined he was. UNDERGROUND RAILROAD - A network of black and white antislavery activists who routinely sheltered escaped slaves. Invisible Church - Slave Christianity stressed the equality of all men under God, drawing on the bible as inspiration for spirituals that expressed slaves' own humanity, capacity of freedom, and hope of justice for an oppressed people. Ring shout - In this form of worship, congregants formed a circle and moved counterclockwise while shuffling their feet, clapping, singing, calling out, or praying aloud.