Abdomen Final
AAA (abdominal aortic aneurysm) is diagnosed when the intra-luminal diameter measures greater than : A. 10 cm B. 3 cm C. 7 cm D. 5 cm
3 cm
AAA (abdominal aortic aneurysm) is diagnosed when the intra-luminal diameter measures greater than : A. 3 cm B. 7 cm C. 10 cm D. 5 cm
3 cm
Gallbladder wall measurement must be less than ______ mm
3 mm
The normal gallbladder wall should measure no more than: A. 4 mm B. 2 cm C. 3 cm D. 3 mm
3mm
Normal prostate dimensions
4 x 3 x 4 cm
In the normal adult, whose age is less than 60 and whose gall bladder is in place, the intraluminal diameter of the common hepatic duct should not exceed the measurement of: A. 4 mm B. 2 mm C. 6 mm D. 8 mm
6 mm
In the normal adult, whose age is less than 60 and whose gall bladder is in place, the intraluminal diameter of the common hepatic duct should not exceed the measurement of: A. 4 mm B. 6 mm C. 2 mm D. 8 mm
6mm
The diameter of the CHD should measure less than:
6mm
Couinaud's anatomy divides the liver into __________segments
8
An adult kidney which measures less than _______ is indicative of renal failure. A. 8 cm B. 7 cm C. 9 cm D. 6 cm
8 cm
Which of the following renal masses is the most acoustically reflective hyperechoic lesion in the renal parenchyma? A. Hemangioma B. Angiomyolipoma C. Fibroma D. Oncocytoma
Angiomyolipoma
vessels that divide the cortex and medulla of the kidney
Arcuate
The most common cause for abdominal aortic aneurysm is: A. Cystic medical necrosis B. Arteriosclerosis C. Syphilis D. Atheroma
Arteriosclerosis
Asplenia is associated with: A. Bilateral right sidedness B. Bilateral left sidedness
Bilateral right sidedness
Cholangitis refers to inflammation of the: A. Choledochal cyst B. Gallbladder C. Bile duct D. Bladder
Bile duct
The superior vena cava is formed by the junction of the: A. Brachiocephalic veins B. External jugular veins C. Subclavian veins D. Internal jugular veins
Brachiocephalic veins
Flash artifact is associated with: A. Color related to tissue motion B. Diaphragm interface C. Wraparound D. Decreased respiration
Color related to tissue motion
located between the medullary pyramids
Columns of bertin
adrenal glands are located laterally to the crus of the __________
Diaphragm
What definition describes a posterior urethral valve? A. Cyst-like, thin-walled masses, inward projections B. Eversion through anterior abdominal wall C. Thin-walled fluid-filled masses, outward projections D. Dilated and elongated prostatic urethra
Dilated and elongated prostatic urethra
What definition describes a posterior urethral valve? A. Eversion through anterior abdominal wall B. Cyst-like, thin-walled masses, inward projections C. Dilated and elongated prostatic urethra D. Thin-walled fluid-filled masses, outward projections
Dilated and elongated prostatic urethra
What is a choledochal cyst? A. Dilated extrahepatic duct B. Inspissated bile C. Necrotic tumor of the gallbladder D. Bile duct calculi
Dilated extrahepatic duct
What entity is associated with sinus lipomatosis? A. Duplicated central renal sinus B. Lymphadenopathy C. Enlargement of the sinus area D. Hydronephrosis
Enlargement of the sinus area
hormone created in the adrenal medulla
Epinephrine
connects liver to anterior abdominal wall, echogenic pyramid on ultrasound
Falciformligament
innermost tissue layer of the kidney
Fibrous capsule
drain the liver of oxygenated blood, interhepatic
Hepaticveins
A four year old patient presents with weight loss, hepatomegaly and increased AFP. What is the most likely diagnosis? A. Metastatic lesion B. HCC C. Lipoma D. Hepatoblastoma
Hepatoblastoma
functional liver cell
Hepatocyte
What can be excluded when the patient presents with a normal thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) level? A. Hypothyroidism B. Thyroid cyst C. Parathyroid adenoma D. Acute thyroiditis
Hypothyroidism
texture of the spleen when compared to the liver
Isoechoic
A tumor at the union of the right and left hepatic ducts is known as: A. Klatskin tumor B. Addison's tumor C. Caroli's tumor D. Courvoisier's tumor
Klatskin tumor
Intrahepatic ductal dilatation with normal extrahepatic ducts is characteristic of which of the following? A. Caroli's disease B. Cholangiocarcinoma C. cholangitis D. Klatskin's tumor
Klatskin's tumor
work in reticuloendothelial function
Kupffercells
divides the medial and lateral segments of the liver (abbreviation)
LHV
The most common collaterals in Portal Hypertension are: A. Retroperitoneal and short gastric veins B. Left gastric and paraumbilical veins C. Splenoperitoneal and retroperitoneal veins D. Splenorenal and omental veins
Left gastric and paraumbilical veins
The majority of primary retroperitoneal tumors (which are not associated with an organ) are malignant. Which is an example of a retroperitoneal tumor? A. Leiomyosarcoma B. Hepatoma C. hematoma D. Adenocarcinoma
Leiomyosarcoma
obliterated umbilical vein
Ligamentum teres
remnant of the ductus venosus
Ligamentumvenosum
What thin, tendinous structure connects the two rectus abdominis muscles at the midline? A. Internal oblique B. Tranversus abdominis C. Ligamentum teres D. Linea alba
Linea alba
A fluid collection that tends to occur 2 to 6 weeks post-transplantation and is associated with a decrease in renal function rather than an acute decrease in urine output: A. Lymphocele B. Abscess C. Urinoma D. Seroma
Lymphocele
runs from the right portal vein to the gallbladder fossa
Mainlobarfissure
converge to form the renal pelvis
Major calyces
What anomalous condition occurs if the allantoic canal remains open and results in a communication channel between the bladder and the umbilicus? A. Patent or persistent urachus B. Distal ureteral obstruction C. Exstrophy D. Posterior urethral valves
Patent or persistent urachus
lies anterior to the IVC and posterior to the common bile duct
Portalvein
When would the sonographer NOT be able to image a thickened gallbladder wall? A. With cholecystitis B. In the presence of ascites C. After prolonged fasting D. Postcholecystectomy
Postcholecystectomy
What is the most common primary tumor to metastasize to the testis? A. Lung B. Colon C. Kidney D. Prostate
Prostate
left branch of the celiac trunk
Splenic artery
disease process causing enlargement of the spleen
Splenomegaly
three kidneys
Supernumerary
junction between the ureter and renal pelvis
Ureteropelvictubular
junction between the ureter and bladder
Ureterovesical
kidneys produce _________
Urine
Which sonographic technique is used to document a varicocele? A. Expiration B. Quiet respiration C. Valsalva maneuver D. Inspiration
Valsalva maneuver
Which of the following lab values is most specific for HCC of the liver? A. blood urea nitrogen B. alkaline phosphatase C. alpha-fetoprotein D. bilirubin
alpha-fetoprotein
_______ of Vater
ampulla
The CBD is joined by the main pancreatic duct. Together they open through the _______.
ampulla of vater
All of the following are tests used to evaluate the liver except: A. SGOT B. prothombin time C. bilirubin D. amylase
amylase
Digestive enzyme found in the urine of patients with pancreatitis
amylase
Serous fluid is: A. Anechoic B. Inhomogenous C. Complex D. Echogenic
anechoic
A common echogenic benign solid mass of the kidney is: A. hemangioma B. lymphoma C. neuroblastoma D. angiomyolipoma
angiomyolipoma
A common echogenic benign solid mass of the kidney is: A. lymphoma B. hemangioma C. angiomyolipoma D. neuroblastoma
angiomyolipoma
Which of the following is characteristic of an extrahepatic mass? A. external bulging of liver capsule B. anterior displacement of right kidney C. displacement of hepatic radicles D. anteromedial displacement of IVC
anteromedial displacement of IVC
In the acute phase of testicular torsion, the testicles appear: A. small and echogenic B. normal size with large epididymis C. enlarged with decreased echogenicity D. hypoechoic with increased blood flow
enlarged with decreased echogenicity
A 31 year old male patient presents with pain, fever, dysuria and a history of UTI. What is the most likely diagnosis based on the following image? A. orchitis B. spermatocele C. epididymitis D. varicocele
epididymitis
The most common intrascrotal inflammation is: A. Orchitis B. spermatocele C. epididymitis D. varicocele
epididymitis
The most common intrascrotal inflammation is: A. epididymitis B. varicocele C. Orchitis D. spermatocele
epididymitis
A problem that is bacterial or viral in origin that affects some adolescent and middle age men is A. epididymo-orchitis B. an epididymal cyst C. testiculitis D. a spermatocele
epididymo-orchitis
Neoplasm of which origin comprise the largest group of pancreatic tumors? A. Lymphomas B. Lipomas C. Exocrine D. Endocrine
exocrine
Secretions into a duct
exocrine
The appearance of protruding, staring eyes with decreased movement is known as A. cutaneous manifestation B. hyperthalmos C. amaurosis fugax D. exophthalmos
exophthalmos
The most common primary of metastatic disease to the biliary system via blood or lymphatic routes is: A. ulcerative colitis B. melanoma C. pancreatitis D. pancreatic carcinoma
melanoma
A congenital anomaly that occurs in male fetuses is: A. ureterocele B. posterior urethral valves C. ureteropelvic junction obstruction D. bladder diverticulum
posterior urethral valves
A urinary tract congenital anomaly specific to males would be: A. ureterocele B. posterior urethral valves C. urachal cysts D. diverticula
posterior urethral valves
Pyonephrosis refers to the: A. presence of urine in a dilated collected system B. presence of pus in a dilated collecting system C. presence of a perinephric abscess D. presence of blood in the collecting system
presence of pus in a dilated collecting system
Most common midline pelvic cystic mass in males:
prostatic utricle cysts
A non-encapsulated collection of necrotic and edematous peripancreatic tissue is termed: A. hematoma B. phlegmon C. cystadenoma D. pseudocyst
pseudocyst
A non-encapsulated collection of necrotic and edematous peripancreatic tissue is termed: A. hematoma B. phlegmon C. pseudocyst D. cystadenoma
pseudocyst
Portal hypertension is often accompanied by all of the following except: A. esophageal varices B. recanalization of the ligamentum arteriosum C. recanalization of the ligamentum teres D. splenomegaly
recanalization of the ligamentum arteriosum
Portal hypertension is often accompanied by all of the following except: A. recanalization of the ligamentum teres B. recanalization of the ligamentum arteriosum C. splenomegaly D. esophageal varices
recanalization of the ligamentum arteriosum
If a patient has choledocholithiasis which of the following may be dilated? A. the duodenum B. the duct of santorini C. the pancreatic duct D. the common hepatic duct
the common hepatic duct
Which of the following statements regarding gallstones is false? A. the majority of gallstones cause symptoms B. the prevalence of gallstones is higher in females than males C. the majority of stones in the US are made up of cholesterol D. abnormal gallbladder emptying and altered absorption are precursors to stone formation
the majority of gallstones cause symptoms
Which of the following statements regarding gallstones is false? A. the prevalence of gallstones is higher in females than males B. the majority of stones in the US are made up of cholesterol C. abnormal gallbladder emptying and altered absorption are precursors to stone formation D. the majority of gallstones cause symptoms
the majority of gallstones cause symptoms
Ureteral jets are: A. the result of urine being sprayed into the static urine of the bladder from the ureters B. a pathologic condition C. a rare occurrence D. caused by reflux of urine
the result of urine being sprayed into the static urine of the bladder from the ureters
number of adrenal arteries
three
number of anatomic lobes in the liver
three
Budd Chiari is: A. thrombosis or occlusion of the portal veins & IVC B. thrombosis or occlusion of the hepatic artery & IVC C. thrombosis or occlusion of the hepatic artery & veins D. thrombosis or occlusion of the hepatic veins & IVC
thrombosis or occlusion of the hepatic veins & IVC
Budd Chiari is: A. thrombosis or occlusion of the portal veins & IVC B. thrombosis or occlusion of the hepatic artery & veins C. thrombosis or occlusion of the hepatic veins & IVC D. thrombosis or occlusion of the hepatic artery & IVC
thrombosis or occlusion of the hepatic veins & IVC
What is the best diagnosis if the sonographic features include an irregular, solid, uneven, neovascular, hypoechoic mass with internal echoes within the walls of a normal-sized thyroid gland? A. Thyroid carcinoma B. Multinodular activity C. Thyroid adenoma D. Goiter
thyroid carcinoma
What is the most likely diagnosis if a patient presents with a cold thyroid nodule on a technetium-99m (Tc-99m) radioiodine scintigraphy examination and the sonography examination demonstrates an anechoic circular area with smooth sharp borders and good through transmission? A. Calcified thyroid adenoma B. Thyroid adenoma C. Goiter D. Thyroid cyst
thyroid cyst
Hashimoto's disease is a type of chronic A. pancreatitis B. orchitis C. hepatitis D. thyroiditis
thyroiditis
Clinical findings of acute scrotal pain, nausea and vomiting are suggestive of A. epididymitis B. a neoplasm C. torsion D. orchitis
torsion
Enzyme responsible for breaking down proteins
trypsin
Portion of the pancreas posterior to the SMV
unincate process
Which of the following is an intrinsic cause of unilateral hydronephrosis? A. enlarged prostate B. pelvic mass C. ureter calculi D. neurogenic bladde
ureter calculi
Gallbladder sludge is composed of all the following except: A. uric acid B. cholesterol crystals C. thick bile D. calcium bilirubinate granules
uric acid
Multinodular goiter is best described below as A. uniform homogeneous enlargement of the thyroid gland B. very highly vascular with thyroid inferno C. chronic inflammatory process D. mild enlargement with fever and pain
very highly vascular with thyroid inferno
Name the most easily injured organ: A. Liver B. Spleen C. Kidneys D. Pancreas
Spleen
The WES triad relates to examination with contracted or nonvisualized gallbladders. The acronym WES stands for: A. "wall-edema-sludge" B. "wall-echo-stone" C. "wide-echo-shadow" D. "wall-echo-shadow"
"wall-echo-shadow"
Normal GB wall thickness is approximately:
1-3mm
The long axis measurement of the spleen on an average sized adult should not measure more than ______. A. 20 cm. B. 9 cm. C. 15 cm. D. 13 cm.
13 cm
The long axis measurement of the spleen on an average sized adult should not measure more than ______. A. 9 cm. B. 15 cm. C. 13 cm. D. 20 cm.
13 cm
Hepatomegaly is diagnosed when the liver length measures greater than: A. 17 mm B. 13 cm C. 17 cm D. 15 cm
17cm
How many zones is the prostate divided into? A. 6 B. 5 C. 3 D. 2
3
What is the primary adult malignant tumor of the liver? A. Hemangioma B. Hepatoma C. Adenoma D. Hepatoblastoma
hepatoma
LFT that is most specific for liver (Abbreviation)
ALT
congenital variant of the spleen usually found near the hilum
Accessoryspleen
If a 53-year-old woman presents with the most common solid thyroid mass sonographically identified as well circumscribed, an oval contour, and a halo effect, what is the most likely diagnosis? A. Hemorrhage B. Goiter C. Adenoma D. Carcinoma
Adenoma
Which of the following is a benign lesion of the thyroid? A. medulloma B. Papilloma C. adenocarcinoma D. Adenoma
Adenoma
In chronic viral hepatitis, hepatomegaly and inhomogenous, patchy or diffuse increases in echogenicity are common and related to the: A. Amount of fibrosis present B. Amount of portal hypertension C. Amount of fatty infiltration and fibrosis present D. Amount of vascular compression
Amount of fatty infiltration and fibrosis present
In chronic viral hepatitis, hepatomegaly and inhomogenous, patchy or diffuse increases in echogenicity are common and related to the: A. Amount of fibrosis present B. Amount of vascular compression C. Amount of fatty infiltration and fibrosis present D. Amount of portal hypertension
Amount of fatty infiltration and fibrosis present
What is the most common prostate condition found in men over the age of 50? A. BPH B. Orchitis C. Prostatitis D. Prostate carcinoma
BPH
lab value associated with kidneys
BUN
rests directly against the diaphragm
Barearea
Formed by the common hepatic duct and the cystic duct
CBD
Formed by right and left hepatic ducts
CHD
fusion of entire length of medial surfaces of the kidney; found in the pelvis
Cakekidney
Which area is primarily affected as benign prostatic hypertrophy progresses? A. Central zone B. Peripheral zone C. Fibromuscular stroma D. Transitional zone
Central zone
The type of neoplasm that arises from the bile ducts to account for 10% of all primary liver cancers is: A. Cholangiocarcinoma B. Cholangiosarcoma C. Cholangiolipoma D. Cholangioma
Cholangiocarcinoma
The type of neoplasm that arises from the bile ducts to account for 10% of all primary liver cancers is: A. Cholangiolipoma B. Cholangiocarcinoma C. Cholangioma D. Cholangiosarcoma
Cholangiocarcinoma
What is the best explanation if the sonogram reveals a focal area of high echogenicity with acoustic attenuation (shadowing)? A. Cholelithiasis B. Sludge C. Thickened wall D. Cholecystitis
Cholelithiasis
What is the best explanation if the sonogram reveals a focal area of high echogenicity with acoustic attenuation (shadowing)? A. Cholelithiasis B. Thickened wall C. Sludge D. Cholecystitis
Cholelithiasis
What is the likely cause for echoes originating from within the gallbladder with acoustic shadows? A. Bile B. Cholelithiasis C. Cholecystitis D. Perforated gallbladder
Cholelithiasis
A 56-year-old woman's clinical signs include chills, fever, back pain, malaise, dysuria, and frequent, urgent urination. Her laboratory values include leukocytosis, hematuria, pyuria, and bacteriuria. Sonographically, a small kidney is seen with parenchymal loss and multifocal echoes in the cortical and medullary regions probably from focal fibrosis. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis? A. Acute diffuse bacterial nephritis B. Acute bacterial nephritis C. Chronic atrophic pyelonephritis D. Pyonephrosis
Chronic atrophic pyelonephritis
An abdominal sonogram demonstrates a large hypoechoic mass in the head of the pancreas. The gallbladder is enlarged with a thin wall. Murphy's sign is negative. No gallstones are seen and the bile ducts are normal in caliber. What is the most likely diagnosis? A. cholelithiasis B. Courvoirsier's gallbladder C. cholecystitis D. choledocholithiasis
Courvoirsier's gallbladder
An abdominal sonogram demonstrates a large hypoechoic mass in the head of the pancreas. The gallbladder is enlarged with a thin wall. Murphy's sign is negative. No gallstones are seen and the bile ducts are normal in caliber. What is the most likely diagnosis? A. cholelithiasis B. cholecystitis C. choledocholithiasis D. Courvoirsier's gallbladder
Courvoirsier's gallbladder
A mass in the head of the pancreas which compresses the common bile duct producing an enlarged gallbladder is known as: A. Grey turner's sign B. Homan's sign C. Murphy's sign D. Courvoisier's sign
Courvoisier's sign
A patient presents with ampulla of Vater obstruction, distension of the GB, and painless jaundice. This is associated with: A. Courvoisier's sign B. Hartmann's pouch C. choledochal cyst D. hydrops of the gall bladder
Courvoisier's sign
A patient presents with ampulla of Vater obstruction, distension of the GB, and painless jaundice. This is associated with: A. Hartmann's pouch B. choledochal cyst C. Courvoisier's sign D. hydrops of the gall bladder
Courvoisier's sign
lab value associated with kidneys
Creatinine
kidneys fused and located on one side of the body
Cross fused ectopia
What developmental cyst occurs because of a congenital modification in the cervical lymphatic system? A. Cystic hygroma B. Thyroglossal duct cysts C. Cleft fistula D. Branchial cleft cyst
Cystic hygroma
lateral bulging of the kidney
Dromedary
two renal pelves
Duplicate collecting system
Alkaline Phosphatase is markedly increased in patients with: A. Hepatocellular disease B. Polycystic disease C. Early obstruction D. Hydatid disease
Early obstruction
Which statement is the best description of the sonographic appearance of a bladder tumor? A. Echogenic structures protruding into anechoic bladder lumen B. High-intensity echoes within the bladder C. Mega-ureter, upper urinary tract dilatation, ureterocele D. Thickened bladder mucosa with hypoechoic or cystic structures along the wall
Echogenic structures protruding into anechoic bladder lumen
Which statement is the best description of the sonographic appearance of a bladder tumor? A. Thickened bladder mucosa with hypoechoic or cystic structures along the wall B. Echogenic structures protruding into anechoic bladder lumen C. Mega-ureter, upper urinary tract dilatation, ureterocele D. High-intensity echoes within the bladder
Echogenic structures protruding into anechoic bladder lumen
What sonographic appearance describes how to identify hydronephrosis? A. Distorted renal outline B. Multiple cystic masses throughout the renal parenchyma C. Hyperechoic pelvocaliceal collecting system D. Fluid-filled pelvocaliceal collecting system
Fluid-filled pelvocaliceal collecting system
What sonographic appearance describes how to identify hydronephrosis? A. Fluid-filled pelvocaliceal collecting system B. Hyperechoic pelvocaliceal collecting system C. Distorted renal outline D. Multiple cystic masses throughout the renal parenchyma
Fluid-filled pelvocaliceal collecting system
What sonographic appearance describes how to identify hydronephrosis? A. Multiple cystic masses throughout the renal parenchyma B. Hyperechoic pelvocaliceal collecting system C. Fluid-filled pelvocaliceal collecting system D. Distorted renal outline
Fluid-filled pelvocaliceal collecting system
Ovoid, intraperitoneal organ part of the biliary tree
GB
A patient is suspected to have a porcelain gallbladder if: A. GB wall appears as an echogenic arc with dense shadowing B. necrosis is present C. Gallbladder appears as WES D. there is an decreased risk for GB carcinoma
GB wall appears as an echogenic arc with dense shadowing
common hepatic artery divides into proper hepatic artery and __________
Gastroduodenal artery
outermost tissue layer surrounding the kidney and adrenal glands
Gerotasfacia
outer covering of the liver
Glissonscapsule
The primary hormones produced in the pancreas are: A. Lipase and cholase B. Glucagon and insulin C. Pancreatin and secretin D. Collagen and fibrin
Glucagon and insulin
The primary hormones produced in the pancreas are: A. Pancreatin and secretin B. Collagen and fibrin C. Lipase and cholase D. Glucagon and insulin
Glucagon and insulin
Increased vascularity w/color Doppler termed "thyroid inferno" is often seen with A. Graves' disease B. papillary carcinoma C. Hashimoto's disease D. de Quervain's thyroiditis
Graves' disease
normal portal venous flow
Hepatopetal
location of the barearea of the spleen
Hilum
What anomaly refers to renal fusion that usually occurs at the lower pole level? A. Hypoplasia B. Pelvic ectopic C. Horseshoe kidney D. Duplication
Horseshoe kidney
Parathyroid adenomas may be associated with A. Lymphadenopathy B. Hypercalcemia C. Cysts D. Headaches
Hypercalcemia
What pathology is most likely demonstrated on a 64-year-old man with a slightly elevated prostate-specific antigen level and the endorectal sonogram documenting an 8.9 mm hypoechoic mass in the right peripheral zone? A. Benign prostatic hypertrophy B. Prostatitis C. Malignancy D. Fibrosis
Malignancy
unusual axis of the kidneys
Malrotation
vascular landmark that separates the liver into right and left lobes
Middlehepaticvein
three steroid products of the adrenal cortex
Mineralcorticoids Glucocorticoids Gonadalhormones
The area anterior to the right kidney and posterior to the right lobe of the liver is called: A. Hartman's pouch B. pouch of Douglas C. Morrison's pouch D. lesser sac
Morrison's pouch
functional unit of the kidney
Nephron
An infection that has spread to the testicle is: A. Spermatocele B. Hydrocele C. Epididymitis D. Orchitis
Orchitis
Which structure is retroperitoneal? A. Pancreas B. Gallbladder C. Spleen D. Stomach
Pancreas
Which of the following would most likely cause anterior displacement of the superior mesenteric artery and vein? A. Pancreatic neoplasm B. Small-bowel obstruction C. Cholelithiasis D. Para-aortic lymphadenopathy
Para-aortic lymphadenopathy
What anomalous condition occurs if the allantoic canal remains open and results in a communication channel between the bladder and the umbilicus? A. Patent or persistent urachus B. Posterior urethral valves C. Exstrophy D. Distal ureteral obstruction
Patent or persistent urachus
located in the pelvis
Pelvic kidney
The most common feature of a thyroid adenoma is: A. Hemorrhage B. Peripheral halo C. Diffuse echogenicity D. Inhomogeneity
Peripheral halo
Which of the following is the best indicating marker for diagnosing prostate cancer? A. Digital rectal examination B. Prostate-specific antigen C. Frequent urination D. Endorectal sonography
Prostate-specific antigen
Which of the following is the best indicating marker for diagnosing prostate cancer? A. Frequent urination B. Digital rectal examination C. Endorectal sonography D. Prostate-specific antigen
Prostate-specific antigen
Empyema of the gallbladder refers to: A. Distention of the gallbladder B. Pus-filled gallbladder C. Gas in the gallbladder D. Calcified gallbladder
Pus-filled gallbladder
triangular shaped areas between the renal columns
Pyramids
divides the anterior and posterior portions of the liver (abbreviation)
RHV
exits the hilum most anteriorly
Renal vein
largest lobe of the liver
Right
left adrenal gland shape
Semilunar
Which statement is false about adrenal adenocarcinoma? A. They are aka adrenocortical carcinoma. B. There is a tendency for invasion into the adrenal vein and inferior vena cava. C. Metastases to nodes are common. D. These tumors are associated with Addison's syndrome.
These tumors are associated with Addison's syndrome.
right adrenal gland shape
Triangular
An ureterocele is a congenital abnormality seen where? A. UVJ B. UPJ C. Adrenal D. Renal
UVJ
tubular structure in which urine becomes trapped in fused ends
Urachalcyst
Which urinary bladder anomaly is sometimes described as a cyst within a cyst? A. Ureterocele B. Bladder exstrophy C. Bladder diverticula D. Ectopic ureter
Ureterocele
Fungal infections in the liver are characterized by A. Snail fever B. Daughter cysts C. Hemangioma D. Wheel within a wheel
Wheel within a wheel
Fungal infections in the spleen are characterized by: A. Wheel within a wheel B. Snail fever C. hemangioma D. Daughter cysts
Wheel within a wheel
Which blood test is a good marker for hepatoblastoma? A. alk phos B. bilirubin C. albumin D. alpha fetoprotein
alpha fetoprotein
The most common solid echogenic tumor in children who present with a palpable flank mass, hematuria, hypertension and fever is: A. Wilm's tumor B. oncocytoma C. angiomyolipoma D. hypernephroma
Wilm's tumor
A longstanding cystic duct obstruction gives rise to: A. adenomyomatosis B. a gall bladder kink C. a hydropic gall bladder D. a septated gall bladder
a hydropic gall bladder
A longstanding cystic duct obstruction gives rise to: A. a septated gall bladder B. a hydropic gall bladder C. adenomyomatosis D. a gall bladder kink
a hydropic gall bladder
The inferior vena cava may be compressed and displaced posteriorly by: A. a mass in the lower pole of the right kidney B. right renal artery aneurysm C. a mass in the caudate lobe of the liver D. right renal vein thrombosis
a mass in the caudate lobe of the liver
On sonographic examination, a seminoma of the testicle tends to appear as A. a solid, homogeneous mass B. a small, simple cyst C. cannot be detected sonographically D. a large, multilocular cystic mass
a solid, homogenous mass
An abscess usually appears sonographically as: A. echo-free, round, with smooth borders and good through transmission B. a variable echotexture with irregular borders and varied through transmission C. solid with smooth borders and no through transmission D. a "bull's eye" target lesion
a variable echotexture with irregular borders and varied through transmission
What is the most important factor associated with gallstone formation? A. abnormal bile composition B. diffuse liver disease C. pregnancy D. high fat, low protein diet
abnormal bile composition
What is the most important factor associated with gallstone formation? A. pregnancy B. high fat, low protein diet C. abnormal bile composition D. diffuse liver disease
abnormal bile composition
Which is the most relevant factor associated with formation of GB calculi? A. abnormal bile composition B. low protein, high fat diet C. GB malignancy D. diffuse liver disease
abnormal bile composition
A varicocele is an A. abnormal dilatation of the draining veins of the scrotum seen only with a malignant condition B. abnormal dilatation of the draining veins of the scrotum seen in infertile and subfertile men C. abnormal dilatation of the draining veins of the scrotum that cannot be sonographically differentiated from spermatoceles and epididymal cysts D. abnormal dilatation of the draining veins of the scrotum often seen in association with epididymitis
abnormal dilatation of the draining veins of the scrotum seen in infertile and subfertile men
A varicocele is an A. abnormal dilatation of the draining veins of the scrotum seen only with a malignant condition B. abnormal dilatation of the draining veins of the scrotum that cannot be sonographically differentiated from spermatoceles and epididymal cysts C. abnormal dilatation of the draining veins of the scrotum seen in infertile and subfertile men D. abnormal dilatation of the draining veins of the scrotum often seen in association with epididymitis
abnormal dilatation of the draining veins of the scrotum seen in infertile and subfertile men
A post-surgical patient presents with abdominal tenderness and elevated WBC. An ultrasound is performed and an ill-defined, complex mass is identified. This most likely represents a(n): A. lipoma B. abscess C. hematoma D. urinoma
abscess
Given the clinical findings of a fever, RUQ pain, and leukocytosis, what would one expect to find in the patient's liver? A. metastasis B. abscess C. hemangioma D. hepatoma
abscess
Responsible for the exocrine functions
acini
The accumulation of serous fluid within the peritoneal cavity in known as: A. urachal cyst B. rectus sheath hematoma C. ascites D. pleural effusion
acsites
An enlarged kidney with decreased echogenicity of the parenchymal tissue on US is characteristic of? A. acute pyelonephritis B. hydronephrosis C. renal abscess D. chronic pyelonephritis
acute pyelonephritis
A tuberculosis infection in the adrenal gland can cause: A. Addison's Disease B. Cushing's Disease C. Moon Face D. Conn's Disease
addison's disease
A 60 year old patient presents with painless jaundice and weight loss. The pancreatic head measures 4.0 cm. with an enlarged pancreatic duct. This is most likely A. pancreatitis B. adenocarcinoma C. insulinoma D. Courvoisier's sign
adenocarcinoma
The most common pancreatic malignancy is: A. adenocarcinoma B. melanoma C. adenoma D. insulinoma
adenocarcinoma
All of the following produce diffuse enlargement of the thyroid except: A. Hashimoto's disease B. Grave's disease C. multinodular goiter D. adenoma
adenoma
All of the following produce diffuse enlargement of the thyroid except: A. multinodular goiter B. Grave's disease C. Hashimoto's disease D. adenoma
adenoma
A smoet tail reverberation artifact is seen originating from the anterior gallbladder wall. What gallbladder pathology is most likely causing this artifact? A. sludge B. gallstone C. gallbladder carcinoma D. adenomyomatosis
adenomyomatosis
A pheochromocytoma is a usually benign, hypertensive causing mass found in the retroperitoneal cavity of adults. Which of the following is it a mass of? A. testicle B. thyroid gland C. adrenal gland D. Pancreas
adrenal gland
A complex adrenal mass is identified in a neonate who experienced trauma at birth. This most A. neuroblastoma B. adrenal hemorrhage C. adrenal cyst D. Cushing's disease
adrenal hemorrhage
Addison's syndrome is a disease that results from: A. adrenal hyperfunction B. adrenal hypofunction C. thyroid hypoactivity D. excessive production of cortisol
adrenal hypofunction
Develpemental anomaly where the gallbladder is not present
agenesis
A hepatoma may be associated with _______. A. end-stage cirrhosis B. hepatitis B C. metabolic disorders D. invasion of the portal venous system E. all of the above
all of the above
The appearance of gallbladder carcinoma includes A. stones may be present B. focal or diffuse gallbladder wall thickening C. irregular echogenic mass within the gallbladder D. all of the above
all of the above
Which is an indication for a scrotal ultrasound? A. detection of testicular torsion B. evaluation of an enlarged and/or painful scrotum C. distinction between epididymitis and a tumor involving the testicle D. a primary method for diagnosing a testicular tumor E. all of the above are good indications for a scrotal ultrasound
all of the above are good indications for a scrotal ultrasound
Secretes glucagon, increasing blood sugar
alpha
Which of the following is characteristic of an extrahepatic mass? A. external bulging of liver capsule B. displacement of hepatic radicles C. anteromedial displacement of IVC D. anterior displacement of right kidney
anteromedial displacement of IVC
A fluid filled mass anterior to the pancreas may be all of the following except: A. aortic aneurysm B. pseudocyst C. stomach D. loculated cyst
aortic aneurysm
A fluid filled mass anterior to the pancreas may be all of the following except: A. pseudocyst B. loculated cyst C. aortic aneurysm D. stomach
aortic aneurysm
Metastases to the spleen A. are usually the first sign of carcinoma B. are not known to occur C. are common D. appear when the primary lesion has disseminated widely
appear when the primary lesion has disseminated widely
The accumulation of serous fluid within the peritoneal cavity in known as: A. pleural effusion B. urachal cyst C. ascites D. rectus sheath hematoma
ascites
Two non-biliary reasons for diffuse GB wall thickening are: A. congestive heart failure & porcelain GB B. cholesterol polyps & adenomyomatosis C. ascites & acute hepatitis D. pancreatitis & renal failure
ascites & acute hepatitis
A 50-year-old man with a history of ETOH abuse presents with increased abdominal girth and abnormal LFTs. An ultrasound exam is ordered; the most probable finding is _________________. A. hemangioma B. hepatoma C. ascites and cirrhosis D. liver metastasis
ascites and cirrhosis
When performing color Doppler imaging of the liver: A. portal venous flow will always be displayed in red and hepatic veins in blue B. portal venous flow will always be displayed in blue and hepatic veins in red C. because color assignment depends on flow direction in relation to the transducer, the portal and hepatic veins may be either red or blue
because color assignment depends on flow direction in relation to the transducer, the portal and hepatic veins may be either red or blue
Secretes insulin, decreasing blood sugar
beta
Enlargement of the pancreatic head will most likely lead to which of the following? A. ascites B. hypertension C. biliary obstruction D. cystic fibrosis
biliary obstruction
Enlargement of the pancreatic head will most likely lead to which of the following? A. hypertension B. ascites C. cystic fibrosis D. biliary obstruction
biliary obstruction
Gallstones may form due to: A. low saline level of patient B. biliary stasis C. normal bile composition D. pancreatic duct enlargment
biliary stasis
Sonographic finding that may accompany a hematocele: A. blood filling the sac that surrounds the testicle, secondary to trauma or surgery B. dilated veins caused by obstruction of the venous return C. a condition in which the testicle have not descended D. a cyst along the course of the vas deferens
blood filling the sac that surrounds the testicle, secondary to trauma or surgery
Portion of the pancreas anterior to the SMA
body
Which of the following abnormalites would be seen laterally to the neck near the carotid arteries? A. branchial cleft cyst B. cystic hygroma C. thyroglossal duct cyst D. esophagus
branchial cleft cyst
Which of the following abnormalites would be seen laterally to the neck near the carotid arteries? A. cystic hygroma B. thyroglossal duct cyst C. esophagus D. branchial cleft cyst
branchial cleft cyst
What is the most common composition of renal calculi? A. Calcium oxalate B. Uric acid C. Magnesium phosphate D. Staghorn formation
calcium oxalate
The most common benign tumor of the spleen is: A. cavernous hemangioma B. fibroma C. chondroma D. lymphoma
cavernous hemangioma
The most common benign tumor of the spleen is: A. lymphoma B. cavernous hemangioma C. fibroma D. chondroma
cavernous hemangioma
The vascular supply to the liver, spleen and stomach is via the: A. Portal vein B. Superior mesenteric vein C. Celiac trunk D. Gastroduodenal artery
celiac trunk
Which of the following is the most common cause of orchitis? A. syphilis B. gonorrhea C. chlamydia D. UTI
chlamydia
Gallbladder removal
cholecystectomy
Inflammation of the gallbladder is known as: A. cholesterosis B. cholecystitis C. choledocholithiasis D. adenomyomatosis
cholecystitis
A 2 month old infant presents with persistent jaundice and a palpable RUQ mass. The sonogram demonstrates a normal gallbladder and a cystic mass in the porta hepatis that appears to be separate from the gallbladder. The CBD appears to be entering the cystic mass. What is the most likely diagnosis? A. choledochal cyst B. multiseptate gallbladder C. interposition of the gallbladder D. biliary atresia
choledochal cyst
Cystic dilation of the CBD which is usually present in the 1st year of life is known as: A. biliary atresia B. Courvoisier cyst C. choledochal cyst D. adenomyomatosis
choledochal cyst
Cystic dilation of the CBD which is usually present in the 1st year of life is known as: A. choledochal cyst B. Courvoisier cyst C. biliary atresia D. adenomyomatosis
choledochal cyst
The most common cause of obstructive jaundice is: A. choledocholithiaisis B. acalculous cholecystitis C. cholecystitis D. occlusion of the IVC
choledocholithiaisis
Addison's syndrome is a disease that results from: A. thyroid hypofunction B. thyroiditis C. chronic adrenal hypofunction D. chronic adrenal hyperfunction
chronic adrenal hypofunction
A patient has a history of chronic alcohol abuse and liver cirrhosis. The ultrasound exam reveals a heterogeneous pancreas. There are calcifications present within the pancreas. The pancreatic duct is dilated. What condition is most likely given this history and ultrasound findings? A. chronic pancreatitits B. acute pancreatitits C. adenocarcinoma of the pancreas D. islet cell tumor of the pancreas
chronic pancreatitits
A small echogenic nodular liver best describes which of the following? A. cirrhosis B. ascites C. viral hepatitis D. a normal pediatric liver
cirrhosis
A small echogenic nodular liver best describes which of the following? A. viral hepatitis B. a normal pediatric liver C. cirrhosis D. ascites
cirrhosis
Hepatofugal blood flow may be seen in patients with: A. cirrhosis B. fatty infiltrates C. cavernous hemangiomas D. biliary disease
cirrhosis
What is the pre-existing condition that occurs in patients with hepatomas? A. abscesses B. gallstones C. cirrhosis D. hematomas
cirrhosis
Which is a predisposing factor of hepatoma? A. cavernous hemangioma B. cirrhosis C. echincoccal cyst D. biliary disease
cirrhosis
Which is a predisposing factor of hepatoma? A. cirrhosis B. biliary disease C. echincoccal cyst D. cavernous hemangioma
cirrhosis
Three functions of the gallbladder
concentrates, stores and transports bile
What is failure of the testes to descend called? A. Klinfelter's syndrome B. cryptorchidism C. agenesis D. orchiopexy
cryptorchidism
The gold standard imaging technique for the pancreas
ct scans
Provides oxygenated blood to the gallbladder
cystic artery
The blood supply for the gallbladder is:
cystic artery/ vein
Attaches the neck of the gallbladder to the common hepatic duct
cystic duct
The hepatic duct is joined by the __________to form the ___________.
cystic duct; common bile duct
Which of the following is a congenital anomaly affecting the pancreas? A. adenocarcinoma B. pseudocyst C. cystic fibrosis D. insulinoma
cystic fibrosis
Which of the following may be a sonographic appearance of acute hepatitis? A. decreased echogenicity of the liver parenchyma B. increased gallbladder size C. increased echogenicity of the liver parenchyma D. decreased visualization of portal vein walls
decreased echogenicity of the liver parenchyma
With advanced chronologic age, the pancreas: A. increases in size and increases in echogenicity B. becomes less echogenic and grossly enlarged C. decreases in size and increases in echogenicity D. increases in size and increases in echogenicity
decreases in size and increases in echogenicity
Secretes somatostatin
delta
Sonographically, one may recognize fatty infiltrates of the liver by: A. hepatomegaly B. diffuse increase in liver parenchymal echoes C. uniform echogenicity and attenuation D. increased visualization of vascular structures
diffuse increase in liver parenchymal echoes
The sonographic findings that are associated with varicoceles include: A. a solid mass outside of the testes B. a cyst along the course of the vas deference C. dilated veins caused by obstruction of the venous return D. blood filled sac that surrounds the testicle, secondary to trauma or surgery
dilated veins caused by obstruction of the venous return
Varicoceles are: A. arteries measuring less than 2 mm B. arteries measuring more than 2 mm C. dilated viens measuring more than 2 mm D. dilated veins measuring less than 2 mm
dilated viens measuring more than 2 mm
A patient presents with a dilated gall bladder and a dilated common bile duct. The level of the obstruction should be at the: A. cystic duct B. distal common bile duct C. common hepatic duct D. right or left hepatic duct
distal common bile duct
Accessory pancreatic duct
duct of santorini
Main pancreatic duct, should not measure more than 2mm
duct of wirsung
A cyst within a cyst (daughter cyst) is a classic example of which of the following liver masses? A. hepatoma B. echinococcal (hydatid) cyst C. hemangioma D. polycystic liver disease
echinococcal (hydatid) cyst
What type of cyst arises in the liver due to parasites? A. echinococcal cysts B. simple cysts C. polycystic liver disease D. abscess
echinococcal cysts
A scrotal hernia containing bowel or other fatty masses will usually appear A. anechoic B. isoechoic to the testes C. echogenic D. hypoechoic
echogenic
The pancreas becomes _________ with age
echogenic
Secretions into the blood or lymph
endocrine
the adrenals are _________glands
endocrine
A patient with leukemia will most likely have a spleen that's which of the following? A. atrophied B. normal C. micro-nodular D. enlarged
enlarged
A patient with leukemia will most likely have a spleen that's which of the following? A. normal B. micro-nodular C. atrophied D. enlarged
enlarged
What would one not expect to see with later stage cirrhosis? A. difficulty visualizing vessels B. decreased liver size C. increased echogenicity D. enlarged liver
enlarged liver
In the acute phase of testicular torsion, the testicles appear: A. enlarged with decreased echogenicity B. hypoechoic with increased blood flow C. normal size with large epididymis D. small and echogenic
enlarged with decreased echogenicity
All of the following lesions are benign except A. hemangioma B. hamartoma C. hepatic adenoma D. hepatoma
hepatoma
A 50 y/o diabetic patient presents with abdominal pain and slightly elevated LFTs. The liver measures 18.5 cm. with diffuse increase in the liver parencymal echogenicity. This is characteristic of: A. cirrhosis B. normal findings for the age of this patient C. fatty infiltration D. hepatocellular CA
fatty infiltration
A 50 y/o diabetic patient presents with abdominal pain and slightly elevated LFTs. The liver measures 18.5 cm. with diffuse increase in the liver parencymal echogenicity. This is characteristic of: A. hepatocellular CA B. normal findings for the age of this patient C. fatty infiltration D. cirrhosis
fatty infiltration
Clinical symptoms associated with inflammatory renal masses include A. hypoglycemia B. fever C. epigastic pain D. referred shoulder pain
fever
Which benign liver tumor is well-circumscribed, multinodular, and non-encapsulated with a stellate scar? A. lipoma B. focal nodular hyperplasia C. liver cell adenoma D. cavernous hemangioma
focal nodular hyperplasia
Which of the following would a sonographer most likely see a "halo" around? A. papillary carcinoma B. multinodular goiter C. thyroid tissue in a post radiation patient D. follicular adenoma
follicular adenoma
A 76 year old patient presents for an abdominal sonogram with chronic abdominal pain. An irregular mass is seen projecting into the gallbladder lumen. Color Doppler detects flow within the mass. Gallstones are also seen. What is the most likely diagnosis? A. gallbladder carcinoma B. adenomyomatosis C. Courvoisier gallbladder D. gallbladder sludge and stones
gallbladder carcinoma
A 76 year old patient presents for an abdominal sonogram with chronic abdominal pain. An irregular mass is seen projecting into the gallbladder lumen. Color Doppler detects flow within the mass. Gallstones are also seen. What is the most likely diagnosis? A. gallbladder carcinoma B. gallbladder sludge and stones C. adenomyomatosis D. Courvoisier gallbladder
gallbladder carcinoma
The typical characteristics of cholelithiasis on ultrasound are: A. gravity dependent, immobile, hypoechoic B. gravity dependent, mobile, echogenic C. gravity dependent, immobile, echogenic D. gravity independent, mobile, hypoechoic
gravity dependent, mobile, echogenic
The typical characteristics of cholelithiasis on ultrasound are: A. gravity dependent, immobile, hypoechoic B. gravity dependent, mobile, echogenic C. gravity independent, mobile, hypoechoic D. gravity dependent, immobile, echogenic
gravity dependent, mobile, echogenic
A normal variant of the GB is?
hartmanns pouch
Small sacculation in gallbladder neck
hartmanns pouch
In what part of the pancreas do most pancreatic carcinomas occur? A. neck B. head C. tail D. body
head
Portion of the pancreas anterior to the IVC
head
Three segments of the gallbladder
head, neck, fundus
Valves of _________ contained within the cystic duct
heister
Which of the following is a malignant neoplasm of the liver due to carcinogen exposure A. hemangiosarcoma B. Hepatoma C. Hepatoblastoma D. Hemangioendothelioma
hemangiosarcoma
A 33 year old male presents with decreased hematocrit, right sided pain and hypotension. What is the most likely cause? A. Hemangioma B. Hepatocellular carcinoma C. Hepatoma D. Hematoma
hematoma
A patient presents with LUQ pain. An abdominal US reveals a complex mass in an enlarged spleen with free fluid in the abdominal/pelvic cavity. This most likely represents: A. hamartoma B. lymphangioma C. asplenia D. hematoma
hematoma
A patient presents with LUQ pain. An abdominal US reveals a complex mass in an enlarged spleen with free fluid in the abdominal/pelvic cavity. This most likely represents: A. hematoma B. asplenia C. lymphangioma D. hamartoma
hematoma
A patient presents to the ER the morning after a night of binge drinking. An ultrasound is ordered. The patient appears to be in shock and there is a slight discoloration of the patient's flank areas. The most likely finding you would expect to see is: A. acute pancreatitis B. phlegmonous pancreatitis C. hemorrhagic pancreatitis D. normal abdominal sonogram
hemorrhagic pancreatitis
A patient presents to the ER the morning after a night of binge drinking. An ultrasound is ordered. The patient appears to be in shock and there is a slight discoloration of the patient's flank areas. The most likely finding you would expect to see is: A. normal abdominal sonogram B. acute pancreatitis C. hemorrhagic pancreatitis D. phlegmonous pancreatitis
hemorrhagic pancreatitis
A 60-year-old female presents with hepatomegaly, abdominal pain, weight loss and abnormal LFTs. On ultrasound the portal vein is thrombosed, there is ascites and several masses with hypoechoic halos around them. Your diagnosis for this patient is ________. A. hemangioma B. cirrhosis C. focal nodular hyperplasia D. hepatocellular carcinoma
hepatocellular carcinoma
Hepatoma is also called: A. hepatocellular disease B. hemangiosarcoma C. hemagioendothelioma D. hepatocellular carcinoma
hepatocellular carcinoma
A 60-year-old female presents with hepatomegaly, abdominal pain, weight loss and abnormal LFTs. On ultrasound the portal vein is thrombosed. There is ascites and several masses with hypoechoic halos around them. Your diagnosis for this patient is: A. cirrhosis B. hemangioma C. fatty infiltration D. hepatoma
hepatoma
A 60-year-old female presents with hepatomegaly, abdominal pain, weight loss and abnormal LFTs. On ultrasound the portal vein is thrombosed. There is ascites and several masses with hypoechoic halos around them. Your diagnosis for this patient is: A. hepatoma B. hemangioma C. fatty infiltration D. cirrhosis
hepatoma
A 42 year old white female presented with complaints of nausea, increasing abdominal pain, and dark urine. She has a history of infiltrating ductal adenocarcinoma of the left breast and metastatic deposits in the brain, lung and bone. Her liver functions tests are elevated. The liver ultrasound shows a 19 cm. liver which is consistent with _____________. In addition, multiple small echogenic lesions were seen within the liver. These findings are highly suspicious of _______. A. hepaoma, fatty liver disease B. hepatomegaly, hemangiomas C. hepatomegaly, hepatic metastatic disease D. hepatic atrophy, hepatic metastatic disease
hepatomegaly, hepatic metastatic disease
A 42 year old white female presented with complaints of nausea, increasing abdominal pain, and dark urine. She has a history of infiltrating ductal adenocarcinoma of the left breast and metastatic deposits in the brain, lung and bone. Her liver functions tests are elevated. The liver ultrasound shows a 19 cm. liver which is consistent with _____________. In addition, multiple small echogenic lesions were seen within the liver. These findings are highly suspicious of _______. A. hepatomegaly, hepatic metastatic disease B. hepaoma, fatty liver disease C. hepatomegaly, hemangiomas D. hepatic atrophy, hepatic metastatic disease
hepatomegaly, hepatic metastatic disease
kidneys fused at lower poles
horseshoe
Daughter cysts are commonly seen with ___________. A. hepatic cystadenocarcinoma B. hematoma C. hydatid disease D. necrotic mets
hydatid disease
Daughter cysts are commonly seen with ___________. A. hepatic cystadenocarcinoma B. hematoma C. necrotic mets D. hydatid disease
hydatid disease
A 30-year-old male presents with unilateral, painless, testicular enlargement. This is most characteristic of which of the following? A. Torsion B. Hydrocele C. testicular cancer D. abscess
hydrocele
Which of the following would sonographically appear as cystic fluid surrounding the testicle? A. epididymis B. orchitis C. tumor D. hydrocele
hydrocele
Parathyroid adenomas would most likely be associated with: A. cysts B. headaches C. hypercalcemia D. lymphadenopathy
hypercalcemia
Parathyroid adenomas would most likely be associated with: A. hypercalcemia B. cysts C. headaches D. lymphadenopathy
hypercalcemia
The appearance of a hemangioma on sonography would most likely be: A. hypoechoic B. isoechoic C. hyperechoic D. anechoic
hyperechoic
A renal mass that has continuously increased vascular flow is characteristic of: A. adenoma B. angiomyolipoma C. hematoma D. hypernephroma
hypernephroma
The most common renal cancer in adults is: A. transitional cell carcinoma B. hypernephroma C. lymphoma D. nephroblastoma
hypernephroma
On ultrasound, acute pancreatitis typically appears: A. calcified B. echogenic C. homogeneous D. hypoechoic
hypoechoic
What can be excluded when the patient presents with a normal thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) level? A. Acute thyroiditis B. Thyroid cyst C. Parathyroid adenoma D. Hypothyroidism
hypothyroidism
Following testicular torsion, the testicle will appear sonographically A. the same as a normal testicle B. in the acute stage, small and echogenic; in its chronic stage, enlarged and hypoechoic C. in the acute stage, enlarged and hypoechoic; in its chronic stage, small and echogenic
in the acute stage, enlarged and hypoechoic; in its chronic stage, small and echogenic
A spermatocele lies: A. in the head of the epididymis, superior to the testis B. in the tail of the epididymis, inferior to the testis C. in the body of the epididymis, lateral to the testis D. in the body of the epididymis, posterior to the testis
in the head of the epididymis, superior to the testis
A hernia in the scrotum that does not show peristalsis or blood flow: A. ventral B. internal C. incarcerated D. external
incarcerated
With epididymitis, the epididymis should demonstrate A. increased color flow B. decreased color flow C. reversed color flow D. no flow
increased color flow
The laboratory findings of renal failure include: A. increased creatinine and blood urea nitrogen B. increased serum amylase and lipase C. increased creatinine and alkaline phosphatase D. increased serum amylase and creatinine
increased creatinine and blood urea nitrogen
A patient with sudden onset of LUQ pain and a wedge shaped region seen in the periphery of the spleen would present with this likely diagnosis: A. rupture B. focal abscess C. lymphoma D. infarct
infarct
A wedge-shaped lesion due to arterial occlusion of the kidney would most likely represent a(n): A. renal tumor B. infarct C. junctional parenchymal defect D. abscess
infarct
Persistent fever, swelling, and tenderness are most indicative of: A. angiomyloma B. infection C. malignancy D. hydronephrosis
infection
The GB fundus projects:
inferior to the margin of the liver
Hartman's pouch is also known as
infundibulum
A patient presents with an elevated insulin level and clinical signs of hypoglycemia. This is most characteristic of: A. adenoma B. adenocarcinoma C. gastroma D. insulinoma
insulinoma
If a mass is found in the head of the pancreas, what other areas should be imaged? A. spleen B. duodenum C. intrahepatic and extrahepatic biliary ducts D. duct of Santorini
intrahepatic and extrahepatic biliary ducts
The gallbladder is a/an __________________ organ
intraperitoneal
The most common cause of thyroid disorders worldwide is: A. calcium deficiency B. Goiter C. hyperthyroidism D. iodine deficiency
iodine deficiency
The ultrasound appearance of gangrenous cholecystitis includes: A. enlarged GB B. wall thinning C. irregular fundal contour D. comet-tail artifact
irregular fundal contour
Adenomyomatosis of the gall bladder: A. is a malignant proliferation of the gallbladder wall B. is a benign proliferation of the gallbladder wall also known as strawberry gallbladder C. is a benign proliferation of the gall bladder wall associated with comet tail artifact D. is a malignant proliferation of the gallbladder characterized by a hypoechoic halo
is a benign proliferation of the gall bladder wall associated with comet tail artifact
_______ of langerhans, responsible for the endocrine functions
islet
Which of the following is true regarding echinococcus granulosis: A. it is the most common cause of hydatid disease in humans B. it is also known as snail fever C. it's highest incidence is in countries where the parasite is unknown D. it is a genus of plant
it is the most common cause of hydatid disease in humans
Most common gallbladder variant
junctional fold
With polycystic liver disease, what other organs could also have multiple cysts? A. Ovaries B. Testicles C. Kidneys D. Adrenals
kidneys
If an enlarged prostate is found, the sonographer should also scan the __________. A. kidneys for hydronephrosis B. spleen for enlargement C. scrotum for hydroceles D. liver for metastasis
kidneys for hydronephrosis
If an enlarged prostate is found, the sonographer should also scan the __________. A. liver for metastasis B. spleen for enlargement C. scrotum for hydroceles D. kidneys for hydronephrosis
kidneys for hydronephrosis
Splenic rupture is most likely to be seen in patients with: A. large hemangioma B. lymphoma C. storage diseases D. metastases
large hemangioma
Which is the most common location for a pancreatic pseudocyst? A. lesser sac B. tail of the pancreas C. head of the pancreas D. body of the pancreas
lesser sac
Which of the following is the most common site for a pancreatic pseudocyst to occur? A. lesser sac B. head of pancreas C. posterior to pancreas D. tail of pancreas
lesser sac
Which of the following is the most common site for a pancreatic pseudocyst to occur? A. posterior to pancreas B. tail of pancreas C. lesser sac D. head of pancreas
lesser sac
A patent umbilical vein would be seen within the _______________ on ultrasound. A. intersegmental ligament B. ligamentum venosum C. falciform ligament D. main lobar fissure
ligamentum venosum
A patent umbilical vein would be seen within the _______________ on ultrasound. A. main lobar fissure B. ligamentum venosum C. falciform ligament D. intersegmental ligament
ligamentum venosum
Which of the following can recanalize with portal hypertension? A. ligamentum venosum B. umbilical artery C. ligamentum arteriosum D. ligamentum broadum
ligamentum venosum
Most sensitive enzyme for pancreatitis
lipase
Which of the following muscles can be seen posterior to the thyroid during a thyroid ultrasound? A. longus colli B. strap muscles C. sternocleidomastoid D. all of the above
longus colli
If a pelvic kidney is suspected, the sonographer should first: A. perform a spectral analysis B. find the physician C. refer the patient for a nuclear scan to determine renal function D. look in the renal fossae for presence of kidneys
look in the renal fossae for presence of kidneys
If a pelvic kidney is suspected, the sonographer should first: A. perform a spectral analysis B. refer the patient for a nuclear scan to determine renal function C. look in the renal fossae for presence of kidneys D. find the physician
look in the renal fossae for presence of kidneys
Anatomical landmark for the gallbladder neck
main lobar fissure
Microlithiasis of the testes may be associated with: A. hydrocele B. malignancy C. hernia D. hematocele
malignancy
A 50-year-old man has a long history of alcoholism presents with increased abdominal girth. An ultrasound exam is performed; the most probable finding is: A. massive ascites and cirrhosis B. liver metastasis C. hepatoma D. hemangioma
massive ascites and cirrhosis
An enlarged RT adrenal gland may result in which of the following? A. medial displacement of IVC B. anterior displacement of RRA C. anterior displacement of IVC D. posterior displacement of AO
medial displacement of IVC
In some patients with fatty infiltrative or cirrhotic disease, the _________ lobe of the liver is often a site for focal fatty sparing. A. Reidel's B. falciform C. right D. medial segment of the left
medial segment of the left
In some patients with fatty infiltrative or cirrhotic disease, the _________ lobe of the liver is often a site for focal fatty sparing. A. falciform B. medial segment of the left C. Reidel's D. right
medial segment of the left
The pancreatic tail lies __________________________
medial to spleen
A renal sonogram of a diabetic patient who presents with uremia shows small kidneys with echogenic pyramids. What is the most probable diagnosis? A. IPKD B. Medullary Cystic Disease C. APKD D. MDKD
medullary cystic disease
Hydronephrosis may be caused by all of the following except A. prostatic hypertrophy B. urethral strictures C. medullary sponge kidney D. lymphadenopathy
medullary sponge kidney
The most common primary of metastatic disease to the biliary system via blood or lymphatic routes is: A. pancreatitis B. ulcerative colitis C. melanoma D. pancreatic carcinoma
melanoma
Of the solid renal masses listed, the most common solid renal mass encountered in neonates is: A. Wilm's tumor B. IPKD C. hypernephroma D. mesoblastic nephroma
mesoblastic nephroma
Of the solid renal masses listed, the most common solid renal mass encountered in neonates is: A. Wilm's tumor B. hypernephroma C. neuroblastoma D. mesoblastic nephroma
mesoblastic nephroma
The most common form of neoplasm involvement extending to the liver is: A. hepatocellular carcinoma B. metastases C. hepatoma D. hemangioma
metastases
Which of the following renal cystic diseases is often unilateral? A. adult polycystic kidney disease B. multicystic dysplastic kidney disease C. medullary cystic disease
multicystic dysplastic kidney disease
Pain when pressing the transducer above the gallbladder
murphy's sign
Portion of the pancreas anterior to the SMV/PSC
neck
A highly malignant adrenal gland mass found in children is: A. adenoma B. nephroblastoma C. pheochromocytoma D. neuroblastoma
neuroblastoma
A highly malignant adrenal gland mass found in children is: A. adenoma B. pheochromocytoma C. nephroblastoma D. neuroblastoma
neuroblastoma
Ureteral jets are not visualized in patients with A. acute nephritis B. malignant tumors C. duplex collecting system D. obstruction
obstruction
Sphincter of ___________
oddi
number of adrenal veins
one
A cause of non-obstructive hydronephrosis is: A. overhydration B. calculi C. neoplasm D. ureteropelvic stricture
overhydration
Which structure is retroperitoneal? A. Stomach B. Pancreas C. Spleen D. Gallbladder
pancreas
An elderly man presents with a history of weight loss, jaundice, abdominal pain and anorexia. Which of the following would you expect to see on ultrasound? A. pancreatic adenocarcinoma B. acute pancreatitis C. chronic pancreatitis D. pancreatic pseudocyst
pancreatic adenocarcinoma
An elderly man presents with a history of weight loss, jaundice, abdominal pain and anorexia. Which of the following would you expect to see on ultrasound? A. pancreatic adenocarcinoma B. chronic pancreatitis C. pancreatic pseudocyst D. acute pancreatitis
pancreatic adenocarcinoma
An elderly man with a history of alcoholism recently was diagnosed with acute pancreatitis. He now presents with decreased hematocrit and hypotension. Your differential includes: A. cholecystitis B. chronic pancreatitis C. pseudocyst D. pancreatic hemorrhage
pancreatic hemorrhage
The most common malignant tumor of the thyroid is A. papillary carcinoma B. medullary carcinoma C. lymphoma D. follicular carcinoma
papillary carcinoma
The RT & LT hepatic ducts run ________ to the anterior wall of the intrahepatic portal veins?
parallel
The spreading process of diffuse inflammatory edema of soft tissues that may proceed to necrosis is: A. phlegmon B. chronic pancreatitis C. pseudocyst D. hemorrhagic pancreatitis
phlegmon
Fold in the fundus of the gallbladder
phrygian cap
What echogenic intraluminal projection does not change location with a change in the patient's position and does not cast an acoustic shadow? A. Diverticulitis B. Fundal folding C. Gallbladder calculi D. Polyp
polyp
Gallbladder carcinoma is associated with: A. Klatskin's tumor B. acute cholecystitis C. polypoid mass D. medullary nephrocalcinosis
polypoid mass
A 30 year old patient presents with abdominal pain and abnormal LFTs. The abdominal US reveals a dilated portal and superior mesenteric vein with hepatofugal blood flow. This is most characteristic of _____________. A. portal aneurysm B. portal atresia C. portal fistula D. portal hypertension
portal hypertension
An enlarged spleen may be caused by: A. late stage sickle cell anemia B. asplenia C. portal hypertension D. splenic rupture
portal hypertension
Which of the following may cause the spleen to enlarge? A. infarcts B. hepatopedal blood flow C. portal hypertension D. sickle cell anemia
portal hypertension
Which of the following may cause the spleen to enlarge? A. portal hypertension B. hepatopedal blood flow C. infarcts D. sickle cell anemia
portal hypertension
An amebic abscess may reach the liver through the: A. hepatic veins B. gastroduodenal artery (GDA) C. portal vein D. hepatic arteries
portal vein
The CBD can be found in the ______________ portion of the pancreas head.
posterior
What term describes the brightness that is seen deep to the gallbladder in a normal exam:
posterior enhancement
Which of the following is not a classic characteristic of a simple cyst: A. round or oval B. thin walls with posterior acoustic enhancement C. posterior shadowing D. hypoechoic
posterior shadowing
Uremia may be present in a patient with which of the following? A. renal cyst B. renal insufficiency C. angiomyolipoma D. angiomyolipoma
renal insufficiency
Uremia may be present in a patient with which of the following? A. renal insufficiency B. angiomyolipoma C. renal cyst D. angiomyolipoma
renal insufficiency
A staghorn calculus refers to a large stone within the: A. common bile duct B. urinary bladder C. gallbladder D. renal pelvis
renal pelvis
A staghorn calculus refers to a large stone within the: A. renal pelvis B. common bile duct C. urinary bladder D. gallbladder
renal pelvis
Extension of renal cell carcinoma into the IVC occurs through the: A. lymph nodes B. renal vein C. portal vein D. renal artery
renal vein
While performing an ultrasound exam, the sonographer finds that both kidneys measure 5 cm in length. They are very echogenic. One should consider the possibility of: A. renal vein thrombosis B. chronic cholecystitis C. renal artery aneurysm D. chronic pancreatitis
renal vein thrombosis
The most common testicular germ cell tumor is A. choriocarcinoma B. seminoma C. yolk sac tumor D. teratoma
seminoma
Diffuse uniform thyroid enlargement not resulting from inflammation, hyperthyroidism or malignancy is known as: A. simple goiter B. toxic goiter C. hyperthyroidism D. thyroiditis
simple goiter
A patient in late stages of sickle cell anemia will have a spleen that is: A. enlarged and lobulated B. small and hypoechoic C. enlarged and echogenic D. small and echogenic
small and echogenic
A patient in late stages of sickle cell anemia will have a spleen that is: A. small and hypoechoic B. small and echogenic C. enlarged and lobulated D. enlarged and echogenic
small and echogenic
A 78-year-old male was brought to the hospital with end stage renal failure. His BUN & creatinine were abnormal. The sonographer would most likely expect to find: A. enlarged hypoechoic kidneys B. small echogenic kidneys C. normal kidneys D. hydronephrotic kidney
small echogenic kidneys
A 78-year-old male was brought to the hospital with end stage renal failure. His BUN & creatinine were abnormal. The sonographer would most likely expect to find: A. normal kidneys B. hydronephrotic kidney C. small echogenic kidneys D. enlarged hypoechoic kidneys
small echogenic kidneys
Focal nodular hyperplasia has which characteristic(s): A. solitary mass with a central scar B. poor blood supply C. predominant in men D. all of the above
solitary mass with a central scar
Fatty infiltration is often patchy or focal. A less affected region of the liver is called: A. Infiltrated B. Hyperfused C. Revascularized D. Spared
spared
Name the most easily injured organ: A. Liver B. Kidneys C. Pancreas D. Spleen
spleen
A patient was involved in an auto accident and c/o of tenderness in the LUQ, what would the most likely diagnosis? A. splenic infarct B. splenic hematoma C. normal spleen D. histoplasmosis
splenic hematoma
. The posterior border of the pancreatic tail
splenic vein
When performing an US of the pancreas, which identifying vessel is commonly seen posteriorly & presents in long axis while scanning in transverse on the body? A. SMA B. SMV C. splenic vein D. splenic artery
splenic vein
When performing an US of the pancreas, which identifying vessel is commonly seen posteriorly & presents in long axis while scanning in transverse on the body? A. splenic artery B. SMA C. SMV D. splenic vein
splenic vein
A large stone in the center of the renal pelvis is known as: A. llama calculi B. bullhorn calculi C. buckshot calculi D. staghorn calculi
staghorn calculi
Which of the following describes Mirizzi syndrome? A. absence of GB B. stone impacted in the GB neck causing CHD dilatation C. contracted GB D. stone in distal portion of CHD causing CBD dilatation
stone impacted in the GB neck causing CHD dilatation
Which of the following describes Mirizzi syndrome? A. contracted GB B. stone impacted in the GB neck causing CHD dilatation C. absence of GB D. stone in distal portion of CHD causing CBD dilatation
stone impacted in the GB neck causing CHD dilatation
Cholesterolosis is also known as: A. porcelain gallbladder B. WES C. strawberry gallbladder
strawberry gallbladder
The ____________ layer is a constant anatomic feature of the GI tract and serves as a useful landmark to identify a loop of bowel. A. Muscularis mucosa B. Muscularis propria C. Submucosal layer D. Adventitial surface
submucosal layer
The seminal vesicles are: A. superior to bladder B. superior to vas deferens C. superior to prostate
superior to prostate
The seminal vesicles are: A. superior to prostate B. superior to bladder C. superior to vas deferens
superior to prostate
A variation in pancreas shape
tadpole
Portion of the pancreas most difficult to see on ultrasound
tail
If a patient has choledocholithiasis which of the following may be dilated? A. the duct of santorini B. the common hepatic duct C. the pancreatic duct D. the duodenum
the common hepatic duct
