Abnormal Exam 4

What is the only drug listed above that you cannot be diagnosed with a substance use disorder for?

Caffeine

___________ is the world's most widely used stimulant

Caffeine

As many as half of ASD patients are nonverbal, what does communication training do?

Can teach them other forms of communication -Sign language or augmentative communication systems

What brain abnormalities could be a possible factor for the development of ASD?

Cerebellum -> plays a pivotal role in controlling the persons ability to rapidly shift attention

What is the developmental psychopathology explanation for BPD?

Childhood traumas and dysfunctional parental attachments lead to mentalization deficits

ASD patients experience persistent deficits in social communication and social interaction due to....

Deficits in social-emotional reciprocity Deficits in nonverbal communicative behaviors Deficits in developing, maintaining, and understanding relationships

What does fetal alcohol syndrome cause?

Delayed development (speech, thinking, social skills, motor skills) and have distinct facial features

What does the depression-like letdown/ crash look like?

Depressive symptoms, lethargy, irritability

______________ Synthetic amphetamine derivative that produces hallucinogenic effects (could also be categorized as a stimulant)

MDMA AKA ecstasy, X, Love drug, beans, molly

Give an example of ideas of reference

May think something from a song or book was written about them BUT the ideas are not held with delusional conviction. You can convince them otherwise

What are the 4 levels of IDD?

Mild (IQ 50-70) Moderate (IQ 35-49) Severe (IQ 20-34) Profound (IQ below 20)

What % of highschoolers drink monthly vs daily?

Monthly- 33% Daily- 1.3%

Give an example of suspiciousness or paranoid ideation

Thinking their colleagues are trying to undermine them

Explain drug maintenance therapy (Methadone maintenance programs)

Treatment approach in which clients are given legally and medically supervised doses of methadone (an opioid)

What are the theoretical explanations for dependent PD according to behavioral theory?

unintentional clinging or loyal behavior

What will likely happen after a few weeks of using heroine?

users may become caught in a pattern of abuse (and often dependence)

Those with moderate IDD can care for themselves and benefit from ___________ training

vocational

20% are addicted to what substance?

heroine

Those with antisocial PD do not typically seek treatment unless...

they are caught and court-mandated

_____________ therapy: an approach based on classical conditioning principles where they are repeatedly being exposed to a negative stimulus right before taking the drug-> idea is to be conditioned to the point of losing cravings

aversion

______________ PD experiences social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy, and hypersensitivity to negative evaluation.

avoidant

When do symptoms of ASD first begin to appear?

early in life, before age 3

___________ is when symptoms are recognized emotionally as disruptive.

egodystonic

_______________ is when symptoms go unnoticed by the individual. They don't disrupt the individual's emotional system (they disrupt the emotional systems of the people around them)

egosyntonic

What is the emphasis for the criteria for antisocial PD (compared to psychopathy)

emphasis on observable behaviors

What does caffeine intoxication look like?

jittery, restless, GI problems, muscle twitching, rambling thoughts and speech

_________________ disorders are Characterized by developmental deficits that produce impairments of personal, social, academic, or occupational functioning

neurodevelopmental

Alcohol blocks messages between _________ which affects judgment and inhibition and then affects the central nervous system

neurons

What is the most consistent sign of an intellectual disability?

person learns very slowly

________________ Uniquely expressed characteristics that influence behaviors, emotions, thoughts, and interactions

personality

personality ___________ are an enduring pattern of inner experiences and behavior that deviates markedly from the expectations of the individual's culture

personality disorder

__________ ___________ Enduring patterns of perceiving, relating to, and thinking about the environment and oneself

personality traits

One group of antihistamines, ___________, could be used to calm patients about to undergo surgery

phenothiazines

Severe and profound levels of IDD often appear as part of larger syndromes that include severe ___________ ____________

physical handicaps

T or F: When using antipsychotic drugs in schizophrenia patients, Positive symptoms are reduced more completely, or at least more quickly than negative symptoms

true

T or F: antipsychotic drugs are more effective than any other approach used alone

true

T or F: antisocial PD patients are responsive to treatment but they are extremely difficult to treat

true

T or F: meth is equally popular among men and women

true

T or F: most personality disorders go untreated

true

T or F: no major treatments approaches have had much success for treating narcissistic PD

true

T or F: tardive dyskinesia can develop 6 months or up to a year after taking medication, even if you stopped taking it all together

true

T or F: there are neurotransmitters tied to drug tolerance and withdrawal

true

T or F: there is no single explanation that has gained broad support for the etiology of substance use disorder

true

T or F: there is no systematic proof that a specific drug is affective for any of the BPD features

true

Today, __________ is more successful in schizophrenia treatment

psychotherapy

T or F: Tolerance and withdrawal from LSD is rare

true -Because it is not typically taken continuously and is easy to stop taking

T or F: personality disorders are more subtle and less incapacitating than many axis 1 disorders

true (but that's controversial)

T or F: Research has linked mild intellectual disability mainly to sociocultural and psychological cause

true! -Poor and unstimulating environments, inadequate parent-child interactions, insufficient learning experiences, etc.

What would likely happen if someone abruptly stopped taking benzos?

they have a high likelihood of developing discontinuous syndrome-> return of anxiety, drug withdrawal (irritability, sleep disturbance, etc.)

Give an example of unusual perceptual experiences

thinking someone has walked into the room, thinking someone is whispering to them when no one is

___________ ________ is the Systematic use of operant conditions techniques used in hospital wards to change patient behaviors

token economy

Several types of chromosomal abnormalities may cause Down syndrome, but the most common is ______________ ______

trisomy 21

T or F: Barbiturates were widely prescribed for first half of 20th century

true

T or F: Borderline has a greater likelihood of diagnosis in early adulthood

true

T or F: Each opioid drug has a different strength, speed of action, and tolerance level

true

T or F: Early psychotherapeutic treatment was rare prior to emergence of antipsychotic drugs

true

T or F: In any given year, 40% to 60% of all people with Schizophrenia receive no treatment at all

true

T or F: Neuroleptic malignant syndrome is a severe, potentially fatal reaction to first-gen antipsychotics

true

T or F: Personality disorder onset must have an onset traces at least to adolescence or early adulthood

true

T or F: Research finds that the social therapy approach reduces rehospitalization

true

What are the 3 disorders under cluster A that we talked about?

Paranoid, schizoid, schizotypal

_____________ and _____________ therapy is a Mindfulness-based approach to help clients become aware of their thoughts and accept said thoughts as mere events of the mind

acceptance and commitment therapy

Give an example of inappropriate or constricted affect

acting stiff, having an inappropriate emotional response -> to the point that it impacts their interpersonal functioning

What treatment would the biological theory use to treat dependent PD?

antidepressant medication if the disorder was comorbid with depression

What is diagnosis based off of for substance use disorders?

based on a pathological pattern of behaviors related to use of the substance

Give an example of odd thinking or speech

being overly concrete or abstract, using words or concepts in unusual ways (Ex: I was not talkable at work today)

The primary causes of moderate, severe, and profound IDD are _________

biological Sometimes genetic factors are at the root of these biological problems Other biological causes come from unfavorable conditions that occur before, during, or after birth

What is dystonia?

bizarre movements of the face, neck, tongue, and back

____________ PD is characterized by Instability of relationships, self-image, and affects along with marked impulsivity

borderline PD

How does LSD produce symptoms?

by binding to serotonin receptors

In CBT, patients are taught to ______________ the inaccurate ideas of their hallucinations and reattribute or find more accurate interpretations for the hallucinations

challenge

Social Avoidant Personality Disorder has a Fear of what?

close social relationships

___________ _________ is a condition that involves confusion, clouded consciousness, and very scary visual hallucinations as a result of withdrawal from alcohol

delirium tremens

What is the second most common chromosomal cause of down syndrome?

fragile x syndrome

When does caffeine reach peak concentration in the body?

within an hour

What are the prevalence rates for ADHD?

~ 3.0-7.0 % of the childhood population and ~ 2.0-5.0% percent of the adult population

What % of people have narcisstistic PD and how does it affect men vs women

~ 6.2% of U.S. adults; affects up to 75% of men

What are the stats on people currently using LSD

~.5% (1.2 million people)

What is the prevalence rate of antisocial PD and how does it present in males vs females

~3% prevalence in community samples -Males are 4x more likely to have it

______% of US adults experience histrionic PD

~3.6%

~_____% of children with ASD remain significantly disabled into adulthood

~90%

Approximately _______ to ______% of all people with intellectual disability fall into the category of mild IDD (IQ 50-70)

80 - 85

_____% are addicted to pain relievers

80%

around _____% of ASD cases occur in boys

80%!

What are the effects of caffeine?

-Enhances physical stamina, reduces fatigue Disrupts: mood, fine motor movement, reaction time, sleep -Increased gastric acid secretion and breathing rates in high doses

What are these disturbing movement problems often referred to as and why?

-"extrapyramidal effects" -because they appear to impact the extrapyramidal areas of the brain

What are some negative features of narcissism?

-Abrasive and exploitative, disliked by others (but they may not care) -Interpersonal problems, mood fluctuations (especially anger) -Do not value empathy, compassion, or the ability to compromise

Borderline has high rates of co-morbidity with what disorders?

-Bipolar -Depression -Substance abuse -Eating disorders (Bulimia)

What are two examples of the best interventions/therapies for schizophrenia treatment?

-CBT -Sociocultural interventions (family therapy and social therapy)

What are the risks and potential side effects for second gen antipsychotics?

-Carry a risk of agranulocytosis (a potentially fatal drop in white blood cells) -May cause weight gain, dizziness, and significant elevations in blood sugar

What are three of the most common stimulants?

-Cocaine -Amphetamines -Caffeine

What are some other examples of self-help programs/ sociocultural therapies

-Culture and gender sensitive programs -Community and prevention programs

What is the essential feature of paranoid PD?

-Distrust and suspiciousness

_____% of the world population consumes caffeine

90%

Personality disorders technically can only be diagnosed prior to the age of 18 if:

-Features have been present for at least 1 year

Borderline PD has 5 or more of the following symptoms

-Frantic efforts to avoid (real or imagined) abandonment -A pattern of unstable and intense interpersonal relationships -Identity disturbance (unstable self-image or sense of self) -Impulsivity -Recurrent suicidal behavior or threats, or self-mutilating behavior -Affective Instability -Chronic feelings of emptiness/ boredom -Inappropriate intense anger or difficulty controlling anger -Transient, stress-related paranoid ideation or severe dissociative symptoms

Explain the biological view of the etiology of substance use disorders

-Genetic predisposition- parent and offspring have similar alcohol preferences. Biological parent causes higher rates in child -Abnormal form of dopamine receptor gene in people with this disorder

How does the developmental psychopathology view explain the etiology of substance use disorders?

-Genetically inherited disposition -Numerous childhood stressors -Inadequate parenting -Reward substance use experiences -Relationship with substance using peers

What are some positive features of Narcissism?

-High self-esteem, positive affect -Optimistic about future, low anxiety -Very competitive/ambitious -Independent, could be good leader -Value intelligence, assertiveness, and competence

What are some of the characteristics of schizotypal PD?

-Ideas of reference -Odd beliefs or magical thinking -Unusual perceptual experiences -Odd thinking and speech -Suspiciousness or paranoid ideation -Inappropriate or constricted affect -Behavior or appearance that is odd, eccentric, or peculiar -Lack of close friends or confidants other than first-degree relatives

What is the categorical view of personality disorders?

-Individuals either have the disorder or they do not -Qualitative difference between groups and normal personality

What are the dangers of opioid use?

-Overdose -Ignorance of tolerance -Run risk of taking impure drugs -Dirty needles -> infection

What is the dimensional view of personality disorders?

-Lie on a continuum, one end being normal and the other being severely disturbed/pathological and you can be anywhere in the middle -Quantitative differences between those with a disorder and those without -Personality disorders are just extreme forms of normal personality traits

Explain the cognitive behavioral view of the etiology of substance use disorders

-Operant conditioning: temporary tension reduction is rewarding -Produces an expectancy that substances will be rewards so they are encouraged to increase use -Classical conditioning: cues or objects that are present during drug use become related to the pleasure of taking the drug

What are a few examples of OC PD

-Preoccupied with details, rules, lists, order, or schedules -Show perfectionism that interferes with task completion -Excessively devoted to work and productivity -Is overly conscientious and inflexible about matters of morality, ethics, or values -Adopts a miserly spending style toward both self and others -Shows rigidity and stubbornness

What are the side effects of depressants and what are some of the most widely used ones?

-Reduces tension and inhibitions, may affect judgement, motor activity, and concentration -3 most common= alcohol, sedative/hypnotic/anxiolytic, and Opioids

Since most people with personality disorders do not realize they have them, how do we test for them?

-Self-report measures -Informant ratings

What are the symptoms of Korsakoff's syndrome?

-Severe memory loss, confabulation (false memories), problems communicating, problems with insight, loss of interest

Patients with ASD experience Restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities, as manifested by at least 2 of the following:

-Stereotyped or repetitive motor movements, use of objects, or speech Ex: echolalia or pronoun reversal -Insistence of sameness, inflexible need for routine, ritualized patterns -Highly restricted interests -Hyper or hyporeactivity to sensory input

Explain the sociocultural view of the etiology of substance use disorders

-Stressful socioemotional conditions -having family that tolerate or value drug use -Regularly experiencing other kinds of stress

What brain circuits are involved in substance use disorder?

-Striatum -Hippocampus -Nucleus accumbens -Prefrontal cortex -Ventral tegmental area

Give an example of odd beliefs or magical thinking

-must be inconsistent with sub-cultural norms EX: believing they have a 6th sense, magical powers, etc.

What disorders are included in cluster c (anxious, fearful)

-obsessive compulsive PD -Dependent PD -Avoidant PD

Fewer than ____ of every 1000 live births result in Down syndrome, but this rate increases greatly when the mother's age is over 35

1 / 1000

According to the DSM-V when should people be diagnosed with IDD?

1) Intellectual functioning is well below average Confirmed by both clinical assessment and individualized, standard intelligence testing IQ must be 70 or lower 2) Deficits in adaptive functioning that result in failure to meet developmental and sociocultural standards for personal independence and social responsibility 3) Symptoms must appear before age 18

What are the 10 class designations of substances/drugs?

1. Alcohol 2. Canabis 3. Stimulants 4. Caffeine 5.Tobacco 6.Inhalant 7.Sedative/hypnotic/anxiolytic 8.Opioid 9.Phencyclidine 10. Unknown substances

What are the last 4 possible symptoms of substance use disorder?

1. Recurrent substance use in situations that pose serious risk 2. Continued use despite knowledge that it is causing or worsening physical or psychological problems 3. Tolerance 4. Withdrawal

What are 3 symptoms listed for substance use disorder than involve social impairment?

1. failure to fulfill major role obligations 2. Continued substance use despite having recurrent social or interpersonal problems 3. Important social, occupational, or recreational activities may be given up

What are the 4 symptoms of substance use disorder that involve impairment in control?

1. larger doses or using for longer periods of time than intended 2. unsuccessful attempts to cut down 3. A great deal of time and effort spent obtaining the substance 4. Craving the substance

According to the DSM-V, a person can only be diagnosed with Antisocial PD if they have 3 or more of the following symtpoms:

1.Failure to conform to social norms with respect to lawful behaviors as indicated by repeatedly performing acts that are grounds for arrest 2. Deceitfulness 3. Impulsivity or failure to plan ahead 4. Irritability and aggressiveness, as indicated by repeated physical fights or assaults 5. Reckless disregard for safety of self or others 6. Consistent irresponsibility 7. Lack of remorse, as indicated by being indifferent to or rationalizing having hurt, mistreated, or stolen from another

Approximately ____% of persons with IDD function at a level of moderate IDD (IQ 35-49)

10%

In order to be diagnosed with ADHD, Several inattentive or hyperactive-impulsive symptoms were present prior to age _____ and several symptoms must be present at 2 or more settings

12

Personality disorders affect around ____% of the US population at some point in their life

15%

______% of the US population has used LSD at some point in their life

15%

When was autism spectrum disorder first identified?

1943

When were the antipsychotic drugs introduced?

1950s

"Conventional" antipsychotic drugs-Developed throughout the what years?

1960's, 1970's, and 1980's

____ billion people worldwide consume alcohol

2 billion

The DSM-V requires that the patient must have _____ or more of the previous 10 listed symptoms at any time in the same 12 month period

2 or more

What happens when the two drugs in your system are doing similar actions?

2 or more drugs have similar actions (Alcohol and barbituates, etc both are depressants) could depress CNS to such a degree that it shuts off and you die.

Explain what cross-tolerance is

2 or more drugs that are similar could lead your tolerance of one drug creating a tolerance on the other drug even though you've never used it

IDD is considered being at least ____________ standard deviations below the average

2 standard deviations -So a IQ of 70 or below.

Opioid use disorder affects ______ million people in the US each year

2.6 million

What % of middle schoolers report some use of alcohol?

23%

What is the ratio of men: women who have an alcohol use disorder?

2:!

IDD (intellectual and development disabilities) occur in ____ of every 100 people

3

What % of identical twins will diagnose antisocial PD if their twin has it?

67% - very genetically based

Approximately ___-___% of persons with IDD display severe IDD (IQ 20-34)

3-4%

What fraction of those with IDD are male?

3/5

What % of college students engage in montly drinking binges?

38%

Among children the gender ratio is approximately ______ with boys more likely to have the disorder than girls

3:1

Only ______% of people with schizophrenia receive treatment

40%

Borderline PD is seen in ~____% of adults and 75-80% of these cases are diagnosed in women

5.9%

Over _____% of persons recovering from Schizophrenia live with family members

50%

What percentage of BPD patients drop out by their third session of treatment?

50%

Close relatives of someone with BPD are ____x more likely to have the condition than the general population

5x

What % of US residents over the age of 11 have used meth at least once?

6%

What % of US citizens over the age of 11 have an alcohol use disorder?

7%

White Americans, Hispanic Americans, and African Americans display rates between _________% and ________%

7.0% and 8.2%

About ______% of all teens and adults in the U.S. have a substance use disorder

7.8%

What are the most common self-help programs? What is the purpose of these programs?

AA (Alcoholics anonymous) -Offers peer support along with moral and spiritual guidelines to help people overcome alcoholism Another examples is Narcotic Anonymous (NA)

_______________ shows a pervasive pattern of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity that interferes with functioning or development

ADHD -attention-deficit Hyperactivity disorder

What are the theoretical explanations of antisocial PD?

Absence of parental love leads to lack of basic trust (Psychodynamic) Antisocial symptoms learned through operant conditioning, modeling, imitation (Behavioral) Difficulty with recognition of others' viewpoints (Cognitive) Biological predisposition; lower serotonin activity; dysfunctional brain circuits

What do assertive community treatment programs do?

Address all areas of need for people with severe mental disorders-cognitive, emotional, and social functioning to mastery of everyday skills

Which substances lower GABA production?

Alcohol and benzo's

What are some laboratory- manufactured stimulant drugs?

Amphetamine, dextroamphetamine, methamphetamine

Some ASD patients have Savant performance. Explain

An exceptional ability in a highly specialized area of functioning (typically involves artistic, musical, or mathematical skills).

Which drugs serve as adjuncts to psychotherapy for patients with BPD?

Antidepressant, antibipolar, antianxiety, or antipsychotic

______________ PD is characterized by a Disregard for and violation of the rights of others.

Antisocial

What disorders are in cluster B (dramatic, emotional)?

Antisocial Borderline Histrionic Narcissistic

What is the one personality disorder than cannot be diagnosed before 18 regardless of how long they have been showing symptoms?

Antisocial personality disorder

What is cluster C characterized by?

Anxious and fearful

What are the dangers of cocaine?

Aside from its behavioral effects, cocaine poses significant physical danger The greatest danger of use is the risk of overdose Excessive doses depress the brain's respiratory function, and stop breathing Cocaine use can also cause heart failure Pregnant women who use cocaine have an increased likelihood of miscarriage and of having children with abnormalities

Levels of impairment are closely tied to the concentration of ethyl alcohol in the blood. List the BAX %'s and their related effects

BAC = 0.06: Relaxation and comfort BAC = 0.09: Intoxication BAC > 0.55: Death ->Most people lose consciousness before they can drink this much

What are the treatments for schizotypal PD?

Assist the client with reconnection to the world and recognition of thinking limits Recognize unusual thoughts and magical prediction; social skills training May benefit from low doses of antipsychotic drugs

What are some additional characteristics of avoidant PD?

Avoids occupational activities that involve significant interpersonal contact, preoccupied with being criticized or rejected in social situations, views self as socially inept, unappealing, or inferior to others

What are some characteristics of narcissistic PD?

Believes one is "special" and unique; can only associate with other special or high-status persons Requires excessive admiration Grandiose sense of self-importance Has sense of entitlement Is interpersonally exploitative Often envious of others or believes others are envious of them Lacks empathy

____________ are Safer and less likely to lead to intoxication, tolerance effects, and withdrawal reactions

Benzodiazepines

What are antagonist drugs?

Block or change the effects of the addictive substance Ex: antabuse taken with alcohol causes feelings of nausea, etc. Nalaxen taken with opioids can stop or prevent an overdose.

Caffeine is absorbed by the body and serves as a ____________ stimulant

CNS -Triggers release of dopamine, serotonin, and norephinephrine in the brain

What is likely to happen after taking long-term high doses of heroine?

Chronically lethargic and lose motivation to remain productive

____________ is the most powerful natural stimulant known, produces a euphoric rush of well-being

Cocaine

What are the effects of high doses of cocaine?

Cocaine intoxication Cocaine-induced psychotic disorder Depression-like letdown (crashing)

Which drugs lower endorphine production?

Cocaine or amphetamines

What is the biosocial explanation for Bipolar PD?

Combination of internal and external factors Internal: Inability to identify and regulate emotions External: Invalidating environment

What are the 3 possible presentation specifiers for ADHD?

Combined presentation, Predominantly inattentive presentation, or Predominantly hyperactive/impulsive presentation

What treatment would the Cognitive Behvaioral theory use to treat dependent PD?

Combo of interventions including assertiveness training and practicing challenging and changing incompetence and helplessness assumptions

_______________ PD has an excessive need to be taken care of that leads to sub-missive and clinging behavior and fears of separation.

Dependent

What is the treatment of choice for BPD?

Dialectical Behavior Therapy

Explain synergistic effects

Different drugs are in the body at the same time, they may multiply, or potentiate, each other's effects

To be categorized as having Inattention: 6 (or more) of the symptoms have persisted for at least six months

Difficulty sustaining attention; often easily distracted by extraneous stimuli; often forgetful in daily activities; often does not seem to listen when spoken to directly; often fails to give close attention to details or makes careless mistakes

What is cluster B characterized by?

Dramatic, emotional

What are the most common treatment plans for ADHD?

Drug therapy, behavioral therapy, or a combination

What are some early withdrawal symptoms of heroine? What are the later symptoms?

Early withdrawal symptoms include anxiety and restlessness; later symptoms include twitching, aches, fever, vomiting, and weight loss from dehydration

What is echolalia?

Echolalia is the automatic repetition of vocalizations made by another person

What are the dangers of using meth?

Serious negative effects on physical, mental, and social life Linked to increased ER visits May cause neurotoxicity

T or F: antisocial PD is the same thing as psychopathy

False They are similar notions, but have important distinctions and should NOT be used interchangeably

What are the theoretical explanations of narcissism?

Focus on cold, rejecting parents; focus on grandiose self-presentation; self-sufficiency replaces warm relationships (Psychodynamic) Treated too positively in early life; overvalue self-worth (Cognitive-behavioral)

What treatment would be used for someone with histrionic PD?

Focus on lack of substance and extreme suggestibility Vain, dramatic, and selfish behavior may be an exaggeration of femininity as culture once defined it

What are the possible theoretical explanations for avoidant PD

Focus on shame and insecurity traced to childhood experiences (Psychodynamic) Harsh criticism in early childhood leads to expected rejection; failure to develop effective social skills (Cognitive-behavioral)

One goal of CBT is cognitive remediation for schizophrenia patients. What does this look like?

Focuses on difficulties in attention, planning, and memory -Provides a build up of computer tasks until planning and social awareness are reached

Alcohol helps ________ to shut down the neurons and relax the person consuming alcohol

GABA

What is the biological explanation for ADHD?

Genetic predisposition: Heritability estimates = 80% Prenatal exposure to alcohol and tobacco smoke, prematurity of delivery and significantly low birth weight Abnormal dopamine activity and abnormalities in the frontal-striatal regions of the brain

What is akathisia?

Great restlessness, agitation, and discomfort in the limbs

Give a few examples of supervised residences used in the community approach of treating schizophrenia

Halfway houses or group homes -Provide shelter and supervision for patients who are unable to live alone or with their families

What does a cocaine-induced psychotic disorder look like?

Hallucinations or delusions

Cannabis is drugs produces from varieties of hemp plants. What are two types?

Hashish: Solidified resin of the cannabis plant Marijuana: Mixture of buds, crushed leaves, and flowering tops

What is the essential feature of substance use disorders?

Having cognitive, behavioral, and physiological symptoms that indicates they continue to use the substance despite having significant substance-related problems

What do amphetamines do in high doses?

High doses = rush, intoxication, and psychosis. Could lead to confusion or heart failure

What group has the highest rates of substance use disorders? Which has the lowest?

Highest = native Americans Lowest= Asian Americans

Explain the twin studies done on the etiology of substance us disorders

Identical twins= 50% likely to develop is one has this disorder Fraternal= 30% likely

What are the dangers of MDMA?

Immediate psychological problems, cognitive impairment, unpleasant and potential dangerous physical symptoms

Cognitive remediation provides moderate improvement, explain what improvements are found

Improvements in attention, planning, memory, and problem-solving surpass those with other interventions

What are the theoretical explanations of schizoid PD?

Linked to an unsatisfied need for human contact; parents believed to have been unaccepting or abusive (Psychodynamic) Tied to deficiencies in thinking; inability to interpret emotional cues (Cognitive-behavioral)

What are the theoretical explanations for paranoid personality disorder?

Linked to patterns of early interactions with demanding parents (Psychodynamic) Tied to broad maladaptive assumptions (Cognitive-behavioral)

What does ABA do for ASD?

Intensive behavior modification using operant conditioning techniques Focus on specific symptoms: Communication deficits, lack of self-care skills, and self-stimulatory or self-destructive behavior Emphasizes very specific and small goals

What cause of down syndrome applies to males only

Klinefelter Syndrome (XXY Syndrome) -Causes female characteristics

__________ syndrome neurological disorder caused by a lack of thymine (vitamin b-1) in the brain

Korsakoff's

_______________ is one of the most powerful hallucinogens and is derived from ergot alkaloids

LSD

What are the theoretical explanations of Borderline PD?

Lack of early acceptance by parents or abuse/neglect by parents (Psychodynamic) Low serotonin levels; genetic predisposition; abnormal brain structure/circuitry activity

What are some of the personality traits someone with psychopathy would have?

Lack of remorse or shame Constricted display of emotion Failure to show empathy, use of others for one's gains Superficial Charm Pathological interpersonal relationships/manipulative Irresponsibility

Approximately 50% of children with ADHD struggle with:

Learning or communication problems Poor school performance Difficulty interacting with other children Misbehavior Mood or anxiety problems

Around 7.9% of adult population is affected by obsessive compulsive PD. What is the ratio of men to women with this disorder?

Men are twice as likely as women (2:1)

What are 2 natural hallucinogens?

Mescaline and Psilocybin

What are the effects of cannabis at low doses vs high doses?

Low= joy and relaxation or anxiety, paranoia, irritability High- odd visual experiences or mental issues like memory problems

What are three synthetic hallucinogens?

Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) MDMA (Ecstasy) Phencyclidine (PCP)

____________ disorders that affect intelligence and development are typically caused by the pairing of two defective recessive genes (one from each parent)

Metabolic disorders Ex: Phenylketonuria (PKU) and Tay-Sachs disease

___________ ___________ involves Institutions create a social climate that promotes productive activity, self-respect, and individual responsibility

Milieu therapy

How much caffeine would lead to caffeine intoxication?

More than 2 -3 cups of brewed coffee, 6 cans of cola, or 3 cans of Red Bull can lead to caffeine intoxication

What are the theoretical explination for schizotypal PD?

Symptoms are often linked to family conflicts and to psychological disorders in parents Linked to some of the same biological factors found in schizophrenia (e.g., high dopamine activity)

T or F: sociopathy is a real term

Not a real term, should not be used. Psychopathy is the preferred term but it is not a diagnosis

What treatment is used to treat paranoid PD?

Object relations therapists (Psychodynamic) Social skills education; role-playing, exposure techniques; group therapy (Behavioral) Development of more realistic interpretations of words and actions (Cognitive)

To be categorized as having hyperactivity and impulsivity: 6 (or more) of the symptoms have persisted for at least six months

Often fidgets; often talks excessively; often blurts out answers; difficulty waiting one's turns; often interrupts or intrudes on others

What is the treatment option for OC PD?

Often respond well to psychodynamic or cognitive therapy Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs)

What are the theoretical explanations of OC PD?

Overly harsh toilet training during anal stage; anal retentive and fixated (Freud) Illogical thinking processes (Cognitive-behavioral)

What would occur at behavioral therapy for ADHD?

Parents and/or teachers learn to apply operant conditioning techniques to change behavior Very important component Behavior modification in the classroom and parent training in child behavior management methods Often helpful, especially combined with drug therapy

What are the symptoms of Neuroleptic malignant syndrome?

Symptoms include muscle rigidity, fever, altered consciousness, and improper functioning of the autonomic nervous system

What is the most common extrapyramidal symptom that they produce?

Parkinsonian symptoms like muscle tremors and rigidity, dystonia, and akathisia

What was the theory for psychological causes of ASD?

People with autism have a central perceptual or cognitive disturbance Fail to develop a theory of mind: Fail to appreciate that other people have a point of reference that differs from their own Deficiencies in joint attention

What is the main criteria for antisocial PD?

Pervasive pattern must have been present started by age 15 and on ward.

What are two factors responsible for patients not receiving treatment for schizophrenia

Poor coordination of services Shortage of services

Explain nonverbal communicative behaviors

Poor or no eye contact, no gestures, poorly integrated verbal and nonverbal communication (tone, where am I looking, volume of voice, facial expressions, gestures, etc.)

Explain the psychodynamic view of the etiology of substance use disorders

Powerful dependency needs can be traced to early childhood years -Display substance use "personality" -> early impassivity (this is only correlational in nature and can't really be verified)

What are some examples of social therapy

Practical advice, problem solving, decision making, social skills training, medication management, employment counseling, financial assistance, and housing

What are some other causes of IDD?

Prenatal and birth related causes like physical problems with the pregnant mother, birth complications like a lack of oxygen, etc. -Childhood problems like lead poisoning, head injuries, infections, etc.

What is the least used "treatment" plan for substance use disorder?

Prison or Jail (288,000 people current using this tactic)

What treatments are used for schizoid PD?

Psychodynamic and behavioral treatment foci/techniques similar to treatment of Paranoid Personality Disorder Presenting and evoking memories of pleasurable experiences (Cognitive)

What treatment would be used for narcissism?

Recognize and work through basic insecurities and defenses (Psychodynamic) Focus on self-centered thinking and redirection (Cognitive-behavioral)

What happens in the two drugs in your system are having opposite (antagonistic) effects?

Red bull + Vodka (stimulant+ depressant) could cause a build up of drugs to a lethal level. Stimulates could cause alcohol to not be metabolized.

In Milieu therapy the patients lives in a therapeutic community that focuses on what?

Respect, support, and openness

Explain the biological views Incentive-sensitization theory

Reward center develops a hypersensitivity to the substances when repeatedly stimulated by the substances

What is Reward-deficiency syndrome

Reward center not readily activated by "normal" life events; thus, person uses drugs to stimulate the pleasure pathway Defects in D-2 receptors cited as possible cause

Histrionic PD has 5 or more of the following symptoms at a given time:

Seeks to be center of attention Exhibits sexually provocative or seductive behaviors Displays shifting and shallow emotions Uses physical appearance to draw attention Style of speech that is excessively impressionistic and lacking in detail Is dramatic; exaggerated expression of emotion Is suggestible; i.e., easily influenced by others or circumstances Misjudges the intimacy in a relationship

Explain how neurotransmitters are involved in the etiology of substance use disorder

Substance causes an increase in NT, but body slows down the natural production of these NT's. therefore, when they stop taking the drug, their body is not making enough of the NT and the person either has to start using in order to increase the levels or suffer the withdrawal until body increases production again

Chlorpromazine (Thorazine) tested on patients with psychosis lead to what?

Sharp symptom reduction

What are the short term consequences of LSD vs the long term?

Short term consequences are unknown because it is difficult to study Long term= self-injury, flashbacks days or even months post use could potentially trigger psychosis, a mood disorder, or anxiety disorder

What are the treatment options for avoidant PD?

Similar to treatment of social anxiety disorder and anxiety in general Group therapy provides practice in social interactions Antianxiety and antidepressant drugs are sometimes helpful

T or F: Diagnosticians cannot rely solely on a cutoff IQ score of 70 to determine whether a person has an intellectual disability

TRUE

______________ _____________ is a Extrapyramidal effects involving involuntary movements caused by first generation antipsychotics. It is a late-appearing movement disorder and is difficult to eliminate

Tardive dyskinesia

What is the major active ingredient of cannabis?

Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) -Potency is influenced by environmental conditions -Produces mix of hallucinogenic, depressant, and stimulant effects (aka cannabis intoxication)

What is the best explanation for the etiology of substance use disorders?

That it is a combination of factors

What were the theorized scoiocultural causes of ASD?

Theorists initially thought that high degree of family dysfunction, environmental, stress, and social stress were key factor **Research does not support this theory

What is parent training for ASD families?

Train parents to apply conditioning and skills-building techniques at home

What treatment would the psychodynamic theory use to treat dependent PD?

Transference of dependency needs

What makes antisocial PD so hard to treat?

Treatments are not addressing unique developmental mechanisms underlying their antisocial behavior Need for comprehensive AND individualized treatment No desire to change (no incentives) Premature drop-out

Explain social-emotional reciprocity

Trouble engaging with others, sharing thoughts and feelings, abnormal social approaches, could manifest in failure to engage in normal back and forth dialogue. Reduced affect, reduced sharing of interests, failure to initiate or respond to social interactions

T or F: Many approaches have been used to treat substance-related disorders. Although these treatments sometimes meet with great success, more often they are only moderately helpful

True

T or F: Marijuana now is 4x more powerful than it was in to 70's

True

T or F: a complete biological explanation has not been developed for ASD

True

What chromosomal cause of down syndrome only applies to females

Turner syndrome -Missing or partially missing X chromosome

What is an important characteristic of substance use disorders?

Underlying change in brain circuits that may persist beyond detoxification

What are the theoretical explanations of histrionic PD?

Unhealthy relationships with cold, controlling parents in childhood; feelings of being unloved and fear of abandonment (Psychodynamic) Sense of helplessness fuels search for others to meet needs (Cognitive-behavioral) Partially influenced by cultural norms or expectations

What are the theoretical explanations for dependent PD according to the psychodynamic theory

Unresolved conflicts during oral stage Early parental loss or rejection prevents normal attachment and separation Overinvolvement or overprotection

Around what age does antisocial PD start to decrease?

age 40

Similar to cocaine, _____________ increase energy and alertness and lowers appetite when taken in small doses

amphetamines

What is the contingency management method?

an approach based on behavioral principles of operant conditions. Rewarded for successfully doing something like going an afternoon without a drink or submitting a clean urine sample.

What is the gold standard for treating ASD?

applied behavior analysis

When do neurodevelopmental disorders typically manifest?

at birth or early childhood -onset in developmental period

What percentage of adults have avoidant PD and how does it affect men vs women?

at least 2% of adults have this PD, similar rates among men and women

Personality disorders are patterns manifested in 2 or more of the following:

cognitions, affectivity, interpersonal functioning, and/or impulse control

What are the treatment options for ASD given that there are no know treatments that reverse this pattern and no medication that is considered effective

cognitive-behavioral therapy, communication training, parent training, and community integration

What 3 things do they have to look at to solidify a IDD diagnosis?

conceptual/ academic ability (language, memory, reading, etc.) social abilities (awareness of others feelings, empathy, etc.) practical abilities (knowing difference between dime and nickle, job responsibility, behavior management, etc.)

____________ ___________ is where Community mental health centers provide medications, psychotherapy, and inpatient emergency care

coordinated services

___________ is a biological treatment with two strategies: either a gradual withdrawal by tapering off doses or to induce a withdrawal but use medications to block symptoms

detoxification

Which drug type Slow the activity of the central nervous system (CNS)

depressants

___________ therapy Includes techniques that address social and personal difficulties in the clients' lives

social

Social Anxiety Disorder has a Fear of what?

social circumstances

What is the most common chromosomal disorder?

down syndrome

What are other areas of difficultly for someone with IDD?

difficulty with attention, short-term memory, planning, and language

____________ enhancing drugs can be used to address/ treat neuroleptic malignant syndrome

dopamine enhancing drugs

T or F: Second-generation antipsychotic drugs are less effective than first-gen and they cause more extrapyramidal side effects

false -They are equally as effective and often more effective than first gen, especially for treating negative symptoms -Cause fewer extrapyramidal side effects

T or F: there is an official DSM diagnosis for psychopathy

false- it is not a diagnose condition

___________ therapy Address such family issues, creates more realistic expectations and provides psychoeducation about the disorder

family -Families may also turn to family support groups and family psychoeducation programs

Patients receive Psychoeducation about biological causes of _____________ and learn to identify events and triggers of their ____________

hallucinations (x2)

Stimulants __________ the activity in the central nervous system. What are some symptoms?

increase -Rapid behavior and thinking -Increase blood pressure, heart rate, and alertness

Benzos have a lower potential of a ________ __________(compared to barbiturates)

lethal overdose

Dependent PD affects less than __% of the population and is equal between men and women

less than 1%

What are the theoretical explanations for dependent PD according to cognitive theorists

maladaptive cognitions

Which drug reduces anandamide production?

marijuana

Schizoid personality disorder affects 3.1% of US adults and is slightly more common in _____

men

What does benzo intoxication look like?

mirrors state of intoxication from alcohol

Paranoid personality disorder affects 4.4% of US adults and is ________ common in men than women

more common in men

More than ______ of US residents drink alcohol

more than half

Conventional antipsychotic drugs sometimes produce disturbing _________ problems

movement

Opioids are known collectively as what?

narcotics

Which disorder has a Preoccupation with orderliness, perfectionism, and mental and interpersonal control, at the expense of flexibility, openness, and efficiency.

obsessive compulsive PD

What is cluster A of personality disorders labeled by?

odd and eccentric

Approximately _______ of the homeless people in America have a severe mental disorder, commonly Schizophrenia

one-third

What percentage of people with substance use disorders receive treatment?

only 18%

____________ Includes both natural (opium, morphine, heroin codeine) and synthetic (methadone) compounds

opioids

Personality disorders have high rates of comorbidity with....

other personality disorders and with Axis 1 disorder (I.e. depression, substance use disorders, anxiety disorders, etc.)

What is mentalization?

our capacity to understand our own and others emotional states

__________ _____________ is a day center program used when patients needs fall between the need of full hospitalization and outpatient care

partial hospitalization

About 1-2% of persons with IDD fall into the category of _______ IDD (IQ below 20)

profound

With ____________ ___________ training, clients are taught to plan ahead for high-risk situations with the over all goal being to gain control over substance-related behaviors

relapse-prevention training

Sedative-Hypnotic drugs (Depressants) produce feelings of ____________ and _____________. Explain the difference between low doses and high doses

relaxation and drowsiness -Low doses= calming or sedative effect -High doses= sleep inducer or hypnotics

3.9% of US adults have ________ PD, it is slightly more common in men than women

schizotypal

Clozaril, Risperdal, Zyprexa, Seroquel, and Geodon are all examples of what kinds of drugs?

second-generation antipsychotic drugs

What is the most commonly used treatment for substance use disorder?

self-help groups (1.9 million patients current using this)

________________ ____________ is where After a couple weeks, patients are released to after-care programs for follow-up in the community

short-term hospitalization

In most cases, the drugs produce the maximum level of improvement within the first ______ months of treatment

six

_________________ therapies believe that Psychological problems emerge in a social setting and best treated in a social context

sociocultural therapies

What does cocaine do to you physically and what are the results?

stimulates the central nervous system and decreases appetite Increases the supply of dopamine at key neurons throughout the brain as well as norepinephrine and serotonin levels

_____________ ____________ Cluster of changes in behavior, emotion, or thought caused by substances

substance intoxication

Antisocial PD is highly co-morbid with what disorder?

substance use disorder

____________ _______ _____________ Maladaptive behavior patterns and reactions caused by repeated substance use

substance use disorders

Those with severe IDD require careful __________ and can perform only basic work tasks

supervision -Very rare for them to live alone and function independently

What does cocaine intoxication look like?

temporary state-> experience paranoia, mania, and impaired judgement