Abdomen Final

AAA (abdominal aortic aneurysm) is diagnosed when the intra-luminal diameter measures greater than : A. 10 cm B. 3 cm C. 7 cm D. 5 cm

3 cm

AAA (abdominal aortic aneurysm) is diagnosed when the intra-luminal diameter measures greater than : A. 3 cm B. 7 cm C. 10 cm D. 5 cm

3 cm

Gallbladder wall measurement must be less than ______ mm

3 mm

The normal gallbladder wall should measure no more than: A. 4 mm B. 2 cm C. 3 cm D. 3 mm

3mm

Normal prostate dimensions

4 x 3 x 4 cm

In the normal adult, whose age is less than 60 and whose gall bladder is in place, the intraluminal diameter of the common hepatic duct should not exceed the measurement of: A. 4 mm B. 2 mm C. 6 mm D. 8 mm

6 mm

In the normal adult, whose age is less than 60 and whose gall bladder is in place, the intraluminal diameter of the common hepatic duct should not exceed the measurement of: A. 4 mm B. 6 mm C. 2 mm D. 8 mm

6mm

The diameter of the CHD should measure less than:

6mm

Couinaud's anatomy divides the liver into __________segments

8

An adult kidney which measures less than _______ is indicative of renal failure. A. 8 cm B. 7 cm C. 9 cm D. 6 cm

8 cm

Which of the following renal masses is the most acoustically reflective hyperechoic lesion in the renal parenchyma? A. Hemangioma B. Angiomyolipoma C. Fibroma D. Oncocytoma

Angiomyolipoma

vessels that divide the cortex and medulla of the kidney

Arcuate

The most common cause for abdominal aortic aneurysm is: A. Cystic medical necrosis B. Arteriosclerosis C. Syphilis D. Atheroma

Arteriosclerosis

Asplenia is associated with: A. Bilateral right sidedness B. Bilateral left sidedness

Bilateral right sidedness

Cholangitis refers to inflammation of the: A. Choledochal cyst B. Gallbladder C. Bile duct D. Bladder

Bile duct

The superior vena cava is formed by the junction of the: A. Brachiocephalic veins B. External jugular veins C. Subclavian veins D. Internal jugular veins

Brachiocephalic veins

Flash artifact is associated with: A. Color related to tissue motion B. Diaphragm interface C. Wraparound D. Decreased respiration

Color related to tissue motion

located between the medullary pyramids

Columns of bertin

adrenal glands are located laterally to the crus of the __________

Diaphragm

What definition describes a posterior urethral valve? A. Cyst-like, thin-walled masses, inward projections B. Eversion through anterior abdominal wall C. Thin-walled fluid-filled masses, outward projections D. Dilated and elongated prostatic urethra

Dilated and elongated prostatic urethra

What definition describes a posterior urethral valve? A. Eversion through anterior abdominal wall B. Cyst-like, thin-walled masses, inward projections C. Dilated and elongated prostatic urethra D. Thin-walled fluid-filled masses, outward projections

Dilated and elongated prostatic urethra

What is a choledochal cyst? A. Dilated extrahepatic duct B. Inspissated bile C. Necrotic tumor of the gallbladder D. Bile duct calculi

Dilated extrahepatic duct

What entity is associated with sinus lipomatosis? A. Duplicated central renal sinus B. Lymphadenopathy C. Enlargement of the sinus area D. Hydronephrosis

Enlargement of the sinus area

hormone created in the adrenal medulla

Epinephrine

connects liver to anterior abdominal wall, echogenic pyramid on ultrasound

Falciformligament

innermost tissue layer of the kidney

Fibrous capsule

drain the liver of oxygenated blood, interhepatic

Hepaticveins

A four year old patient presents with weight loss, hepatomegaly and increased AFP. What is the most likely diagnosis? A. Metastatic lesion B. HCC C. Lipoma D. Hepatoblastoma

Hepatoblastoma

functional liver cell

Hepatocyte

What can be excluded when the patient presents with a normal thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) level? A. Hypothyroidism B. Thyroid cyst C. Parathyroid adenoma D. Acute thyroiditis

Hypothyroidism

texture of the spleen when compared to the liver

Isoechoic

A tumor at the union of the right and left hepatic ducts is known as: A. Klatskin tumor B. Addison's tumor C. Caroli's tumor D. Courvoisier's tumor

Klatskin tumor

Intrahepatic ductal dilatation with normal extrahepatic ducts is characteristic of which of the following? A. Caroli's disease B. Cholangiocarcinoma C. cholangitis D. Klatskin's tumor

Klatskin's tumor

work in reticuloendothelial function

Kupffercells

divides the medial and lateral segments of the liver (abbreviation)

LHV

The most common collaterals in Portal Hypertension are: A. Retroperitoneal and short gastric veins B. Left gastric and paraumbilical veins C. Splenoperitoneal and retroperitoneal veins D. Splenorenal and omental veins

Left gastric and paraumbilical veins

The majority of primary retroperitoneal tumors (which are not associated with an organ) are malignant. Which is an example of a retroperitoneal tumor? A. Leiomyosarcoma B. Hepatoma C. hematoma D. Adenocarcinoma

Leiomyosarcoma

obliterated umbilical vein

Ligamentum teres

remnant of the ductus venosus

Ligamentumvenosum

What thin, tendinous structure connects the two rectus abdominis muscles at the midline? A. Internal oblique B. Tranversus abdominis C. Ligamentum teres D. Linea alba

Linea alba

A fluid collection that tends to occur 2 to 6 weeks post-transplantation and is associated with a decrease in renal function rather than an acute decrease in urine output: A. Lymphocele B. Abscess C. Urinoma D. Seroma

Lymphocele

runs from the right portal vein to the gallbladder fossa

Mainlobarfissure

converge to form the renal pelvis

Major calyces

What anomalous condition occurs if the allantoic canal remains open and results in a communication channel between the bladder and the umbilicus? A. Patent or persistent urachus B. Distal ureteral obstruction C. Exstrophy D. Posterior urethral valves

Patent or persistent urachus

lies anterior to the IVC and posterior to the common bile duct

Portalvein

When would the sonographer NOT be able to image a thickened gallbladder wall? A. With cholecystitis B. In the presence of ascites C. After prolonged fasting D. Postcholecystectomy

Postcholecystectomy

What is the most common primary tumor to metastasize to the testis? A. Lung B. Colon C. Kidney D. Prostate

Prostate

left branch of the celiac trunk

Splenic artery

disease process causing enlargement of the spleen

Splenomegaly

three kidneys

Supernumerary

junction between the ureter and renal pelvis

Ureteropelvictubular

junction between the ureter and bladder

Ureterovesical

kidneys produce _________

Urine

Which sonographic technique is used to document a varicocele? A. Expiration B. Quiet respiration C. Valsalva maneuver D. Inspiration

Valsalva maneuver

Which of the following lab values is most specific for HCC of the liver? A. blood urea nitrogen B. alkaline phosphatase C. alpha-fetoprotein D. bilirubin

alpha-fetoprotein

_______ of Vater

ampulla

The CBD is joined by the main pancreatic duct. Together they open through the _______.

ampulla of vater

All of the following are tests used to evaluate the liver except: A. SGOT B. prothombin time C. bilirubin D. amylase

amylase

Digestive enzyme found in the urine of patients with pancreatitis

amylase

Serous fluid is: A. Anechoic B. Inhomogenous C. Complex D. Echogenic

anechoic

A common echogenic benign solid mass of the kidney is: A. hemangioma B. lymphoma C. neuroblastoma D. angiomyolipoma

angiomyolipoma

A common echogenic benign solid mass of the kidney is: A. lymphoma B. hemangioma C. angiomyolipoma D. neuroblastoma

angiomyolipoma

Which of the following is characteristic of an extrahepatic mass? A. external bulging of liver capsule B. anterior displacement of right kidney C. displacement of hepatic radicles D. anteromedial displacement of IVC

anteromedial displacement of IVC

In the acute phase of testicular torsion, the testicles appear: A. small and echogenic B. normal size with large epididymis C. enlarged with decreased echogenicity D. hypoechoic with increased blood flow

enlarged with decreased echogenicity

A 31 year old male patient presents with pain, fever, dysuria and a history of UTI. What is the most likely diagnosis based on the following image? A. orchitis B. spermatocele C. epididymitis D. varicocele

epididymitis

The most common intrascrotal inflammation is: A. Orchitis B. spermatocele C. epididymitis D. varicocele

epididymitis

The most common intrascrotal inflammation is: A. epididymitis B. varicocele C. Orchitis D. spermatocele

epididymitis

A problem that is bacterial or viral in origin that affects some adolescent and middle age men is A. epididymo-orchitis B. an epididymal cyst C. testiculitis D. a spermatocele

epididymo-orchitis

Neoplasm of which origin comprise the largest group of pancreatic tumors? A. Lymphomas B. Lipomas C. Exocrine D. Endocrine

exocrine

Secretions into a duct

exocrine

The appearance of protruding, staring eyes with decreased movement is known as A. cutaneous manifestation B. hyperthalmos C. amaurosis fugax D. exophthalmos

exophthalmos

The most common primary of metastatic disease to the biliary system via blood or lymphatic routes is: A. ulcerative colitis B. melanoma C. pancreatitis D. pancreatic carcinoma

melanoma

A congenital anomaly that occurs in male fetuses is: A. ureterocele B. posterior urethral valves C. ureteropelvic junction obstruction D. bladder diverticulum

posterior urethral valves

A urinary tract congenital anomaly specific to males would be: A. ureterocele B. posterior urethral valves C. urachal cysts D. diverticula

posterior urethral valves

Pyonephrosis refers to the: A. presence of urine in a dilated collected system B. presence of pus in a dilated collecting system C. presence of a perinephric abscess D. presence of blood in the collecting system

presence of pus in a dilated collecting system

Most common midline pelvic cystic mass in males:

prostatic utricle cysts

A non-encapsulated collection of necrotic and edematous peripancreatic tissue is termed: A. hematoma B. phlegmon C. cystadenoma D. pseudocyst

pseudocyst

A non-encapsulated collection of necrotic and edematous peripancreatic tissue is termed: A. hematoma B. phlegmon C. pseudocyst D. cystadenoma

pseudocyst

Portal hypertension is often accompanied by all of the following except: A. esophageal varices B. recanalization of the ligamentum arteriosum C. recanalization of the ligamentum teres D. splenomegaly

recanalization of the ligamentum arteriosum

Portal hypertension is often accompanied by all of the following except: A. recanalization of the ligamentum teres B. recanalization of the ligamentum arteriosum C. splenomegaly D. esophageal varices

recanalization of the ligamentum arteriosum

If a patient has choledocholithiasis which of the following may be dilated? A. the duodenum B. the duct of santorini C. the pancreatic duct D. the common hepatic duct

the common hepatic duct

Which of the following statements regarding gallstones is false? A. the majority of gallstones cause symptoms B. the prevalence of gallstones is higher in females than males C. the majority of stones in the US are made up of cholesterol D. abnormal gallbladder emptying and altered absorption are precursors to stone formation

the majority of gallstones cause symptoms

Which of the following statements regarding gallstones is false? A. the prevalence of gallstones is higher in females than males B. the majority of stones in the US are made up of cholesterol C. abnormal gallbladder emptying and altered absorption are precursors to stone formation D. the majority of gallstones cause symptoms

the majority of gallstones cause symptoms

Ureteral jets are: A. the result of urine being sprayed into the static urine of the bladder from the ureters B. a pathologic condition C. a rare occurrence D. caused by reflux of urine

the result of urine being sprayed into the static urine of the bladder from the ureters

number of adrenal arteries

three

number of anatomic lobes in the liver

three

Budd Chiari is: A. thrombosis or occlusion of the portal veins & IVC B. thrombosis or occlusion of the hepatic artery & IVC C. thrombosis or occlusion of the hepatic artery & veins D. thrombosis or occlusion of the hepatic veins & IVC

thrombosis or occlusion of the hepatic veins & IVC

Budd Chiari is: A. thrombosis or occlusion of the portal veins & IVC B. thrombosis or occlusion of the hepatic artery & veins C. thrombosis or occlusion of the hepatic veins & IVC D. thrombosis or occlusion of the hepatic artery & IVC

thrombosis or occlusion of the hepatic veins & IVC

What is the best diagnosis if the sonographic features include an irregular, solid, uneven, neovascular, hypoechoic mass with internal echoes within the walls of a normal-sized thyroid gland? A. Thyroid carcinoma B. Multinodular activity C. Thyroid adenoma D. Goiter

thyroid carcinoma

What is the most likely diagnosis if a patient presents with a cold thyroid nodule on a technetium-99m (Tc-99m) radioiodine scintigraphy examination and the sonography examination demonstrates an anechoic circular area with smooth sharp borders and good through transmission? A. Calcified thyroid adenoma B. Thyroid adenoma C. Goiter D. Thyroid cyst

thyroid cyst

Hashimoto's disease is a type of chronic A. pancreatitis B. orchitis C. hepatitis D. thyroiditis

thyroiditis

Clinical findings of acute scrotal pain, nausea and vomiting are suggestive of A. epididymitis B. a neoplasm C. torsion D. orchitis

torsion

Enzyme responsible for breaking down proteins

trypsin

Portion of the pancreas posterior to the SMV

unincate process

Which of the following is an intrinsic cause of unilateral hydronephrosis? A. enlarged prostate B. pelvic mass C. ureter calculi D. neurogenic bladde

ureter calculi

Gallbladder sludge is composed of all the following except: A. uric acid B. cholesterol crystals C. thick bile D. calcium bilirubinate granules

uric acid

Multinodular goiter is best described below as A. uniform homogeneous enlargement of the thyroid gland B. very highly vascular with thyroid inferno C. chronic inflammatory process D. mild enlargement with fever and pain

very highly vascular with thyroid inferno

Name the most easily injured organ: A. Liver B. Spleen C. Kidneys D. Pancreas

Spleen

The WES triad relates to examination with contracted or nonvisualized gallbladders. The acronym WES stands for: A. "wall-edema-sludge" B. "wall-echo-stone" C. "wide-echo-shadow" D. "wall-echo-shadow"

"wall-echo-shadow"

Normal GB wall thickness is approximately:

1-3mm

The long axis measurement of the spleen on an average sized adult should not measure more than ______. A. 20 cm. B. 9 cm. C. 15 cm. D. 13 cm.

13 cm

The long axis measurement of the spleen on an average sized adult should not measure more than ______. A. 9 cm. B. 15 cm. C. 13 cm. D. 20 cm.

13 cm

Hepatomegaly is diagnosed when the liver length measures greater than: A. 17 mm B. 13 cm C. 17 cm D. 15 cm

17cm

How many zones is the prostate divided into? A. 6 B. 5 C. 3 D. 2

3

What is the primary adult malignant tumor of the liver? A. Hemangioma B. Hepatoma C. Adenoma D. Hepatoblastoma

hepatoma

LFT that is most specific for liver (Abbreviation)

ALT

congenital variant of the spleen usually found near the hilum

Accessoryspleen

If a 53-year-old woman presents with the most common solid thyroid mass sonographically identified as well circumscribed, an oval contour, and a halo effect, what is the most likely diagnosis? A. Hemorrhage B. Goiter C. Adenoma D. Carcinoma

Adenoma

Which of the following is a benign lesion of the thyroid? A. medulloma B. Papilloma C. adenocarcinoma D. Adenoma

Adenoma

In chronic viral hepatitis, hepatomegaly and inhomogenous, patchy or diffuse increases in echogenicity are common and related to the: A. Amount of fibrosis present B. Amount of portal hypertension C. Amount of fatty infiltration and fibrosis present D. Amount of vascular compression

Amount of fatty infiltration and fibrosis present

In chronic viral hepatitis, hepatomegaly and inhomogenous, patchy or diffuse increases in echogenicity are common and related to the: A. Amount of fibrosis present B. Amount of vascular compression C. Amount of fatty infiltration and fibrosis present D. Amount of portal hypertension

Amount of fatty infiltration and fibrosis present

What is the most common prostate condition found in men over the age of 50? A. BPH B. Orchitis C. Prostatitis D. Prostate carcinoma

BPH

lab value associated with kidneys

BUN

rests directly against the diaphragm

Barearea

Formed by the common hepatic duct and the cystic duct

CBD

Formed by right and left hepatic ducts

CHD

fusion of entire length of medial surfaces of the kidney; found in the pelvis

Cakekidney

Which area is primarily affected as benign prostatic hypertrophy progresses? A. Central zone B. Peripheral zone C. Fibromuscular stroma D. Transitional zone

Central zone

The type of neoplasm that arises from the bile ducts to account for 10% of all primary liver cancers is: A. Cholangiocarcinoma B. Cholangiosarcoma C. Cholangiolipoma D. Cholangioma

Cholangiocarcinoma

The type of neoplasm that arises from the bile ducts to account for 10% of all primary liver cancers is: A. Cholangiolipoma B. Cholangiocarcinoma C. Cholangioma D. Cholangiosarcoma

Cholangiocarcinoma

What is the best explanation if the sonogram reveals a focal area of high echogenicity with acoustic attenuation (shadowing)? A. Cholelithiasis B. Sludge C. Thickened wall D. Cholecystitis

Cholelithiasis

What is the best explanation if the sonogram reveals a focal area of high echogenicity with acoustic attenuation (shadowing)? A. Cholelithiasis B. Thickened wall C. Sludge D. Cholecystitis

Cholelithiasis

What is the likely cause for echoes originating from within the gallbladder with acoustic shadows? A. Bile B. Cholelithiasis C. Cholecystitis D. Perforated gallbladder

Cholelithiasis

A 56-year-old woman's clinical signs include chills, fever, back pain, malaise, dysuria, and frequent, urgent urination. Her laboratory values include leukocytosis, hematuria, pyuria, and bacteriuria. Sonographically, a small kidney is seen with parenchymal loss and multifocal echoes in the cortical and medullary regions probably from focal fibrosis. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis? A. Acute diffuse bacterial nephritis B. Acute bacterial nephritis C. Chronic atrophic pyelonephritis D. Pyonephrosis

Chronic atrophic pyelonephritis

An abdominal sonogram demonstrates a large hypoechoic mass in the head of the pancreas. The gallbladder is enlarged with a thin wall. Murphy's sign is negative. No gallstones are seen and the bile ducts are normal in caliber. What is the most likely diagnosis? A. cholelithiasis B. Courvoirsier's gallbladder C. cholecystitis D. choledocholithiasis

Courvoirsier's gallbladder

An abdominal sonogram demonstrates a large hypoechoic mass in the head of the pancreas. The gallbladder is enlarged with a thin wall. Murphy's sign is negative. No gallstones are seen and the bile ducts are normal in caliber. What is the most likely diagnosis? A. cholelithiasis B. cholecystitis C. choledocholithiasis D. Courvoirsier's gallbladder

Courvoirsier's gallbladder

A mass in the head of the pancreas which compresses the common bile duct producing an enlarged gallbladder is known as: A. Grey turner's sign B. Homan's sign C. Murphy's sign D. Courvoisier's sign

Courvoisier's sign

A patient presents with ampulla of Vater obstruction, distension of the GB, and painless jaundice. This is associated with: A. Courvoisier's sign B. Hartmann's pouch C. choledochal cyst D. hydrops of the gall bladder

Courvoisier's sign

A patient presents with ampulla of Vater obstruction, distension of the GB, and painless jaundice. This is associated with: A. Hartmann's pouch B. choledochal cyst C. Courvoisier's sign D. hydrops of the gall bladder

Courvoisier's sign

lab value associated with kidneys

Creatinine

kidneys fused and located on one side of the body

Cross fused ectopia

What developmental cyst occurs because of a congenital modification in the cervical lymphatic system? A. Cystic hygroma B. Thyroglossal duct cysts C. Cleft fistula D. Branchial cleft cyst

Cystic hygroma

lateral bulging of the kidney

Dromedary

two renal pelves

Duplicate collecting system

Alkaline Phosphatase is markedly increased in patients with: A. Hepatocellular disease B. Polycystic disease C. Early obstruction D. Hydatid disease

Early obstruction

Which statement is the best description of the sonographic appearance of a bladder tumor? A. Echogenic structures protruding into anechoic bladder lumen B. High-intensity echoes within the bladder C. Mega-ureter, upper urinary tract dilatation, ureterocele D. Thickened bladder mucosa with hypoechoic or cystic structures along the wall

Echogenic structures protruding into anechoic bladder lumen

Which statement is the best description of the sonographic appearance of a bladder tumor? A. Thickened bladder mucosa with hypoechoic or cystic structures along the wall B. Echogenic structures protruding into anechoic bladder lumen C. Mega-ureter, upper urinary tract dilatation, ureterocele D. High-intensity echoes within the bladder

Echogenic structures protruding into anechoic bladder lumen

What sonographic appearance describes how to identify hydronephrosis? A. Distorted renal outline B. Multiple cystic masses throughout the renal parenchyma C. Hyperechoic pelvocaliceal collecting system D. Fluid-filled pelvocaliceal collecting system

Fluid-filled pelvocaliceal collecting system

What sonographic appearance describes how to identify hydronephrosis? A. Fluid-filled pelvocaliceal collecting system B. Hyperechoic pelvocaliceal collecting system C. Distorted renal outline D. Multiple cystic masses throughout the renal parenchyma

Fluid-filled pelvocaliceal collecting system

What sonographic appearance describes how to identify hydronephrosis? A. Multiple cystic masses throughout the renal parenchyma B. Hyperechoic pelvocaliceal collecting system C. Fluid-filled pelvocaliceal collecting system D. Distorted renal outline

Fluid-filled pelvocaliceal collecting system

Ovoid, intraperitoneal organ part of the biliary tree

GB

A patient is suspected to have a porcelain gallbladder if: A. GB wall appears as an echogenic arc with dense shadowing B. necrosis is present C. Gallbladder appears as WES D. there is an decreased risk for GB carcinoma

GB wall appears as an echogenic arc with dense shadowing

common hepatic artery divides into proper hepatic artery and __________

Gastroduodenal artery

outermost tissue layer surrounding the kidney and adrenal glands

Gerotasfacia

outer covering of the liver

Glissonscapsule

The primary hormones produced in the pancreas are: A. Lipase and cholase B. Glucagon and insulin C. Pancreatin and secretin D. Collagen and fibrin

Glucagon and insulin

The primary hormones produced in the pancreas are: A. Pancreatin and secretin B. Collagen and fibrin C. Lipase and cholase D. Glucagon and insulin

Glucagon and insulin

Increased vascularity w/color Doppler termed "thyroid inferno" is often seen with A. Graves' disease B. papillary carcinoma C. Hashimoto's disease D. de Quervain's thyroiditis

Graves' disease

normal portal venous flow

Hepatopetal

location of the barearea of the spleen

Hilum

What anomaly refers to renal fusion that usually occurs at the lower pole level? A. Hypoplasia B. Pelvic ectopic C. Horseshoe kidney D. Duplication

Horseshoe kidney

Parathyroid adenomas may be associated with A. Lymphadenopathy B. Hypercalcemia C. Cysts D. Headaches

Hypercalcemia

What pathology is most likely demonstrated on a 64-year-old man with a slightly elevated prostate-specific antigen level and the endorectal sonogram documenting an 8.9 mm hypoechoic mass in the right peripheral zone? A. Benign prostatic hypertrophy B. Prostatitis C. Malignancy D. Fibrosis

Malignancy

unusual axis of the kidneys

Malrotation

vascular landmark that separates the liver into right and left lobes

Middlehepaticvein

three steroid products of the adrenal cortex

Mineralcorticoids Glucocorticoids Gonadalhormones

The area anterior to the right kidney and posterior to the right lobe of the liver is called: A. Hartman's pouch B. pouch of Douglas C. Morrison's pouch D. lesser sac

Morrison's pouch

functional unit of the kidney

Nephron

An infection that has spread to the testicle is: A. Spermatocele B. Hydrocele C. Epididymitis D. Orchitis

Orchitis

Which structure is retroperitoneal? A. Pancreas B. Gallbladder C. Spleen D. Stomach

Pancreas

Which of the following would most likely cause anterior displacement of the superior mesenteric artery and vein? A. Pancreatic neoplasm B. Small-bowel obstruction C. Cholelithiasis D. Para-aortic lymphadenopathy

Para-aortic lymphadenopathy

What anomalous condition occurs if the allantoic canal remains open and results in a communication channel between the bladder and the umbilicus? A. Patent or persistent urachus B. Posterior urethral valves C. Exstrophy D. Distal ureteral obstruction

Patent or persistent urachus

located in the pelvis

Pelvic kidney

The most common feature of a thyroid adenoma is: A. Hemorrhage B. Peripheral halo C. Diffuse echogenicity D. Inhomogeneity

Peripheral halo

Which of the following is the best indicating marker for diagnosing prostate cancer? A. Digital rectal examination B. Prostate-specific antigen C. Frequent urination D. Endorectal sonography

Prostate-specific antigen

Which of the following is the best indicating marker for diagnosing prostate cancer? A. Frequent urination B. Digital rectal examination C. Endorectal sonography D. Prostate-specific antigen

Prostate-specific antigen

Empyema of the gallbladder refers to: A. Distention of the gallbladder B. Pus-filled gallbladder C. Gas in the gallbladder D. Calcified gallbladder

Pus-filled gallbladder

triangular shaped areas between the renal columns

Pyramids

divides the anterior and posterior portions of the liver (abbreviation)

RHV

exits the hilum most anteriorly

Renal vein

largest lobe of the liver

Right

left adrenal gland shape

Semilunar

Which statement is false about adrenal adenocarcinoma? A. They are aka adrenocortical carcinoma. B. There is a tendency for invasion into the adrenal vein and inferior vena cava. C. Metastases to nodes are common. D. These tumors are associated with Addison's syndrome.

These tumors are associated with Addison's syndrome.

right adrenal gland shape

Triangular

An ureterocele is a congenital abnormality seen where? A. UVJ B. UPJ C. Adrenal D. Renal

UVJ

tubular structure in which urine becomes trapped in fused ends

Urachalcyst

Which urinary bladder anomaly is sometimes described as a cyst within a cyst? A. Ureterocele B. Bladder exstrophy C. Bladder diverticula D. Ectopic ureter

Ureterocele

Fungal infections in the liver are characterized by A. Snail fever B. Daughter cysts C. Hemangioma D. Wheel within a wheel

Wheel within a wheel

Fungal infections in the spleen are characterized by: A. Wheel within a wheel B. Snail fever C. hemangioma D. Daughter cysts

Wheel within a wheel

Which blood test is a good marker for hepatoblastoma? A. alk phos B. bilirubin C. albumin D. alpha fetoprotein

alpha fetoprotein

The most common solid echogenic tumor in children who present with a palpable flank mass, hematuria, hypertension and fever is: A. Wilm's tumor B. oncocytoma C. angiomyolipoma D. hypernephroma

Wilm's tumor

A longstanding cystic duct obstruction gives rise to: A. adenomyomatosis B. a gall bladder kink C. a hydropic gall bladder D. a septated gall bladder

a hydropic gall bladder

A longstanding cystic duct obstruction gives rise to: A. a septated gall bladder B. a hydropic gall bladder C. adenomyomatosis D. a gall bladder kink

a hydropic gall bladder

The inferior vena cava may be compressed and displaced posteriorly by: A. a mass in the lower pole of the right kidney B. right renal artery aneurysm C. a mass in the caudate lobe of the liver D. right renal vein thrombosis

a mass in the caudate lobe of the liver

On sonographic examination, a seminoma of the testicle tends to appear as A. a solid, homogeneous mass B. a small, simple cyst C. cannot be detected sonographically D. a large, multilocular cystic mass

a solid, homogenous mass

An abscess usually appears sonographically as: A. echo-free, round, with smooth borders and good through transmission B. a variable echotexture with irregular borders and varied through transmission C. solid with smooth borders and no through transmission D. a "bull's eye" target lesion

a variable echotexture with irregular borders and varied through transmission

What is the most important factor associated with gallstone formation? A. abnormal bile composition B. diffuse liver disease C. pregnancy D. high fat, low protein diet

abnormal bile composition

What is the most important factor associated with gallstone formation? A. pregnancy B. high fat, low protein diet C. abnormal bile composition D. diffuse liver disease

abnormal bile composition

Which is the most relevant factor associated with formation of GB calculi? A. abnormal bile composition B. low protein, high fat diet C. GB malignancy D. diffuse liver disease

abnormal bile composition

A varicocele is an A. abnormal dilatation of the draining veins of the scrotum seen only with a malignant condition B. abnormal dilatation of the draining veins of the scrotum seen in infertile and subfertile men C. abnormal dilatation of the draining veins of the scrotum that cannot be sonographically differentiated from spermatoceles and epididymal cysts D. abnormal dilatation of the draining veins of the scrotum often seen in association with epididymitis

abnormal dilatation of the draining veins of the scrotum seen in infertile and subfertile men

A varicocele is an A. abnormal dilatation of the draining veins of the scrotum seen only with a malignant condition B. abnormal dilatation of the draining veins of the scrotum that cannot be sonographically differentiated from spermatoceles and epididymal cysts C. abnormal dilatation of the draining veins of the scrotum seen in infertile and subfertile men D. abnormal dilatation of the draining veins of the scrotum often seen in association with epididymitis

abnormal dilatation of the draining veins of the scrotum seen in infertile and subfertile men

A post-surgical patient presents with abdominal tenderness and elevated WBC. An ultrasound is performed and an ill-defined, complex mass is identified. This most likely represents a(n): A. lipoma B. abscess C. hematoma D. urinoma

abscess

Given the clinical findings of a fever, RUQ pain, and leukocytosis, what would one expect to find in the patient's liver? A. metastasis B. abscess C. hemangioma D. hepatoma

abscess

Responsible for the exocrine functions

acini

The accumulation of serous fluid within the peritoneal cavity in known as: A. urachal cyst B. rectus sheath hematoma C. ascites D. pleural effusion

acsites

An enlarged kidney with decreased echogenicity of the parenchymal tissue on US is characteristic of? A. acute pyelonephritis B. hydronephrosis C. renal abscess D. chronic pyelonephritis

acute pyelonephritis

A tuberculosis infection in the adrenal gland can cause: A. Addison's Disease B. Cushing's Disease C. Moon Face D. Conn's Disease

addison's disease

A 60 year old patient presents with painless jaundice and weight loss. The pancreatic head measures 4.0 cm. with an enlarged pancreatic duct. This is most likely A. pancreatitis B. adenocarcinoma C. insulinoma D. Courvoisier's sign

adenocarcinoma

The most common pancreatic malignancy is: A. adenocarcinoma B. melanoma C. adenoma D. insulinoma

adenocarcinoma

All of the following produce diffuse enlargement of the thyroid except: A. Hashimoto's disease B. Grave's disease C. multinodular goiter D. adenoma

adenoma

All of the following produce diffuse enlargement of the thyroid except: A. multinodular goiter B. Grave's disease C. Hashimoto's disease D. adenoma

adenoma

A smoet tail reverberation artifact is seen originating from the anterior gallbladder wall. What gallbladder pathology is most likely causing this artifact? A. sludge B. gallstone C. gallbladder carcinoma D. adenomyomatosis

adenomyomatosis

A pheochromocytoma is a usually benign, hypertensive causing mass found in the retroperitoneal cavity of adults. Which of the following is it a mass of? A. testicle B. thyroid gland C. adrenal gland D. Pancreas

adrenal gland

A complex adrenal mass is identified in a neonate who experienced trauma at birth. This most A. neuroblastoma B. adrenal hemorrhage C. adrenal cyst D. Cushing's disease

adrenal hemorrhage

Addison's syndrome is a disease that results from: A. adrenal hyperfunction B. adrenal hypofunction C. thyroid hypoactivity D. excessive production of cortisol

adrenal hypofunction

Develpemental anomaly where the gallbladder is not present

agenesis

A hepatoma may be associated with _______. A. end-stage cirrhosis B. hepatitis B C. metabolic disorders D. invasion of the portal venous system E. all of the above

all of the above

The appearance of gallbladder carcinoma includes A. stones may be present B. focal or diffuse gallbladder wall thickening C. irregular echogenic mass within the gallbladder D. all of the above

all of the above

Which is an indication for a scrotal ultrasound? A. detection of testicular torsion B. evaluation of an enlarged and/or painful scrotum C. distinction between epididymitis and a tumor involving the testicle D. a primary method for diagnosing a testicular tumor E. all of the above are good indications for a scrotal ultrasound

all of the above are good indications for a scrotal ultrasound

Secretes glucagon, increasing blood sugar

alpha

Which of the following is characteristic of an extrahepatic mass? A. external bulging of liver capsule B. displacement of hepatic radicles C. anteromedial displacement of IVC D. anterior displacement of right kidney

anteromedial displacement of IVC

A fluid filled mass anterior to the pancreas may be all of the following except: A. aortic aneurysm B. pseudocyst C. stomach D. loculated cyst

aortic aneurysm

A fluid filled mass anterior to the pancreas may be all of the following except: A. pseudocyst B. loculated cyst C. aortic aneurysm D. stomach

aortic aneurysm

Metastases to the spleen A. are usually the first sign of carcinoma B. are not known to occur C. are common D. appear when the primary lesion has disseminated widely

appear when the primary lesion has disseminated widely

The accumulation of serous fluid within the peritoneal cavity in known as: A. pleural effusion B. urachal cyst C. ascites D. rectus sheath hematoma

ascites

Two non-biliary reasons for diffuse GB wall thickening are: A. congestive heart failure & porcelain GB B. cholesterol polyps & adenomyomatosis C. ascites & acute hepatitis D. pancreatitis & renal failure

ascites & acute hepatitis

A 50-year-old man with a history of ETOH abuse presents with increased abdominal girth and abnormal LFTs. An ultrasound exam is ordered; the most probable finding is _________________. A. hemangioma B. hepatoma C. ascites and cirrhosis D. liver metastasis

ascites and cirrhosis

When performing color Doppler imaging of the liver: A. portal venous flow will always be displayed in red and hepatic veins in blue B. portal venous flow will always be displayed in blue and hepatic veins in red C. because color assignment depends on flow direction in relation to the transducer, the portal and hepatic veins may be either red or blue

because color assignment depends on flow direction in relation to the transducer, the portal and hepatic veins may be either red or blue

Secretes insulin, decreasing blood sugar

beta

Enlargement of the pancreatic head will most likely lead to which of the following? A. ascites B. hypertension C. biliary obstruction D. cystic fibrosis

biliary obstruction

Enlargement of the pancreatic head will most likely lead to which of the following? A. hypertension B. ascites C. cystic fibrosis D. biliary obstruction

biliary obstruction

Gallstones may form due to: A. low saline level of patient B. biliary stasis C. normal bile composition D. pancreatic duct enlargment

biliary stasis

Sonographic finding that may accompany a hematocele: A. blood filling the sac that surrounds the testicle, secondary to trauma or surgery B. dilated veins caused by obstruction of the venous return C. a condition in which the testicle have not descended D. a cyst along the course of the vas deferens

blood filling the sac that surrounds the testicle, secondary to trauma or surgery

Portion of the pancreas anterior to the SMA

body

Which of the following abnormalites would be seen laterally to the neck near the carotid arteries? A. branchial cleft cyst B. cystic hygroma C. thyroglossal duct cyst D. esophagus

branchial cleft cyst

Which of the following abnormalites would be seen laterally to the neck near the carotid arteries? A. cystic hygroma B. thyroglossal duct cyst C. esophagus D. branchial cleft cyst

branchial cleft cyst

What is the most common composition of renal calculi? A. Calcium oxalate B. Uric acid C. Magnesium phosphate D. Staghorn formation

calcium oxalate

The most common benign tumor of the spleen is: A. cavernous hemangioma B. fibroma C. chondroma D. lymphoma

cavernous hemangioma

The most common benign tumor of the spleen is: A. lymphoma B. cavernous hemangioma C. fibroma D. chondroma

cavernous hemangioma

The vascular supply to the liver, spleen and stomach is via the: A. Portal vein B. Superior mesenteric vein C. Celiac trunk D. Gastroduodenal artery

celiac trunk

Which of the following is the most common cause of orchitis? A. syphilis B. gonorrhea C. chlamydia D. UTI

chlamydia

Gallbladder removal

cholecystectomy

Inflammation of the gallbladder is known as: A. cholesterosis B. cholecystitis C. choledocholithiasis D. adenomyomatosis

cholecystitis

A 2 month old infant presents with persistent jaundice and a palpable RUQ mass. The sonogram demonstrates a normal gallbladder and a cystic mass in the porta hepatis that appears to be separate from the gallbladder. The CBD appears to be entering the cystic mass. What is the most likely diagnosis? A. choledochal cyst B. multiseptate gallbladder C. interposition of the gallbladder D. biliary atresia

choledochal cyst

Cystic dilation of the CBD which is usually present in the 1st year of life is known as: A. biliary atresia B. Courvoisier cyst C. choledochal cyst D. adenomyomatosis

choledochal cyst

Cystic dilation of the CBD which is usually present in the 1st year of life is known as: A. choledochal cyst B. Courvoisier cyst C. biliary atresia D. adenomyomatosis

choledochal cyst

The most common cause of obstructive jaundice is: A. choledocholithiaisis B. acalculous cholecystitis C. cholecystitis D. occlusion of the IVC

choledocholithiaisis

Addison's syndrome is a disease that results from: A. thyroid hypofunction B. thyroiditis C. chronic adrenal hypofunction D. chronic adrenal hyperfunction

chronic adrenal hypofunction

A patient has a history of chronic alcohol abuse and liver cirrhosis. The ultrasound exam reveals a heterogeneous pancreas. There are calcifications present within the pancreas. The pancreatic duct is dilated. What condition is most likely given this history and ultrasound findings? A. chronic pancreatitits B. acute pancreatitits C. adenocarcinoma of the pancreas D. islet cell tumor of the pancreas

chronic pancreatitits

A small echogenic nodular liver best describes which of the following? A. cirrhosis B. ascites C. viral hepatitis D. a normal pediatric liver

cirrhosis

A small echogenic nodular liver best describes which of the following? A. viral hepatitis B. a normal pediatric liver C. cirrhosis D. ascites

cirrhosis

Hepatofugal blood flow may be seen in patients with: A. cirrhosis B. fatty infiltrates C. cavernous hemangiomas D. biliary disease

cirrhosis

What is the pre-existing condition that occurs in patients with hepatomas? A. abscesses B. gallstones C. cirrhosis D. hematomas

cirrhosis

Which is a predisposing factor of hepatoma? A. cavernous hemangioma B. cirrhosis C. echincoccal cyst D. biliary disease

cirrhosis

Which is a predisposing factor of hepatoma? A. cirrhosis B. biliary disease C. echincoccal cyst D. cavernous hemangioma

cirrhosis

Three functions of the gallbladder

concentrates, stores and transports bile

What is failure of the testes to descend called? A. Klinfelter's syndrome B. cryptorchidism C. agenesis D. orchiopexy

cryptorchidism

The gold standard imaging technique for the pancreas

ct scans

Provides oxygenated blood to the gallbladder

cystic artery

The blood supply for the gallbladder is:

cystic artery/ vein

Attaches the neck of the gallbladder to the common hepatic duct

cystic duct

The hepatic duct is joined by the __________to form the ___________.

cystic duct; common bile duct

Which of the following is a congenital anomaly affecting the pancreas? A. adenocarcinoma B. pseudocyst C. cystic fibrosis D. insulinoma

cystic fibrosis

Which of the following may be a sonographic appearance of acute hepatitis? A. decreased echogenicity of the liver parenchyma B. increased gallbladder size C. increased echogenicity of the liver parenchyma D. decreased visualization of portal vein walls

decreased echogenicity of the liver parenchyma

With advanced chronologic age, the pancreas: A. increases in size and increases in echogenicity B. becomes less echogenic and grossly enlarged C. decreases in size and increases in echogenicity D. increases in size and increases in echogenicity

decreases in size and increases in echogenicity

Secretes somatostatin

delta

Sonographically, one may recognize fatty infiltrates of the liver by: A. hepatomegaly B. diffuse increase in liver parenchymal echoes C. uniform echogenicity and attenuation D. increased visualization of vascular structures

diffuse increase in liver parenchymal echoes

The sonographic findings that are associated with varicoceles include: A. a solid mass outside of the testes B. a cyst along the course of the vas deference C. dilated veins caused by obstruction of the venous return D. blood filled sac that surrounds the testicle, secondary to trauma or surgery

dilated veins caused by obstruction of the venous return

Varicoceles are: A. arteries measuring less than 2 mm B. arteries measuring more than 2 mm C. dilated viens measuring more than 2 mm D. dilated veins measuring less than 2 mm

dilated viens measuring more than 2 mm

A patient presents with a dilated gall bladder and a dilated common bile duct. The level of the obstruction should be at the: A. cystic duct B. distal common bile duct C. common hepatic duct D. right or left hepatic duct

distal common bile duct

Accessory pancreatic duct

duct of santorini

Main pancreatic duct, should not measure more than 2mm

duct of wirsung

A cyst within a cyst (daughter cyst) is a classic example of which of the following liver masses? A. hepatoma B. echinococcal (hydatid) cyst C. hemangioma D. polycystic liver disease

echinococcal (hydatid) cyst

What type of cyst arises in the liver due to parasites? A. echinococcal cysts B. simple cysts C. polycystic liver disease D. abscess

echinococcal cysts

A scrotal hernia containing bowel or other fatty masses will usually appear A. anechoic B. isoechoic to the testes C. echogenic D. hypoechoic

echogenic

The pancreas becomes _________ with age

echogenic

Secretions into the blood or lymph

endocrine

the adrenals are _________glands

endocrine

A patient with leukemia will most likely have a spleen that's which of the following? A. atrophied B. normal C. micro-nodular D. enlarged

enlarged

A patient with leukemia will most likely have a spleen that's which of the following? A. normal B. micro-nodular C. atrophied D. enlarged

enlarged

What would one not expect to see with later stage cirrhosis? A. difficulty visualizing vessels B. decreased liver size C. increased echogenicity D. enlarged liver

enlarged liver

In the acute phase of testicular torsion, the testicles appear: A. enlarged with decreased echogenicity B. hypoechoic with increased blood flow C. normal size with large epididymis D. small and echogenic

enlarged with decreased echogenicity

All of the following lesions are benign except A. hemangioma B. hamartoma C. hepatic adenoma D. hepatoma

hepatoma

A 50 y/o diabetic patient presents with abdominal pain and slightly elevated LFTs. The liver measures 18.5 cm. with diffuse increase in the liver parencymal echogenicity. This is characteristic of: A. cirrhosis B. normal findings for the age of this patient C. fatty infiltration D. hepatocellular CA

fatty infiltration

A 50 y/o diabetic patient presents with abdominal pain and slightly elevated LFTs. The liver measures 18.5 cm. with diffuse increase in the liver parencymal echogenicity. This is characteristic of: A. hepatocellular CA B. normal findings for the age of this patient C. fatty infiltration D. cirrhosis

fatty infiltration

Clinical symptoms associated with inflammatory renal masses include A. hypoglycemia B. fever C. epigastic pain D. referred shoulder pain

fever

Which benign liver tumor is well-circumscribed, multinodular, and non-encapsulated with a stellate scar? A. lipoma B. focal nodular hyperplasia C. liver cell adenoma D. cavernous hemangioma

focal nodular hyperplasia

Which of the following would a sonographer most likely see a "halo" around? A. papillary carcinoma B. multinodular goiter C. thyroid tissue in a post radiation patient D. follicular adenoma

follicular adenoma

A 76 year old patient presents for an abdominal sonogram with chronic abdominal pain. An irregular mass is seen projecting into the gallbladder lumen. Color Doppler detects flow within the mass. Gallstones are also seen. What is the most likely diagnosis? A. gallbladder carcinoma B. adenomyomatosis C. Courvoisier gallbladder D. gallbladder sludge and stones

gallbladder carcinoma

A 76 year old patient presents for an abdominal sonogram with chronic abdominal pain. An irregular mass is seen projecting into the gallbladder lumen. Color Doppler detects flow within the mass. Gallstones are also seen. What is the most likely diagnosis? A. gallbladder carcinoma B. gallbladder sludge and stones C. adenomyomatosis D. Courvoisier gallbladder

gallbladder carcinoma

The typical characteristics of cholelithiasis on ultrasound are: A. gravity dependent, immobile, hypoechoic B. gravity dependent, mobile, echogenic C. gravity dependent, immobile, echogenic D. gravity independent, mobile, hypoechoic

gravity dependent, mobile, echogenic

The typical characteristics of cholelithiasis on ultrasound are: A. gravity dependent, immobile, hypoechoic B. gravity dependent, mobile, echogenic C. gravity independent, mobile, hypoechoic D. gravity dependent, immobile, echogenic

gravity dependent, mobile, echogenic

A normal variant of the GB is?

hartmanns pouch

Small sacculation in gallbladder neck

hartmanns pouch

In what part of the pancreas do most pancreatic carcinomas occur? A. neck B. head C. tail D. body

head

Portion of the pancreas anterior to the IVC

head

Three segments of the gallbladder

head, neck, fundus

Valves of _________ contained within the cystic duct

heister

Which of the following is a malignant neoplasm of the liver due to carcinogen exposure A. hemangiosarcoma B. Hepatoma C. Hepatoblastoma D. Hemangioendothelioma

hemangiosarcoma

A 33 year old male presents with decreased hematocrit, right sided pain and hypotension. What is the most likely cause? A. Hemangioma B. Hepatocellular carcinoma C. Hepatoma D. Hematoma

hematoma

A patient presents with LUQ pain. An abdominal US reveals a complex mass in an enlarged spleen with free fluid in the abdominal/pelvic cavity. This most likely represents: A. hamartoma B. lymphangioma C. asplenia D. hematoma

hematoma

A patient presents with LUQ pain. An abdominal US reveals a complex mass in an enlarged spleen with free fluid in the abdominal/pelvic cavity. This most likely represents: A. hematoma B. asplenia C. lymphangioma D. hamartoma

hematoma

A patient presents to the ER the morning after a night of binge drinking. An ultrasound is ordered. The patient appears to be in shock and there is a slight discoloration of the patient's flank areas. The most likely finding you would expect to see is: A. acute pancreatitis B. phlegmonous pancreatitis C. hemorrhagic pancreatitis D. normal abdominal sonogram

hemorrhagic pancreatitis

A patient presents to the ER the morning after a night of binge drinking. An ultrasound is ordered. The patient appears to be in shock and there is a slight discoloration of the patient's flank areas. The most likely finding you would expect to see is: A. normal abdominal sonogram B. acute pancreatitis C. hemorrhagic pancreatitis D. phlegmonous pancreatitis

hemorrhagic pancreatitis

A 60-year-old female presents with hepatomegaly, abdominal pain, weight loss and abnormal LFTs. On ultrasound the portal vein is thrombosed, there is ascites and several masses with hypoechoic halos around them. Your diagnosis for this patient is ________. A. hemangioma B. cirrhosis C. focal nodular hyperplasia D. hepatocellular carcinoma

hepatocellular carcinoma

Hepatoma is also called: A. hepatocellular disease B. hemangiosarcoma C. hemagioendothelioma D. hepatocellular carcinoma

hepatocellular carcinoma

A 60-year-old female presents with hepatomegaly, abdominal pain, weight loss and abnormal LFTs. On ultrasound the portal vein is thrombosed. There is ascites and several masses with hypoechoic halos around them. Your diagnosis for this patient is: A. cirrhosis B. hemangioma C. fatty infiltration D. hepatoma

hepatoma

A 60-year-old female presents with hepatomegaly, abdominal pain, weight loss and abnormal LFTs. On ultrasound the portal vein is thrombosed. There is ascites and several masses with hypoechoic halos around them. Your diagnosis for this patient is: A. hepatoma B. hemangioma C. fatty infiltration D. cirrhosis

hepatoma

A 42 year old white female presented with complaints of nausea, increasing abdominal pain, and dark urine. She has a history of infiltrating ductal adenocarcinoma of the left breast and metastatic deposits in the brain, lung and bone. Her liver functions tests are elevated. The liver ultrasound shows a 19 cm. liver which is consistent with _____________. In addition, multiple small echogenic lesions were seen within the liver. These findings are highly suspicious of _______. A. hepaoma, fatty liver disease B. hepatomegaly, hemangiomas C. hepatomegaly, hepatic metastatic disease D. hepatic atrophy, hepatic metastatic disease

hepatomegaly, hepatic metastatic disease

A 42 year old white female presented with complaints of nausea, increasing abdominal pain, and dark urine. She has a history of infiltrating ductal adenocarcinoma of the left breast and metastatic deposits in the brain, lung and bone. Her liver functions tests are elevated. The liver ultrasound shows a 19 cm. liver which is consistent with _____________. In addition, multiple small echogenic lesions were seen within the liver. These findings are highly suspicious of _______. A. hepatomegaly, hepatic metastatic disease B. hepaoma, fatty liver disease C. hepatomegaly, hemangiomas D. hepatic atrophy, hepatic metastatic disease

hepatomegaly, hepatic metastatic disease

kidneys fused at lower poles

horseshoe

Daughter cysts are commonly seen with ___________. A. hepatic cystadenocarcinoma B. hematoma C. hydatid disease D. necrotic mets

hydatid disease

Daughter cysts are commonly seen with ___________. A. hepatic cystadenocarcinoma B. hematoma C. necrotic mets D. hydatid disease

hydatid disease

A 30-year-old male presents with unilateral, painless, testicular enlargement. This is most characteristic of which of the following? A. Torsion B. Hydrocele C. testicular cancer D. abscess

hydrocele

Which of the following would sonographically appear as cystic fluid surrounding the testicle? A. epididymis B. orchitis C. tumor D. hydrocele

hydrocele

Parathyroid adenomas would most likely be associated with: A. cysts B. headaches C. hypercalcemia D. lymphadenopathy

hypercalcemia

Parathyroid adenomas would most likely be associated with: A. hypercalcemia B. cysts C. headaches D. lymphadenopathy

hypercalcemia

The appearance of a hemangioma on sonography would most likely be: A. hypoechoic B. isoechoic C. hyperechoic D. anechoic

hyperechoic

A renal mass that has continuously increased vascular flow is characteristic of: A. adenoma B. angiomyolipoma C. hematoma D. hypernephroma

hypernephroma

The most common renal cancer in adults is: A. transitional cell carcinoma B. hypernephroma C. lymphoma D. nephroblastoma

hypernephroma

On ultrasound, acute pancreatitis typically appears: A. calcified B. echogenic C. homogeneous D. hypoechoic

hypoechoic

What can be excluded when the patient presents with a normal thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) level? A. Acute thyroiditis B. Thyroid cyst C. Parathyroid adenoma D. Hypothyroidism

hypothyroidism

Following testicular torsion, the testicle will appear sonographically A. the same as a normal testicle B. in the acute stage, small and echogenic; in its chronic stage, enlarged and hypoechoic C. in the acute stage, enlarged and hypoechoic; in its chronic stage, small and echogenic

in the acute stage, enlarged and hypoechoic; in its chronic stage, small and echogenic

A spermatocele lies: A. in the head of the epididymis, superior to the testis B. in the tail of the epididymis, inferior to the testis C. in the body of the epididymis, lateral to the testis D. in the body of the epididymis, posterior to the testis

in the head of the epididymis, superior to the testis

A hernia in the scrotum that does not show peristalsis or blood flow: A. ventral B. internal C. incarcerated D. external

incarcerated

With epididymitis, the epididymis should demonstrate A. increased color flow B. decreased color flow C. reversed color flow D. no flow

increased color flow

The laboratory findings of renal failure include: A. increased creatinine and blood urea nitrogen B. increased serum amylase and lipase C. increased creatinine and alkaline phosphatase D. increased serum amylase and creatinine

increased creatinine and blood urea nitrogen

A patient with sudden onset of LUQ pain and a wedge shaped region seen in the periphery of the spleen would present with this likely diagnosis: A. rupture B. focal abscess C. lymphoma D. infarct

infarct

A wedge-shaped lesion due to arterial occlusion of the kidney would most likely represent a(n): A. renal tumor B. infarct C. junctional parenchymal defect D. abscess

infarct

Persistent fever, swelling, and tenderness are most indicative of: A. angiomyloma B. infection C. malignancy D. hydronephrosis

infection

The GB fundus projects:

inferior to the margin of the liver

Hartman's pouch is also known as

infundibulum

A patient presents with an elevated insulin level and clinical signs of hypoglycemia. This is most characteristic of: A. adenoma B. adenocarcinoma C. gastroma D. insulinoma

insulinoma

If a mass is found in the head of the pancreas, what other areas should be imaged? A. spleen B. duodenum C. intrahepatic and extrahepatic biliary ducts D. duct of Santorini

intrahepatic and extrahepatic biliary ducts

The gallbladder is a/an __________________ organ

intraperitoneal

The most common cause of thyroid disorders worldwide is: A. calcium deficiency B. Goiter C. hyperthyroidism D. iodine deficiency

iodine deficiency

The ultrasound appearance of gangrenous cholecystitis includes: A. enlarged GB B. wall thinning C. irregular fundal contour D. comet-tail artifact

irregular fundal contour

Adenomyomatosis of the gall bladder: A. is a malignant proliferation of the gallbladder wall B. is a benign proliferation of the gallbladder wall also known as strawberry gallbladder C. is a benign proliferation of the gall bladder wall associated with comet tail artifact D. is a malignant proliferation of the gallbladder characterized by a hypoechoic halo

is a benign proliferation of the gall bladder wall associated with comet tail artifact

_______ of langerhans, responsible for the endocrine functions

islet

Which of the following is true regarding echinococcus granulosis: A. it is the most common cause of hydatid disease in humans B. it is also known as snail fever C. it's highest incidence is in countries where the parasite is unknown D. it is a genus of plant

it is the most common cause of hydatid disease in humans

Most common gallbladder variant

junctional fold

With polycystic liver disease, what other organs could also have multiple cysts? A. Ovaries B. Testicles C. Kidneys D. Adrenals

kidneys

If an enlarged prostate is found, the sonographer should also scan the __________. A. kidneys for hydronephrosis B. spleen for enlargement C. scrotum for hydroceles D. liver for metastasis

kidneys for hydronephrosis

If an enlarged prostate is found, the sonographer should also scan the __________. A. liver for metastasis B. spleen for enlargement C. scrotum for hydroceles D. kidneys for hydronephrosis

kidneys for hydronephrosis

Splenic rupture is most likely to be seen in patients with: A. large hemangioma B. lymphoma C. storage diseases D. metastases

large hemangioma

Which is the most common location for a pancreatic pseudocyst? A. lesser sac B. tail of the pancreas C. head of the pancreas D. body of the pancreas

lesser sac

Which of the following is the most common site for a pancreatic pseudocyst to occur? A. lesser sac B. head of pancreas C. posterior to pancreas D. tail of pancreas

lesser sac

Which of the following is the most common site for a pancreatic pseudocyst to occur? A. posterior to pancreas B. tail of pancreas C. lesser sac D. head of pancreas

lesser sac

A patent umbilical vein would be seen within the _______________ on ultrasound. A. intersegmental ligament B. ligamentum venosum C. falciform ligament D. main lobar fissure

ligamentum venosum

A patent umbilical vein would be seen within the _______________ on ultrasound. A. main lobar fissure B. ligamentum venosum C. falciform ligament D. intersegmental ligament

ligamentum venosum

Which of the following can recanalize with portal hypertension? A. ligamentum venosum B. umbilical artery C. ligamentum arteriosum D. ligamentum broadum

ligamentum venosum

Most sensitive enzyme for pancreatitis

lipase

Which of the following muscles can be seen posterior to the thyroid during a thyroid ultrasound? A. longus colli B. strap muscles C. sternocleidomastoid D. all of the above

longus colli

If a pelvic kidney is suspected, the sonographer should first: A. perform a spectral analysis B. find the physician C. refer the patient for a nuclear scan to determine renal function D. look in the renal fossae for presence of kidneys

look in the renal fossae for presence of kidneys

If a pelvic kidney is suspected, the sonographer should first: A. perform a spectral analysis B. refer the patient for a nuclear scan to determine renal function C. look in the renal fossae for presence of kidneys D. find the physician

look in the renal fossae for presence of kidneys

Anatomical landmark for the gallbladder neck

main lobar fissure

Microlithiasis of the testes may be associated with: A. hydrocele B. malignancy C. hernia D. hematocele

malignancy

A 50-year-old man has a long history of alcoholism presents with increased abdominal girth. An ultrasound exam is performed; the most probable finding is: A. massive ascites and cirrhosis B. liver metastasis C. hepatoma D. hemangioma

massive ascites and cirrhosis

An enlarged RT adrenal gland may result in which of the following? A. medial displacement of IVC B. anterior displacement of RRA C. anterior displacement of IVC D. posterior displacement of AO

medial displacement of IVC

In some patients with fatty infiltrative or cirrhotic disease, the _________ lobe of the liver is often a site for focal fatty sparing. A. Reidel's B. falciform C. right D. medial segment of the left

medial segment of the left

In some patients with fatty infiltrative or cirrhotic disease, the _________ lobe of the liver is often a site for focal fatty sparing. A. falciform B. medial segment of the left C. Reidel's D. right

medial segment of the left

The pancreatic tail lies __________________________

medial to spleen

A renal sonogram of a diabetic patient who presents with uremia shows small kidneys with echogenic pyramids. What is the most probable diagnosis? A. IPKD B. Medullary Cystic Disease C. APKD D. MDKD

medullary cystic disease

Hydronephrosis may be caused by all of the following except A. prostatic hypertrophy B. urethral strictures C. medullary sponge kidney D. lymphadenopathy

medullary sponge kidney

The most common primary of metastatic disease to the biliary system via blood or lymphatic routes is: A. pancreatitis B. ulcerative colitis C. melanoma D. pancreatic carcinoma

melanoma

Of the solid renal masses listed, the most common solid renal mass encountered in neonates is: A. Wilm's tumor B. IPKD C. hypernephroma D. mesoblastic nephroma

mesoblastic nephroma

Of the solid renal masses listed, the most common solid renal mass encountered in neonates is: A. Wilm's tumor B. hypernephroma C. neuroblastoma D. mesoblastic nephroma

mesoblastic nephroma

The most common form of neoplasm involvement extending to the liver is: A. hepatocellular carcinoma B. metastases C. hepatoma D. hemangioma

metastases

Which of the following renal cystic diseases is often unilateral? A. adult polycystic kidney disease B. multicystic dysplastic kidney disease C. medullary cystic disease

multicystic dysplastic kidney disease

Pain when pressing the transducer above the gallbladder

murphy's sign

Portion of the pancreas anterior to the SMV/PSC

neck

A highly malignant adrenal gland mass found in children is: A. adenoma B. nephroblastoma C. pheochromocytoma D. neuroblastoma

neuroblastoma

A highly malignant adrenal gland mass found in children is: A. adenoma B. pheochromocytoma C. nephroblastoma D. neuroblastoma

neuroblastoma

Ureteral jets are not visualized in patients with A. acute nephritis B. malignant tumors C. duplex collecting system D. obstruction

obstruction

Sphincter of ___________

oddi

number of adrenal veins

one

A cause of non-obstructive hydronephrosis is: A. overhydration B. calculi C. neoplasm D. ureteropelvic stricture

overhydration

Which structure is retroperitoneal? A. Stomach B. Pancreas C. Spleen D. Gallbladder

pancreas

An elderly man presents with a history of weight loss, jaundice, abdominal pain and anorexia. Which of the following would you expect to see on ultrasound? A. pancreatic adenocarcinoma B. acute pancreatitis C. chronic pancreatitis D. pancreatic pseudocyst

pancreatic adenocarcinoma

An elderly man presents with a history of weight loss, jaundice, abdominal pain and anorexia. Which of the following would you expect to see on ultrasound? A. pancreatic adenocarcinoma B. chronic pancreatitis C. pancreatic pseudocyst D. acute pancreatitis

pancreatic adenocarcinoma

An elderly man with a history of alcoholism recently was diagnosed with acute pancreatitis. He now presents with decreased hematocrit and hypotension. Your differential includes: A. cholecystitis B. chronic pancreatitis C. pseudocyst D. pancreatic hemorrhage

pancreatic hemorrhage

The most common malignant tumor of the thyroid is A. papillary carcinoma B. medullary carcinoma C. lymphoma D. follicular carcinoma

papillary carcinoma

The RT & LT hepatic ducts run ________ to the anterior wall of the intrahepatic portal veins?

parallel

The spreading process of diffuse inflammatory edema of soft tissues that may proceed to necrosis is: A. phlegmon B. chronic pancreatitis C. pseudocyst D. hemorrhagic pancreatitis

phlegmon

Fold in the fundus of the gallbladder

phrygian cap

What echogenic intraluminal projection does not change location with a change in the patient's position and does not cast an acoustic shadow? A. Diverticulitis B. Fundal folding C. Gallbladder calculi D. Polyp

polyp

Gallbladder carcinoma is associated with: A. Klatskin's tumor B. acute cholecystitis C. polypoid mass D. medullary nephrocalcinosis

polypoid mass

A 30 year old patient presents with abdominal pain and abnormal LFTs. The abdominal US reveals a dilated portal and superior mesenteric vein with hepatofugal blood flow. This is most characteristic of _____________. A. portal aneurysm B. portal atresia C. portal fistula D. portal hypertension

portal hypertension

An enlarged spleen may be caused by: A. late stage sickle cell anemia B. asplenia C. portal hypertension D. splenic rupture

portal hypertension

Which of the following may cause the spleen to enlarge? A. infarcts B. hepatopedal blood flow C. portal hypertension D. sickle cell anemia

portal hypertension

Which of the following may cause the spleen to enlarge? A. portal hypertension B. hepatopedal blood flow C. infarcts D. sickle cell anemia

portal hypertension

An amebic abscess may reach the liver through the: A. hepatic veins B. gastroduodenal artery (GDA) C. portal vein D. hepatic arteries

portal vein

The CBD can be found in the ______________ portion of the pancreas head.

posterior

What term describes the brightness that is seen deep to the gallbladder in a normal exam:

posterior enhancement

Which of the following is not a classic characteristic of a simple cyst: A. round or oval B. thin walls with posterior acoustic enhancement C. posterior shadowing D. hypoechoic

posterior shadowing

Uremia may be present in a patient with which of the following? A. renal cyst B. renal insufficiency C. angiomyolipoma D. angiomyolipoma

renal insufficiency

Uremia may be present in a patient with which of the following? A. renal insufficiency B. angiomyolipoma C. renal cyst D. angiomyolipoma

renal insufficiency

A staghorn calculus refers to a large stone within the: A. common bile duct B. urinary bladder C. gallbladder D. renal pelvis

renal pelvis

A staghorn calculus refers to a large stone within the: A. renal pelvis B. common bile duct C. urinary bladder D. gallbladder

renal pelvis

Extension of renal cell carcinoma into the IVC occurs through the: A. lymph nodes B. renal vein C. portal vein D. renal artery

renal vein

While performing an ultrasound exam, the sonographer finds that both kidneys measure 5 cm in length. They are very echogenic. One should consider the possibility of: A. renal vein thrombosis B. chronic cholecystitis C. renal artery aneurysm D. chronic pancreatitis

renal vein thrombosis

The most common testicular germ cell tumor is A. choriocarcinoma B. seminoma C. yolk sac tumor D. teratoma

seminoma

Diffuse uniform thyroid enlargement not resulting from inflammation, hyperthyroidism or malignancy is known as: A. simple goiter B. toxic goiter C. hyperthyroidism D. thyroiditis

simple goiter

A patient in late stages of sickle cell anemia will have a spleen that is: A. enlarged and lobulated B. small and hypoechoic C. enlarged and echogenic D. small and echogenic

small and echogenic

A patient in late stages of sickle cell anemia will have a spleen that is: A. small and hypoechoic B. small and echogenic C. enlarged and lobulated D. enlarged and echogenic

small and echogenic

A 78-year-old male was brought to the hospital with end stage renal failure. His BUN & creatinine were abnormal. The sonographer would most likely expect to find: A. enlarged hypoechoic kidneys B. small echogenic kidneys C. normal kidneys D. hydronephrotic kidney

small echogenic kidneys

A 78-year-old male was brought to the hospital with end stage renal failure. His BUN & creatinine were abnormal. The sonographer would most likely expect to find: A. normal kidneys B. hydronephrotic kidney C. small echogenic kidneys D. enlarged hypoechoic kidneys

small echogenic kidneys

Focal nodular hyperplasia has which characteristic(s): A. solitary mass with a central scar B. poor blood supply C. predominant in men D. all of the above

solitary mass with a central scar

Fatty infiltration is often patchy or focal. A less affected region of the liver is called: A. Infiltrated B. Hyperfused C. Revascularized D. Spared

spared

Name the most easily injured organ: A. Liver B. Kidneys C. Pancreas D. Spleen

spleen

A patient was involved in an auto accident and c/o of tenderness in the LUQ, what would the most likely diagnosis? A. splenic infarct B. splenic hematoma C. normal spleen D. histoplasmosis

splenic hematoma

. The posterior border of the pancreatic tail

splenic vein

When performing an US of the pancreas, which identifying vessel is commonly seen posteriorly & presents in long axis while scanning in transverse on the body? A. SMA B. SMV C. splenic vein D. splenic artery

splenic vein

When performing an US of the pancreas, which identifying vessel is commonly seen posteriorly & presents in long axis while scanning in transverse on the body? A. splenic artery B. SMA C. SMV D. splenic vein

splenic vein

A large stone in the center of the renal pelvis is known as: A. llama calculi B. bullhorn calculi C. buckshot calculi D. staghorn calculi

staghorn calculi

Which of the following describes Mirizzi syndrome? A. absence of GB B. stone impacted in the GB neck causing CHD dilatation C. contracted GB D. stone in distal portion of CHD causing CBD dilatation

stone impacted in the GB neck causing CHD dilatation

Which of the following describes Mirizzi syndrome? A. contracted GB B. stone impacted in the GB neck causing CHD dilatation C. absence of GB D. stone in distal portion of CHD causing CBD dilatation

stone impacted in the GB neck causing CHD dilatation

Cholesterolosis is also known as: A. porcelain gallbladder B. WES C. strawberry gallbladder

strawberry gallbladder

The ____________ layer is a constant anatomic feature of the GI tract and serves as a useful landmark to identify a loop of bowel. A. Muscularis mucosa B. Muscularis propria C. Submucosal layer D. Adventitial surface

submucosal layer

The seminal vesicles are: A. superior to bladder B. superior to vas deferens C. superior to prostate

superior to prostate

The seminal vesicles are: A. superior to prostate B. superior to bladder C. superior to vas deferens

superior to prostate

A variation in pancreas shape

tadpole

Portion of the pancreas most difficult to see on ultrasound

tail

If a patient has choledocholithiasis which of the following may be dilated? A. the duct of santorini B. the common hepatic duct C. the pancreatic duct D. the duodenum

the common hepatic duct